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Relaciones exteriores de Armenia

Desde su independencia, Armenia ha mantenido una política de intentar tener relaciones positivas y amistosas con Irán, Rusia y Occidente , incluidos Estados Unidos y la Unión Europea . [1] Tiene estatus de miembro de pleno derecho en varias organizaciones internacionales, como el Consejo de Europa y la Unión Económica Euroasiática , y estatus de observador, etc. en algunas otras. Sin embargo, la disputa sobre el genocidio armenio de 1915 y el conflicto en curso de Nagorno-Karabaj han creado relaciones tensas con dos de sus vecinos inmediatos, Azerbaiyán y Turquía.

El Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores implementa la agenda de política exterior del Gobierno de Armenia y organiza y gestiona los servicios diplomáticos en el exterior. Desde agosto de 2021, Ararat Mirzoyan se desempeña como Ministro de Asuntos Exteriores de Armenia.

Relaciones exteriores

Armenia es miembro de más de 70 organizaciones internacionales diferentes, incluidas las siguientes:

Armenia también es miembro observador de la Asamblea Interparlamentaria de la ASEAN , la Comunidad de Elección Democrática , el Movimiento de Países No Alineados , la Organización de Estados Americanos , la Alianza del Pacífico , [2] la Liga Árabe , la Comunidad de Democracias , [3] un socio de diálogo en la Organización de Cooperación de Shanghai y un miembro regional del Banco Asiático de Inversión en Infraestructura .

Reconocimiento del genocidio armenio

  Países que reconocen oficialmente los hechos como genocidio.
  Países donde determinados partidos políticos, provincias o municipios han reconocido los hechos como genocidio, independientemente del gobierno en su conjunto.
  Países que niegan explícitamente que hubo un genocidio armenio.

En 2024, 34 estados han reconocido oficialmente los hechos históricos como genocidio. Los parlamentos de los países que reconocen el genocidio armenio incluyen a Argentina, Armenia, Austria, Bélgica, Bolivia, Brasil, Bulgaria, Canadá, Chile, Chipre, República Checa, Francia, Alemania, Grecia, Italia, Letonia, Líbano, Libia, Lituania, Luxemburgo, México, Países Bajos, Paraguay, Polonia, Portugal, Rusia, Eslovaquia, Suecia, Suiza, Siria, Estados Unidos, Uruguay, Ciudad del Vaticano y Venezuela. [4] Además, algunos gobiernos regionales de países también reconocen el genocidio armenio, como Nueva Gales del Sur y Australia del Sur en Australia [5] [6] , así como Escocia, Irlanda del Norte y Gales en el Reino Unido. [7] [8] La Resolución 106 de la Cámara de Representantes de Estados Unidos se presentó el 30 de enero de 2007 y luego se remitió al Comité de Asuntos Exteriores de la Cámara. El proyecto de ley tiene 225 copatrocinadores. [9] El proyecto de ley exigía que el expresidente George W. Bush reconociera y utilizara la palabra genocidio en su discurso anual del 24 de abril, que nunca utilizó. Su sucesor, el presidente Barack Obama, expresó su deseo de reconocer el genocidio armenio durante las campañas electorales, [10] pero después de ser elegido, no utilizó la palabra "genocidio" para describir los hechos ocurridos en 1915. [11] La Cámara de Representantes de Estados Unidos reconoció formalmente el genocidio armenio con la Resolución de la Cámara 296 el 29 de octubre de 2019. [12] El Senado de los Estados Unidos reconoció por unanimidad el genocidio con la Resolución del Senado 150 el 12 de diciembre de 2019. [13] En 2021, el presidente Joe Biden se convirtió en el primer presidente estadounidense en reconocer formalmente el genocidio armenio. [14] A partir de 2022, los 50 estados de EE. UU. también han reconocido los hechos como genocidio.

Disputas

Conflicto de Nagorno-Karabaj

Armenia proporciona apoyo político, material y militar a la República de Artsaj en el prolongado conflicto de Nagorno-Karabaj .

El conflicto actual sobre Nagorno-Karabaj comenzó en 1988 cuando estallaron manifestaciones armenias contra el gobierno azerbaiyano en Nagorno-Karabaj y más tarde en Armenia. El Óblast Autónomo de Nagorno-Karabaj votó a favor de separarse de Azerbaiyán y unirse a Armenia. Pronto estalló la violencia contra los armenios en Azerbaiyán y los azeríes en Armenia. En 1990, después de episodios violentos en Nagorno-Karabaj y ciudades azerbaiyanas como Bakú , Sumgait y Kirovabad , Moscú declaró el estado de emergencia en Karabaj, enviando tropas a la región y ocupó Bakú por la fuerza , matando a más de cien civiles. En abril de 1991, la milicia azerbaiyana y las fuerzas soviéticas atacaron a las poblaciones armenias en Karabaj, conocida como Operación Anillo . Moscú también desplegó tropas en Ereván . Tras el colapso de la Unión Soviética , el conflicto se intensificó hasta convertirse en una guerra a gran escala entre la República de Nagorno-Karabaj (apoyada por Armenia) y Azerbaiyán. La acción militar estuvo influenciada por el ejército ruso, que manipuló la rivalidad entre los dos bandos vecinos para mantener a ambos bajo control. [ cita requerida ]

Más de 30.000 personas murieron en los combates durante el período de 1988 a 1994. En mayo de 1992, las fuerzas armenias tomaron Shusha y Lachin (vinculando así Nagorno-Karabaj a Armenia). En octubre de 1993, las fuerzas armenias lograron tomar casi la totalidad de la antigua NKAO, Lachin y grandes áreas en el suroeste de Azerbaiyán. En 1993, el Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas adoptó cuatro resoluciones en las que se pedía el cese de las hostilidades, el acceso sin trabas a las actividades de socorro humanitario internacional y el eventual despliegue de una fuerza de mantenimiento de la paz en la región. Sin embargo, los combates continuaron hasta mayo de 1994, momento en el que Rusia negoció un alto el fuego entre las tres partes.

Las negociaciones para resolver el conflicto de forma pacífica se llevan a cabo desde 1992 en el marco del Grupo de Minsk de la Organización para la Seguridad y la Cooperación en Europa . El Grupo de Minsk está copresidido por Rusia, Francia y los Estados Unidos y cuenta con representación de Turquía, los Estados Unidos, varias naciones europeas, Armenia y Azerbaiyán. A pesar del alto el fuego de 1994, las violaciones esporádicas, los disparos de francotiradores y los incidentes con minas terrestres siguen cobrándose más de 100 vidas cada año. [15] [ ¿ Fuente autopublicada? ]

Desde 1997, los copresidentes del Grupo de Minsk han presentado tres propuestas que servirían de marco para la resolución del conflicto. Todas ellas fueron rechazadas. A principios de 1999, los presidentes de Azerbaiyán y Armenia iniciaron un diálogo directo mediante una serie de reuniones cara a cara, a menudo facilitadas por los copresidentes del Grupo de Minsk. La OSCE patrocinó una ronda de negociaciones entre los presidentes en Key West , Florida. El Secretario de Estado de los Estados Unidos, Colin Powell, inició las conversaciones el 3 de abril de 2001, y las negociaciones continuaron con la mediación de los Estados Unidos, Rusia y Francia hasta el 6 de abril de 2001. Los copresidentes siguen trabajando con los dos presidentes con la esperanza de encontrar una paz duradera.

Los dos países siguen en guerra. Los ciudadanos de Armenia, así como los de cualquier otro país que sean de ascendencia armenia , tienen prohibido el ingreso a Azerbaiyán. Si el pasaporte de una persona muestra evidencia de un viaje a Nagorno-Karabaj, se le prohíbe la entrada a Azerbaiyán. [16] [17]

En 2008, en lo que se conoció como las Escaramuzas de Mardakert de 2008 , las fuerzas armenias y azerbaiyanas se enfrentaron por Nagorno-Karabaj. La lucha entre los bandos fue breve y hubo pocas bajas en ambos bandos. [18]

La guerra de Nagorno-Karabaj de 2020 y la ofensiva azerbaiyana de 2023 en Nagorno-Karabaj fueron las últimas escaladas del conflicto no resuelto.

Países sin relaciones diplomáticas

Armenia no tiene relaciones diplomáticas con los siguientes países (organizados por continente):

África

Las Américas

Asia

Oceanía

Armenia tampoco tiene relaciones diplomáticas con estados con reconocimiento limitado, a excepción de la ahora extinta República de Artsaj .

Países con relaciones diplomáticas

Lista de países con los que Armenia mantiene relaciones diplomáticas:

Relaciones multilaterales

A continuación se presentan algunas notas sobre las relaciones multilaterales de Armenia:

Relaciones bilaterales

A continuación se presentan algunas notas sobre las relaciones bilaterales de Armenia (organizadas por continente):

África

Las Américas

Asia

Europe

Oceania

Other international organizations

Armenia is additionally a full member, unless otherwise noted, in the following international organizations, programs and treaties:

See also

Footnotes

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References

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