Chief magistrate of an ancient Greek city-state
En la antigua Grecia, el magistrado jefe de varias ciudades-estado griegas era llamado archón epónimo (ἐπώνυμος ἄρχων, epōnymos archōn ). "Arconte" (ἄρχων, pl. ἄρχοντες, archontes ) significa "gobernante" o "señor", frecuentemente usado como título para un cargo público específico, [1] mientras que "epónimo" significa que dio su nombre al año en el que ocupó el cargo, de forma muy similar a la datación romana por años consulares .
En la Atenas clásica se desarrolló un sistema de nueve arcontes concurrentes, liderados por tres áreas respectivas sobre los asuntos cívicos, militares y religiosos del estado: los tres titulares del cargo eran conocidos como el arconte epónimo (gobernante de Atenas, el cargo político más alto en la ciudad-estado), el polemarca (πολέμαρχος, "gobernante de guerra", el comandante en jefe del ejército ateniense) y el arconte basileus (ἄρχων βασιλεύς, "rey gobernante", el sumo sacerdote de la ciudad). [2] [3] Los otros seis eran los thesmothetai , funcionarios judiciales. Originalmente, estos cargos se llenaban entre las clases más ricas mediante elecciones cada diez años. Durante este período, el arconte epónimo era el magistrado principal, el polemarca era el jefe de las fuerzas armadas y el arconte basileus era responsable de algunos asuntos civiles y religiosos y de la supervisión de algunos juicios importantes en los tribunales de justicia. Después de 683 a. C., los cargos se ejercían durante un solo año y el año recibía el nombre del arconte epónimo.
Fondo
El arconte era el magistrado principal en muchas ciudades griegas, pero en Atenas había un consejo de arcontes que ejercía una forma de gobierno ejecutivo. Desde finales del siglo VIII a. C. hubo tres arcontes: el arconte epónimo , el polemarchos (originalmente con un papel militar, que fue transferido a los diez strategoi en 501 a. C.) y el arconte basileus (el vestigio ceremonial de la monarquía ateniense ). [4] Estos puestos eran cubiertos por la aristocracia (los Eupatridae ) mediante elecciones cada diez años. Durante este período, el arconte epónimo era el magistrado principal, el polemarca era el jefe de las fuerzas armadas y el arconte basileus era responsable de los arreglos cívicos y religiosos.
Después de 683 a. C., los cargos se mantuvieron durante un solo año, y el año se nombró en honor del arconte epónimo. [ cita requerida ] El año iba de julio a junio. [5] El arconte epónimo era el arconte principal y presidía las reuniones de la Boule y la Ecclesia , las antiguas asambleas atenienses. El arconte epónimo siguió siendo el jefe de estado titular incluso bajo la democracia, aunque con una importancia política muy reducida. Bajo las reformas de Solón , él mismo arconte epónimo en 594 a. C., hubo un breve período en el que el número de arcontes aumentó a diez. Después de 457 a. C., los exarcontes fueron inscritos automáticamente como miembros vitalicios del Areópago , aunque esa asamblea ya no era extremadamente importante políticamente.
Uno de los arcontes supervisaba el procedimiento de ostracismo después del 487 a. C. [6] La corte de un arconte estaba a cargo de los epikleroi . [7] Otros deberes de los arcontes incluían supervisar los festivales de las Panateneas y las Dionisias . [8]
Lista de arcontes de Atenas
En la siguiente lista de Arcontes, los años en los que se desconoce el nombre del arconte se identifican como tales. Los años que se mencionan como " anarquía " significan que literalmente "no había arconte". Hay varias reconstrucciones de listas contradictorias; las fuentes de esta lista se dan al final. Nótese que el mandato de un arconte abarcaba dos de nuestros años, comenzando en la primavera o verano y continuando hasta la primavera o verano siguientes. También se mencionan el polemarca o strategoi, basileus y thesmothetai (los seis asistentes de los arcontes), cuando se conocen.
Periodo arcaico
Arcontes de la vida
La tradición ateniense posterior varía en cuanto a la posición exacta de esta línea: ocupaban el cargo de arconte vitalicio, a veces denominado «Arconte perpetuo», y ejercían los poderes sacros de la realeza, como lo hizo más tarde el archón basileus . La historicidad de cualquiera de los miembros de esta antigua lista puede ponerse en duda razonablemente. Sin embargo, Aristóteles indica, en la Constitución de Atenas, que fue de hecho la casa de Codro la que abolió el título de rey en favor del de arconte. [9]
Arcontes decenales
En el año 753 a. C. el arcontado perpetuo de los Eupatridae [21] se limitó a 10 años (los "arcontes decenales"): [22]
Arcontes anuales
Después del 683 a. C. el cargo de arconte se limitó a un año y residía en el Pritaneión .
Reorganizado
Periodo clásico
Periodo helenístico
Periodo romano
See also
References
- ^ At first the chief of the city was only a priest. "The charge of the public sacrifices of the city belongs according to religious custom, not to special priests, but to those men who derive their dignity from the hearth, and who are here called kings, elsewhere Prytaneis, and again archons." (Aristotle, Politics, VIII.5)
- ^ Michael Rostovtzeff, Greece, passim.
- ^ "The Athenian archons when they entered upon their duties ascended to the Acropolis wearing crowns of myrtles, and offered a sacrifice to the titular, divinity of the town. It was also customary for them to wear crowns of foliage when they exercised their functions. And it is certain that the crown, which became and which still remains the emblem of power, was then only a religious symbol, an exterior sign, which accompanied prayer and sacrifice. Amongst the nine archons, the second archon, the one called the King, was the representative of the high priestly function of the old Kings, but each of his colleagues had some priestly duty to fulfill, some sacrifice to offer to the gods. ("Gustave Ducoudray, The history of ancient civilization: a handbook, 1889 pg 129)
- ^ Gods, Heroes and Tyrants: Greek Chronology in Chaos By Emmet John Sweeney.
- ^ Green, Peter (2009). "Diodorus Siculus on the Third Sacred War". In Marincola, John (ed.). A Companion to Greek and Roman Historiography. Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World. Vol. 2. Oxford, United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons. p. 364. ISBN 9780470766286.
- ^ Fox The Classical World p. 122
- ^ Lacey The Family in Ancient Greece p. 139-145
- ^ Adkins Handbook to Life in Ancient Greece p. 35-36
- ^ Aristotle Constitution of Athens, 3
- ^ The son of Codrus was lame, which was why his brother Neileus would not let him rule, but the Delphian oracle bestowed the kingdom upon Medon. For more see Pausanias, Description of Greece, 7. 2. 1.
- ^ Constitution of Athens and Related Texts – Page 70
- ^ John Blair, Blair's Chronological and Historical Tables: From the Creation to the Present Time, with Additions and Corrections from the Most Authentic Writers, Including the Computation of St. Paul, as Connecting the Period from the Exode to the Temple. London: Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans, 1844. pg. 27
- ^ John Lemprière, A Classical Dictionary pg. 183
- ^ Pausanias, Description of Greece, Volume 3 – Page 64. (cf. "The successors of Codrus were Medon (son of Codrus), Acastus (son of Medon), Archippus (son of Acastus), Thersippus (son of Archippus), Phorbas (son of Thersippus), Megacles (son of Phorbas), Diognetus (son of Megacles), Pherecles (son of Diognetus), Ariphron (son of Pherecles), Thespieus (son of Ariphron), Agamestor (son of Thespieus), Aeschylus (son of Agamestor), Alcmaeon. All these, according to the common tradition, held the archonship for life. After Alcmaeon the tenure of the office was made decennial. The first decennial archon was Charops, the second was Aesimides, and the third was Clidicus. See Eusebius, Chronic. vol. 1. pp. 185–190, ed. Schone.")
- ^ Michael Russell, A Connection of Sacred and Profane History, Pg 355
- ^ See Historicity of the Iliad.
- ^ Herodotus 2.53.
- ^ George Crabb, Universal Historical Dictionary pg. 91
- ^ According to Diodorus Siculus (of the 1st century BC).
- ^ Blair, Chronological and Historical Tables pg. 30
- ^ Herodotus, George Rawlinson, Sir Henry Creswicke Rawlinson, Sir John Gardner Wilkinson. The History of Herodotus: A New English Version, Ed. with Copious Notes and Appendices, Illustrating the History and Geography of Herodotus, from the Most Recent Sources of Information; and Embodying the Chief Results, Historical and Ethnographical, which Have Been Obtained in the Progress of Cuneiform and Hieroglyphical Discovery, Volume 3. Appleton, 1882. Pg 316
- ^ Evelyn Abbott. A Skeleton Outline of Greek History: Chronologically Arranged. Pg 27.
- ^ The Roman Antiquities, Volume 1. By Dionysius (Halicarnassensis). pg 162.
- ^ History of Ancient and Modern Greece. By John Frost. Pg 35
- ^ According to Dionysius of Halicarnassus
- ^ Pausanias's Description of Greece, 4.5.3; Volume 3 By Pausanias. Pg 64
- ^ Henry-Fines Clinton. Fasti Hellenici, the Civil and Literary Chronology of Greece, from the Earliest Accounts to the Death of Augustus. University Press, 1834 pg 241, Pg 166
- ^ Nicolas Lenglet Dufresnoy. Chronological Tables of Universal History: Sacred and Profane, Ecclesiastical and Civil; from the Creation of the World, to the Year One Thousand Seven Hundred and Forty-three. With a Preliminary Discourse on the Short Method of Studying History; and a Catalogue of Books Necessary for that Purpose; with Some Remarks on Them, Volume 1. A. Millar, 1762. Pg 124
- ^ John Blair. Blair's Chronological and Historical Tables: From the Creation to the Present Time, with Additions and Corrections from the Most Authentic Writers, Including the Computation of St. Paul, as Connecting the Period from the Exode to the Temple. Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans, Paternoster Row., 1844. Pg 38
- ^ Blair's Chronological and Historical Tables. Pg 39
- ^ Unless otherwise indicated, the names and dates of archons down to 481/0 BC are taken from T. J. Cadoux, "The Athenian Archons from Kreon to Hypsichides", Journal of Hellenic Studies, 68 (1948), pp. 70-123
- ^ Cadoux, "Athenian Archons", p. 88
- ^ a b Cadoux notes "We cannot be sure that it was the same man who held the second archonship, nor, if we held that it was, do we know anything of the circumstances under which this happened. Nor, again, do we know if this man or men belonged to the Philaid family." ("Athenian Archons", p. 90)
- ^ Cadoux notes this entry is based on a surviving passage of Hippys of Rhegion which is very obscure; Hippys states one Epainetos was king at Athens in the 36th Olympiad. However, this statement is full of mistakes which makes Cadooux suspicious of this passage. ("Athenian Archons", p. 91)
- ^ a b c d e Per one surviving fragment of the Athenian Archon list. Donald W. Bradeen, "The Fifth-Century Archon List", Hesperia, 32 (1963), pp. 187-208
- ^ Cadoux, "Athenian Archons", p. 103
- ^ So Cadoux and Alan Samuel; Benjamin D. Merrit notes the name could be read "Onetorides". (Merrit, "Greek inscriptions, 14-27", Hesperia, 8 (1939), p 60)
- ^ This identification has been questioned by Matthew P. J. Dillon, "Was Kleisthenes of Pleisthenes Archon at Athens in 525 BC?", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 155 (2006), pp. 91-107
- ^ Herodotus, Histories, books V and VI Google Books link
- ^ But he adds, "It seems gratuitous to invent a third Miltiades-presumably from another family; and there are no solid chronological grounds for rejecting either of the two Philaids." (Cadoux, "Athenian Archons", p. 110)
- ^ See Cadoux, "Athenian Archons", pp. 111f
- ^ Alan Samuel is doubtful this archon existed, claiming this is based on Eustathius' misunderstanding his source, which provides the date Pindar died, not when he was born. Samuel, Greek and Roman Chronology (Muenchen: Beck'sche, 1972), p. 204
- ^ Cadoux suspects this is a corruption of the archon's real name. ("Athenian Archons", p. 116)
- ^ Added from Samuel, Greek and Roman Chronology, p. 205
- ^ Nine archons were appointed by lot by the tribes from 500 nominees chosen by the demes and that this was the method in the Archonship of Telesinus. See also the Areopagite constitution.
- ^ Cadoux, "Athenian Archons", p. 119
- ^ Unless otherwise noted, archons from 480/79 to 348/7 BC are taken from Alan E. Samuel, Greek and Roman Chronology (Muenchen: Beck'sche, 1972), pp. 206-210.
- ^ "Calliades was archon in Athens, and the Romans made Spurius Cassius and Proculus Verginius Tricostus consuls, and the Eleians celebrated the Seventy-fifth Olympiad, that in which Astylus of Syracuse won the 'stadion.' It was in this year that king Xerxes made his campaign against Greece" (Diodorus, 11.1.2)
- ^ Alternative spellings are taken from Samuel, Greek and Roman Chronology, pp. 206-210
- ^ a b Samuel, Greek and Roman Chronology, p. 207
- ^ Classical Philology. p. 53
- ^ The Works of Xenophon: & II and Anabasis. 1890 By Xenophon. Pg 98
- ^ Thucydides (2.2) states that it began "in the 48th year of the priestess-ship of Chrysis at Argos, in the ephorate of Aenesias at Sparta, in the last month but two of the archonship of Pythodorus at Athens." Thucydides reports a solar eclipse that summer (2.28), which can be confidently dated to 3 August 431 BC. (E. J. Bickerman, Chronology of the Ancient World (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1968), p. 87)
- ^ Thucydides: Arguments. Peloponnesian War, Book III (cont'd.)-VI By Thucydides. Pg 208
- ^ Sophocles: The Oedipus Coloneus. 3d ed. 1900 By Sophocles, Sir Richard Claverhouse Jebb. Pg 4. (cf. Micon was [the Archon of] 402 B.C., Callias of [the Archon of] 406 B.C. Between them came Alexias (405), Pythodorus (404, the Anarchy), and Eucleides (403).)
- ^ Unless otherwise noted, archons from 347/6 to 301/0 BC are taken from Benjamin D. Meritt, "Athenian Archons 347/6–48/7 B.C.", Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, 26 (1977), pp. 161–191
- ^ Samuel, Greek and Roman Chronology, p. 210
- ^ Unless otherwise noted, archons from 300/299 to 228/7 BC are taken from Michael J. Osborne, "The Archons of Athens 300/299-228/7", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 171 (2009), pp. 83-99
- ^ a b c The order in which these three archons held their office is not yet clear. (Osborne, "Archons of Athens", p. 85 n. 14)
- ^ This year is commonly attributed to "Gorgias" based on Pseudo-Plutarch (Vitae Decem Oratorum, 847D); however, Gorgias may be a corruption of the very rare name "Ourias" archon in 281/0 BC; Gorgias is thus a ghost. (Osborne, "Archons of Athens", p. 87 n. 21)
- ^ Osborne notes that Pytharatus "is one of the very few archons of the 3rd century after the 290s to be securely dated on the basis of Olympiads and literary testimony." "Archons of Athens", p. 88 n. 26
- ^ a b Osborne, "Archons of Athens", p. 90 n. 29
- ^ Voula Bardani and Stephen Tracy, "A New List of Athenian Ephebes and a New Archon of Athens", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 163 (2007), pp. 75-80
- ^ Unless otherwise noted, archons from 227/6 to 211/0 BC are taken from Michael Osborne, "The Date of the Athenian Archon Thrasyphon", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 164 (2008), pp. 85-8
- ^ Aleshire had placed Hoplon at this year because there was a gap; however, Osborne's latest revision of the Archon list has removed that gap. For further details, see Aleshire, "The Athenian Archon Hoplon", Hesperia, 57 (1988), pp. 253-5
- ^ Thrasyphon is commonly dated to 221/0 BC based on a Magnesian inscription that allows his archonship to be dated to the fourth year of Olympiad 139; Osborne has argued that the correlation is not that exact and his archonship could fall in the first year of Olympiad 140. (Osborne, "The Date", pp. 85, 88)
- ^ Merrit disagrees, placing Sostratos here and providing a primary source; Osborne provides no supporting evidence for Aeschron here. Merritt, "Athenian Archons", p. 178
- ^ Unless otherwise noted, the archons from 209/8 to 201/0 BC are taken from John S. Traill, "A Revision of Hesperia, XLIII, 1974, 'A New Ephebic Inscription from the Athenian Agora'", Hesperia, 45 (1976), pp. 296-303
- ^ Unless otherwise noted, archons from 201/0 to 160/59 BC are taken from Osborne, "Archons of Athens"
- ^ a b Following the arguments of John S. Traill, "The Athenian Archon Pleistainos", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 103 (1994), pp. 109-114
- ^ Christian Habicht argues that, based on the floruit of the letter-cutter of inscription did not extend beyond 185 BC, Achaeus' archonship occurred earlier and places Epaenetus in this year. (Habicht, "The Eponymous Archons", p. 245)
- ^ a b Unless otherwise noted, archons from 159/8 to 141/0 BC are taken from Christian Habicht, "The Eponymous Archons of Athens from 159/8 to 141/0 B. C.", Hesperia, 57 (1988), pp. 237-247
- ^ a b c d e f g Habicht expresses less certainty about the dates of these seven archones. (Habicht, "The Eponymous Archons", p. 246)
- ^ Unless otherwise noted, archons from 139/8 to 61/60 BC are taken from Merrit, "Athenian Archons"
- ^ Unless otherwise noted, archons from 60/59 to 10/9 BC are taken from Simone Follet, "Deux inscriptions attiques inédites copiées par l'abbé Michel Fourmont (Parisinus Suppl. gr. 854)", Revue des Études Grecques, 118 (2005). pp. 1-14.
- ^ a b c Samuel adds these three names, as well as the next four, citing IG III2 1713 for their presence in the archon list. (Greek and Roman), p. 226
- ^ Unless otherwise noted, archons from 8/7 BC to AD 74 are taken from Samuel, Greek and Roman, pp. 223–237
- ^ Identified with a member of the Thracian Royal house based on IG II2 1070, making him the first verified foreigner to be the Athenian Eponymous archon. (Robert K. Sherk, "The Eponymous Officials of Greek Cities: I", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 83 (1990), p. 275)
- ^ Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 489
- ^ Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 488–489
- ^ R. Neubauer, "Das Archontat des Rhoemetalkas in Athen", Hermes, 10 (1876), pp. 145–152
- ^ Or eponymous archon in 41/2.
- ^ Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 153-164
- ^ Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 488–489
- ^ Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 243-244
- ^ Unless otherwise noted, archons from AD 74 to 267 are taken from Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 501–510
- ^ Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 488–489
- ^ James H. Oliver, "Greek Inscriptions", Hesperia: The American Excavations in the Athenian Agora: Twenty-First Report, 11 (1942), p. 80
- ^ Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 243-244
- ^ Gustav Hirschfeld, "Die Familie des Titus Flavius Aklibiades", Hermes, 7 (1873), pp. 52–61
- ^ Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 314–320
- ^ Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 489–491
- ^ Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 114–115
- ^ Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 256–257
- ^ Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 138–139
- ^ Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 508, 527
- ^ Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 246
- ^ Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. xv
- ^ Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 462
- ^ Rotoff, "An Athenian Archon List", p. 408
- ^ Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 281-282
- ^ Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 153-164
- ^ Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. xv
- ^ Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 153-164
- ^ Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 370
- ^ Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 218-221
- ^ Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 225
- ^ Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 6-7
- ^ Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 6-7
- ^ Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 153-164
- ^ Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. xv
- ^ Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 420
- ^ Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 314–320
- ^ Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 370
- ^ Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 225
- ^ Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 281-282
- ^ Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 218-221
- ^ Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 420
- ^ Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. xv
- ^ Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 314–320
- ^ Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 314–320
- ^ Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 290-291
- ^ Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 290-291
- ^ After 265, the record is so fragmentary that "Unknown" is not indicated past this point.
- ^ Byrne, Roman Citizens, pp. 266-267
- ^ So claimed by James H. Oliver, "Roman Emperors and Athens", Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, 30 (1981), 423
- ^ Unless otherwise noted, archons for 300 to 484-485 are taken from Samuel, Greek and Roman Chronology, pp. 234–237.
Further reading
- Adkins, Lesley and Roy A. Handbook to Life in Ancient Greece New York: Oxford University Press 1997 ISBN 0-19-512491-X
- Aristotle's Athenian Constitution
- Develin, Robert (1989). Athenian Officials 684–321 BC. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-32880-2.
- Dinsmoor, William Bell The Archons of Athens in the Hellenistic Age. Cambridge, 1931 (1966 reprint)
- Dinsmoor, William Bell The Athenian Archon List in the Light of Recent Discoveries. Columbia University Press, 1939 (1974 reprint, ISBN 0-8371-4735-2)
- Fox, Robin Lane The Classical World: An Epic History from Homer to Hadrian New York: Basic Books 2006 ISBN 0-465-02496-3
- Hamel, Debra Athenian Generals: Military Authority in the Classical Period. Koninklijke Brill NV, 1998.
- Graindor, Paul Chronologie des archontes athéniens sous l'Empire, Brussels, 1922 (Mémoires de l'Académie de Belgique, 4°, 1921),
- Lacey, W. K. The Family in Classical Greece Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press 1968
- Owens, Ron Justice and the Political Reforms of Solon, Eponymous Archon at Athens, 594–593 BC. Australian National University, 2000.
- Rostovtzeff, Michael. Greece. 2nd.ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1963.