stringtranslate.com

Haplogroup A (mtDNA)

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup A is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

Origin

mtDNA-based chart of possible large human migrations.

Haplogroup A is believed to have arisen in Asia some 30,000–50,000 years BC. Its ancestral haplogroup was Haplogroup N. However, the extant diversity of mitochondrial genomes that belong to Haplogroup A is low relative to the degree of divergence from its nearest outgroups in haplogroup N, which suggests that extant members of Haplogroup A might be descended from a population that has emerged from a bottleneck approximately 20,000 years ago.

Its highest frequencies are among Native Americans, its largest overall population is in East Asia, and its greatest variety (which suggests its origin point) is in East Asia. Thus, it might have originated in and spread from the Far East.[4]

Distribution

Its subclade A2 shares a T16362C mutation with subclades A1 (found in Japan, Tashkurgan, Veliky Novgorod, Mongols, and Altaians), A6 (found in Tibet and in the Yangtze River basin), A12'23 (found in Siberia and among Uralic and Turkic peoples), A13'14 (found in southern Siberia, Xinjiang, Ladakh, China, Yunnan, Thailand, and Vietnam), A15 (found in China, Naxi, Uyghur, Japan, and among the Sherpa of Tibet and Nepal), A16 (found in Uyghur, Buryat, Turkey), A17 (found in China, Miao, Yi, Tibet, Ladakh, Kyrgyz, Thailand, and Vietnam), A18 (found in China), A19 (found in China), A20 (found among Han Chinese and in Japan), A21 (found in Tibet and in Jammu and Kashmir), A22 (found in China), A24 (found in Beijing and West Bohemia), A25 (found in Japan and Yakutia), and A26 (found in Denmark). A2 is found in Chukotko–Kamchatka[5] and is also one of five mtDNA haplogroups found in the indigenous peoples of the Americas, the others being B, C, D, and X.[4]

Haplogroup A2 is the most common haplogroup among the Inuit, Na-Dene, and many Amerind ethnic groups of North and Central America. Lineages belonging to haplogroup A2 also comprise the majority of the mtDNA pool of the Inuit and their neighbors, the Chukchis, in northeasternmost Siberia.[5][6][7]

Other branches of haplogroup A are less frequent but widespread among other populations of Asia.[8][9] Haplogroup A5 is rather limited to populations from Korea and Japan southward, though it has been detected as singletons in a pair of large samples of Khamnigans (1/99 = 1.0%) and Buryats (1/295 = 0.3%) from the Buryat Republic.[6]

In Asia, A(xA2) is especially frequent in Tibeto-Burman-speaking populations of Southwest China, such as Tibetans (6/65 = 9.2%,[5] 25/216 = 11.6%,[10] 11/73 = 15.1%[10]). Approximately 7% to 15% of Koreans belong to haplogroup A.[6][11][12] Approximately 5% to 12% of the Japanese belong to haplogroup A (including A4, A5, and A(xA4, A5)).[5][13][14][15] Approximately 4% to 13% of Mongols belong to haplogroup A, almost all of whom are contained within the A4 subclade (2/47 = 4.3% Mongolians from Ulan Bator in haplogroup A4,[11] 4/48 = 8.3% Mongols from New Barag Left Banner in haplogroup A(xA5),[12] 6/47 = 12.8% Mongolians from Ulan Bator in haplogroup A4[6]). Approximately 3% to 9% of Chinese people belong to haplogroup A.[13] Haplogroup A also has been found in Vietnamese (2/42 = 4.8%, including one A4 and one A5(xA5a)).[11] Approximately 4% (3/71) of Tatars from Aznakayevo,[16] 3% (4/126) of Tatars from Buinsk,[16] and 2% of Turkish people belong to haplogroup A.[17] Haplogroup A4 has been found in 2.4% (2/82) of a sample of Persians from eastern Iran and in 2.3% (1/44) of a sample of Tajiks from Tajikistan.[6] Haplogroup A is not found among Austronesians.[18] In Nepalese population except Sherpa, haplogroup A was mirrored by its clades, A27, A14 and A17, of which A27 was the most abundant clade in Newar (3.99%).[19] Newly defined clade A27 only discerned so far in Newar and Nepali-mix coalesce at ~ 8.4 Kya suggesting their ancient origin and potentially insitu differentiation in Nepal.[19]

Subclades

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup A subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation[3] and subsequent published research.

Table of Frequencies of MtDNA Haplogroup A

Popular culture

The mummy "Juanita" of Peru, also called the "Ice Maiden", has been shown to belong to mitochondrial haplogroup A.[43][44]

In his popular book The Seven Daughters of Eve, Bryan Sykes named the originator of this mtDNA haplogroup Aiyana.

Eva Longoria, an American actress of Mexican descent, belongs to Haplogroup A2.[45] Michelle Rodriguez, an American actress with a Dominican mother, is likewise in A2.[46]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Haplogroup A (mtDNA).

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av YFull MTree 1.01.5539
  2. ^ Behar DM, van Oven M, Rosset S, Metspalu M, Loogväli EL, Silva NM, Kivisild T, Torroni A, Villems R (April 2012). "A "Copernican" reassessment of the human mitochondrial DNA tree from its root". Am J Hum Genet. 90 (4): 675–84. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.03.002. PMC 3322232. PMID 22482806.
  3. ^ a b van Oven, Mannis; Manfred Kayser (13 Oct 2008). "Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation". Human Mutation. 30 (2): E386–E394. doi:10.1002/humu.20921. PMID 18853457. S2CID 27566749.
  4. ^ a b Fagundes, Nelson J.R.; Kanitz, Ricardo; Eckert, Roberta; Valls, Ana C.S.; Bogo, Mauricio R.; Salzano, Francisco M.; Smith, David Glenn; Silva, Wilson A.; Zago, Marco A.; Ribeiro-dos-Santos, Andrea K.; Santos, Sidney E.B.; Petzl-Erler, Maria Luiza; Bonatto, Sandro L. (2008). "Mitochondrial Population Genomics Supports a Single Pre-Clovis Origin with a Coastal Route for the Peopling of the Americas" (PDF). American Journal of Human Genetics. 82 (3): 583–592. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.11.013. PMC 2427228. PMID 18313026. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-25. Retrieved 2009-11-19.
  5. ^ a b c d Tanaka, Masashi; et al. (2004). "Mitochondrial Genome Variation in Eastern Asia and the Peopling of Japan". Genome Research. 14 (10A): 1832–50. doi:10.1101/gr.2286304. PMC 524407. PMID 15466285.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Derenko M, Malyarchuk B, Grzybowski T, Denisova G, Dambueva I, Perkova M, Dorzhu C, Luzina F, Lee HK, Vanecek T, Villems R, Zakharov I (November 2007). "Phylogeographic analysis of mitochondrial DNA in northern Asian populations". Am J Hum Genet. 81 (5): 1025–41. doi:10.1086/522933. PMC 2265662. PMID 17924343.
  7. ^ Volodko, Natalia V.; Starikovskaya, Elena B.; Mazunin, Ilya O.; Eltsov, Nikolai P.; Naidenko, Polina V.; Wallace, Douglas C.; Sukernik, Rem I. (9 May 2008). "Mitochondrial Genome Diversity in Arctic Siberians, with Particular Reference to the Evolutionary History of Beringia and Pleistocenic Peopling of the Americas". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 82 (5): 1084–1100. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.03.019. PMC 2427195. PMID 18452887.
  8. ^ a b c Pimenoff VN, Comas D, Palo JU, Vershubsky G, Kozlov A, Sajantila A (October 2008). "Northwest Siberian Khanty and Mansi in the junction of West and East Eurasian gene pools as revealed by uniparental markers". Eur J Hum Genet. 16 (10): 1254–64. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.101. PMID 18506205.
  9. ^ Fuku, Noriyuki; Park, Kyong Soo; Yamada, Yoshiji; Nishigaki, Yutaka; Cho, Young Min; Matsuo, Hitoshi; Segawa, Tomonori; Watanabe, Sachiro; Kato, Kimihiko; Yokoi, Kiyoshi; Nozawa, Yoshinori; Lee, Hong Kyu; Tanaka, Masashi (March 2007). "Mitochondrial Haplogroup N9a Confers Resistance against Type 2 Diabetes in Asians". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 80 (3): 407–415. doi:10.1086/512202. PMC 1821119. PMID 17273962.
  10. ^ a b Ji F, Sharpley MS, Derbeneva O, Alves LS, Qian P, Wang Y, Chalkia D, Lvova M, Xu J, Yao W, Simon M, Platt J, Xu S, Angelin A, Davila A, Huang T, Wang PH, Chuang LM, Moore LG, Qian G, Wallace DC (May 2012). "Mitochondrial DNA variant associated with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy and high-altitude Tibetans". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 109 (19): 7391–6. Bibcode:2012PNAS..109.7391J. doi:10.1073/pnas.1202484109. PMC 3358837. PMID 22517755.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Jin HJ, Tyler-Smith C, Kim W (2009). "The peopling of Korea revealed by analyses of mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosomal markers". PLOS ONE. 4 (1): e4210. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.4210J. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004210. PMC 2615218. PMID 19148289.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i Kong QP, Yao YG, Liu M, Shen SP, Chen C, Zhu CL, Palanichamy MG, Zhang YP (October 2003). "Mitochondrial DNA sequence polymorphisms of five ethnic populations from northern China". Hum Genet. 113 (5): 391–405. doi:10.1007/s00439-003-1004-7. PMID 12938036.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i Umetsu K, Tanaka M, Yuasa I, Adachi N, Miyoshi A, Kashimura S, Park KS, Wei YH, Watanabe G, Osawa M (January 2005). "Multiplex amplified product-length polymorphism analysis of 36 mitochondrial single-nucleotide polymorphisms for haplogrouping of East Asian populations". Electrophoresis. 26 (1): 91–8. doi:10.1002/elps.200406129. PMID 15624129.
  14. ^ Asari, Masaru; Umetsu, Kazuo; Adachi, Noboru; Azumi, Jun-ichi; Shimizu, Keiko; Shiono, Hiroshi (September 2007). "Utility of haplogroup determination for forensic mtDNA analysis in the Japanese population". Legal Medicine. 9 (5): 237–240. doi:10.1016/j.legalmed.2007.01.007. PMID 17467322.
  15. ^ Zheng, Hong-Xiang; Yan, Shi; Qin, Zhen-Dong; Wang, Yi; Tan, Jing-Ze; Li, Hui; Jin, Li (6 October 2011). "Major Population Expansion of East Asians Began before Neolithic Time: Evidence of mtDNA Genomes". PLOS ONE. 6 (10): e25835. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...625835Z. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025835. PMC 3188578. PMID 21998705.
  16. ^ a b Malyarchuk, B.; Derenko, M.; Denisova, G.; Kravtsova, O. (1 October 2010). "Mitogenomic Diversity in Tatars from the Volga-Ural Region of Russia". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 27 (10): 2220–6. doi:10.1093/molbev/msq065. PMID 20457583.
  17. ^ Marchani, EE; Watkins, WS; Bulayeva, K; Harpending, HC; Jorde, LB (2008). "Culture creates genetic structure in the Caucasus: Autosomal, mitochondrial, and Y-chromosomal variation in Daghestan". BMC Genetics. 9: 47. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-9-47. PMC 2488347. PMID 18637195.
  18. ^ a b c d Tabbada KA, Trejaut J, Loo JH, Chen YM, Lin M, Mirazón-Lahr M, Kivisild T, De Ungria MC (January 2010). "Philippine mitochondrial DNA diversity: a populated viaduct between Taiwan and Indonesia?". Mol Biol Evol. 27 (1): 21–31. doi:10.1093/molbev/msp215. PMID 19755666.
  19. ^ a b Basnet, Rajdip; Rai, Niraj; Tamang, Rakesh; Awasthi, Nagendra Prasad; Pradhan, Isha; Parajuli, Pawan; Kashyap, Deepak; Reddy, Alla Govardhan; Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Das Manandhar, Krishna; Shrestha, Tilak Ram; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy (2022-10-15). "The matrilineal ancestry of Nepali populations" (PDF). Human Genetics. 142 (2): 167–180. doi:10.1007/s00439-022-02488-z. ISSN 0340-6717. PMID 36242641. S2CID 252904281.
  20. ^ a b Pischedda S, Barral-Arca R, Gómez-Carballa A, Pardo-Seco J, Catelli ML, Álvarez-Iglesias V, Cárdenas JM, Nguyen ND, Ha HH, Le AT, Martinón-Torres F, Vullo C, Salas A (October 2017). "Phylogeographic and genome-wide investigations of Vietnam ethnic groups reveal signatures of complex historical demographic movements". Sci Rep. 7 (1): 12630. Bibcode:2017NatSR...712630P. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-12813-6. PMC 5626762. PMID 28974757.
  21. ^ a b c d e f Tambets K, Yunusbayev B, Hudjashov G, Ilumäe AM, Rootsi S, Honkola T, Vesakoski O, Atkinson Q, Skoglund P, Kushniarevich A, Litvinov S, Reidla M, Metspalu E, Saag L, Rantanen T, Karmin M, Parik J, Zhadanov SI, Gubina M, Damba LD, Bermisheva M, Reisberg T, Dibirova K, Evseeva I, Nelis M, Klovins J, Metspalu A, Esko T, Balanovsky O, Balanovska E, Khusnutdinova EK, Osipova LP, Voevoda M, Villems R, Kivisild T, Metspalu M (September 2018). "Genes reveal traces of common recent demographic history for most of the Uralic-speaking populations". Genome Biol. 19 (1): 139. doi:10.1186/s13059-018-1522-1. PMC 6151024. PMID 30241495.
  22. ^ Fernandes DM, Sirak KA, Ringbauer H, Sedig J, Rohland N, Cheronet O, Mah M, Mallick S, Olalde I, Culleton BJ, Adamski N, Bernardos R, Bravo G, Broomandkhoshbacht N, Callan K, Candilio F, Demetz L, Carlson KS, Eccles L, Freilich S, George RJ, Lawson AM, Mandl K, Marzaioli F, McCool WC, Oppenheimer J, Özdogan KT, Schattke C, Schmidt R, Stewardson K, Terrasi F, Zalzala F, Antúnez CA, Canosa EV, Colten R, Cucina A, Genchi F, Kraan C, La Pastina F, Lucci M, Maggiolo MV, Marcheco-Teruel B, Maria CT, Martínez C, París I, Pateman M, Simms TM, Sivoli CG, Vilar M, Kennett DJ, Keegan WF, Coppa A, Lipson M, Pinhasi R, Reich D (February 2021). "A genetic history of the pre-contact Caribbean". Nature. 590 (7844): 103–110. Bibcode:2021Natur.590..103F. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-03053-2. PMC 7864882. PMID 33361817.
  23. ^ a b Pham VH, Nguyen VL, Jung HE, Cho YS, Shin JG (January 2022). "The frequency of the known mitochondrial variants associated with drug-induced toxicity in a Korean population". BMC Med Genomics. 15 (1): 3. doi:10.1186/s12920-021-01153-0. PMC 8722126. PMID 34980117.
  24. ^ a b c d e Duggan, Ana T.; Whitten, Mark; Wiebe, Victor; Crawford, Michael; Butthof, Anne; Spitsyn, Victor; Makarov, Sergey; Novgorodov, Innokentiy; Osakovsky, Vladimir; Pakendorf, Brigitte (2013-12-12). "Investigating the Prehistory of Tungusic Peoples of Siberia and the Amur-Ussuri Region with Complete mtDNA Genome Sequences and Y-chromosomal Markers". PLOS ONE. 8 (12): e83570. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...883570D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083570. PMC 3861515. PMID 24349531.
  25. ^ Marchi N, Hegay T, Mennecier P, Georges M, Laurent R, Whitten M, Endicott P, Aldashev A, Dorzhu C, Nasyrova F, Chichlo B, Ségurel L, Heyer E (April 2017). "Sex-specific genetic diversity is shaped by cultural factors in Inner Asian human populations". Am J Phys Anthropol. 162 (4): 627–640. doi:10.1002/ajpa.23151. PMID 28158897.
  26. ^ Kılınç GM, Kashuba N, Yaka R, Sümer AP, Yüncü E, Shergin D, Ivanov GL, Kichigin D, Pestereva K, Volkov D, Mandryka P, Kharinskii A, Tishkin A, Ineshin E, Kovychev E, Stepanov A, Alekseev A, Fedoseeva SA, Somel M, Jakobsson M, Krzewińska M, Storå J, Götherström A (June 2018). "Investigating Holocene human population history in North Asia using ancient mitogenomes". Sci Rep. 8 (1): 8969. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8.8969K. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-27325-0. PMC 5997703. PMID 29895902.
  27. ^ Neparáczki E, Kocsy K, Tóth GE, Maróti Z, Kalmár T, Bihari P, Nagy I, Pálfi G, Molnár E, Raskó I, Török T (2017). "Revising mtDNA haplotypes of the ancient Hungarian conquerors with next generation sequencing". PLOS ONE. 12 (4): e0174886. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1274886N. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0174886. PMC 5396865. PMID 28422985.
  28. ^ Lippold, Sebastian; Xu, Hongyang; Ko, Albert; Li, Mingkun; Renaud, Gabriel; Butthof, Anne; Schröder, Roland; Stoneking, Mark (2014). "Human paternal and maternal demographic histories: insights from high-resolution Y chromosome and mtDNA sequences". Investigative Genetics. 5 (1): 13. doi:10.1186/2041-2223-5-13. ISSN 2041-2223. PMC 4174254. PMID 25254093.
  29. ^ Derenko M, Malyarchuk B, Bahmanimehr A, Denisova G, Perkova M, Farjadian S, Yepiskoposyan L (2013). "Complete mitochondrial DNA diversity in Iranians". PLOS ONE. 8 (11): e80673. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...880673D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080673. PMC 3828245. PMID 24244704.
  30. ^ Simão F, Strobl C, Vullo C, Catelli L, Machado P, Huber N, Schnaller L, Huber G, Xavier C, Carvalho EF, Gusmão L, Parson W (March 2019). "The maternal inheritance of Alto Paraná revealed by full mitogenome sequences". Forensic Sci Int Genet. 39: 66–72. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2018.12.007. PMID 30594063.
  31. ^ a b c d e Kutanan W, Kampuansai J, Srikummool M, Kangwanpong D, Ghirotto S, Brunelli A, Stoneking M (January 2017). "Complete mitochondrial genomes of Thai and Lao populations indicate an ancient origin of Austroasiatic groups and demic diffusion in the spread of Tai-Kadai languages". Hum Genet. 136 (1): 85–98. doi:10.1007/s00439-016-1742-y. PMC 5214972. PMID 27837350.
  32. ^ a b Kutanan W, Shoocongdej R, Srikummool M, Hübner A, Suttipai T, Srithawong S, Kampuansai J, Stoneking M (November 2020). "Cultural variation impacts paternal and maternal genetic lineages of the Hmong-Mien and Sino-Tibetan groups from Thailand". Eur J Hum Genet. 28 (11): 1563–79. doi:10.1038/s41431-020-0693-x. PMC 7576213. PMID 32690935.
  33. ^ a b c Yao H, Wang M, Zou X, Li Y, Yang X, Li A, Yeh HY, Wang P, Wang Z, Bai J, Guo J, Chen J, Ding X, Zhang Y, Lin B, Wang CC, He G (May 2021). "New insights into the fine-scale history of western-eastern admixture of the northwestern Chinese population in the Hexi Corridor via genome-wide genetic legacy". Mol Genet Genomics. 296 (3): 631–651. doi:10.1007/s00438-021-01767-0. PMID 33650010.
  34. ^ Kong QP, Bandelt HJ, Sun C, Yao YG, Salas A, Achilli A, Wang CY, Zhong L, Zhu CL, Wu SF, Torroni A, Zhang YP (July 2006). "Updating the East Asian mtDNA phylogeny: a prerequisite for the identification of pathogenic mutations". Hum Mol Genet. 15 (13): 2076–86. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddl130. PMID 16714301.
  35. ^ a b Lee HY, Yoo JE, Park MJ, Chung U, Kim CY, Shin KJ (November 2006). "East Asian mtDNA haplogroup determination in Koreans: haplogroup-level coding region SNP analysis and subhaplogroup-level control region sequence analysis". Electrophoresis. 27 (22): 4408–18. doi:10.1002/elps.200600151. PMID 17058303.
  36. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah Lorenz JG, Smith DG (November 1996). "Distribution of four founding mtDNA haplogroups among Native North Americans". Am J Phys Anthropol. 101 (3): 307–23. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199611)101:3<307::AID-AJPA1>3.0.CO;2-W. PMID 8922178.
  37. ^ a b c d Johnson, John R.; Lorenz, Joseph G. (2006). "Genetics, Linguistics, and Prehistoric Migrations: An Analysis of California Indian MitochondrialDNA Lineages" (PDF). Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology. 26 (1): 46–48. Retrieved 2023-05-24.
  38. ^ Breschini, Gary S.; Haversat, Trudy (2004). "Ancient DNA — Modern Connections: Results of Mitochondrial DNA Analyses from Monterey County, California" (PDF). Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly. 40 (2): 1–10. Retrieved 2023-05-24.
  39. ^ Two skeletons, one each from CA-MNT-1489 and CA-MNT-1931, Late Period archeological sites located in Rancho San Carlos, inland from Carmel and south of the Carmel River, were both determined to be of haplotype A01 (Breschini & Haversat 2004).[38] An adult and child, dating from Cal BP 200, buried at CA-MNT-831, a site in Pacific Grove, on the Monterey Peninsula, both belonged to haplogroup D01 (Breschini & Haversat 2004). Of four Ohlone mtDNA lineages identified by Johnson & Lorenz 2006, two belonged to haplogroup C, one each to haplogroups B and D, and none to haplogroup A. Of these eight Ohlone individuals, two belonged to haplogroup A.
  40. ^ a b c d e Irene Cardinali, Martin Bodner (2022). "Mitochondrial DNA Footprints from Western Eurasia in Modern Mongolia". Frontiers in Genetics. 12. doi:10.3389/fgene.2021.819337. PMC 8773455. PMID 35069708.
  41. ^ Dryomov, Stanislav V.; Nazhmidenova, Azhar M.; Starikovskaya, Elena B.; Shalaurova, Sofia A.; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Bernardos, Rebecca; Derevianko, Anatoly P.; Reich, David; Sukernik, Rem I. (January 28, 2021). "Mitochondrial genome diversity on the Central Siberian Plateau with particular reference to the prehistory of northernmost Eurasia". PLOS ONE. 16 (1): 5. Bibcode:2021PLoSO..1644228D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0244228. PMC 7842996. PMID 33507977. Retrieved 2023-05-24.
  42. ^ Sato, Takehiro; Amano, Tetsuya; Ono, Hiroko; Ishida, Hajime; Kodera, Haruto; Matsumura, Hirofumi; Yoneda, Minoru; Masuda, Ryuichi (2009). "Mitochondrial DNA haplogrouping of the Okhotsk people based on analysis of ancient DNA: an intermediate of gene flow from the continental Sakhalin people to the Ainu". Anthropological Science. 117 (3): 171–180. doi:10.1537/ase.081202.
  43. ^ "The peopling of the Americas: Genetic ancestry influences health". Scientific American.
  44. ^ "First Americans Endured 20,000-Year Layover — Jennifer Viegas, Discovery News". Archived from the original on 2012-03-13. Retrieved 2009-11-18.
  45. ^ Gates Jr., Henry Louis (2010). "12 Eva Longoria 1975". Faces of America: How 12 Extraordinary People Discovered Their Pasts. New York University Press. p. 245. ISBN 978-0-8147-3320-2. JSTOR j.ctt9qgdx6.17.
  46. ^ Gates Jr., Henry Louis (2015). Finding Your Roots: The Official Companion to the PBS Series. The University of North Carolina Press. p. 289. ISBN 978-1-4696-1801-2.

External links