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Boicot a Rusia y Bielorrusia

Los minoristas de todo el mundo retiraron de sus inventarios productos fabricados en Rusia debido a la invasión, ya sea voluntariamente o como resultado de las sanciones.

Desde principios de 2022, Rusia y Bielorrusia han sido boicoteadas por muchas empresas y organizaciones en Europa, América del Norte, Australasia y otros lugares, en respuesta a la invasión rusa de Ucrania , que cuenta con el apoyo de Bielorrusia. Al 2 de julio de 2022 , la Escuela de Administración de Yale registró más de 1000 empresas que se retiraron o desinvirtieron de Rusia , ya sea como resultado de las sanciones o en protesta por las acciones rusas. [1] La Agencia Nacional de Ucrania para la Prevención de la Corrupción mantiene una lista llamada Patrocinadores Internacionales de la Guerra que incluye empresas e individuos que aún hacen negocios con Rusia. [2]

Descripción general

La mayoría de los países que sancionaron a Rusia tras su anexión de Crimea en 2014 comenzaron a imponer sanciones adicionales para castigar a Rusia por invadir toda Ucrania, una medida para la que el presidente ruso, Vladimir Putin, se había preparado desde hacía tiempo. [3] Muchas empresas no se vieron afectadas por las sanciones contra Rusia, pero decidieron cortar los lazos con el país debido a la presión pública o en protesta por las acciones del gobierno ruso, o ambas cosas. [4] [5] Las instituciones ucranianas han declarado que la necesidad de estas medidas es urgente. [6]

La respuesta puede dividirse en términos generales en un "boicot cultural", destinado a amplificar la condena internacional de la invasión, y un "boicot económico", que está diseñado para hacer que el esfuerzo bélico sea menos sostenible. [7] [8] Como resultado de este último, varios comentaristas han advertido de un colapso económico sin precedentes en el futuro de Rusia, citando una caída del 30% en el valor del rublo , un aumento del 20% en las tasas de interés y una expansión del PIB del 1% desde el 1,7%. [9] Los análisis de varias empresas proyectan una contracción del PIB de fin de año de al menos el 5% y una inflación del 15%. [10] Algunos de los golpes más críticos a la infraestructura rusa han sido la pérdida de acceso al sistema de pago SWIFT y las limitaciones a la capacidad de Rusia para exportar petróleo. [11] El senador estadounidense Bernie Sanders ha declarado que esta crisis debería influir en la política energética de manera más amplia para disuadir a los "petroestados autoritarios". [12] Aunque Shell plc ha sido conocida por renunciar a su participación en Gazprom , también fue criticada por comprar un cargamento de petróleo crudo ruso con descuento. [13] Al día siguiente, tras la protesta pública, Shell defendió la compra como una necesidad a corto plazo, pero también anunció que tiene la intención de reducir tales compras y poner las ganancias de ellas en un fondo que se destinará a la ayuda humanitaria a Ucrania. [14] Al 10 de marzo, la mitad de las diez mayores empresas internacionales con vínculos comerciales con Rusia anunciaron que estaban retirando o cerrando sus operaciones; y el número de empresas que lo han hecho es más de 300. [15]

Algunas de las mayores empresas de snacks y comida rápida han enfrentado críticas por seguir haciendo negocios en Rusia y Bielorrusia. [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] Anthony Pompliano ha defendido a las plataformas de comercio de criptomonedas por no participar en el boicot, afirmando que "hay una increíble cantidad de inhumanidad en la decisión de aislar al ciudadano medio del sistema financiero global. ¿Cuál fue su crimen?" [21] Los críticos del gobierno israelí han señalado que varios políticos estadounidenses que apoyan el aislamiento económico de Rusia anteriormente hicieron campaña y aprobaron leyes anti-BDS que castigaban los boicots a Israel . [22] [23] [24]

El aspecto cultural del boicot se ha centrado en reducir el número de productos de entretenimiento disponibles para la gente en Rusia. Estos incluyen películas y álbumes, pero también eventos televisados ​​en vivo que se realizan en países occidentales. [25] Yasmeen Serhan ha comentado que el sentimiento nacionalista, que históricamente ha beneficiado al régimen de Putin, se verá socavado por la exclusión de Rusia de los eventos deportivos. [8] La prohibición de Rusia y Bielorrusia de los Juegos Olímpicos ha generado comparaciones con el boicot atlético de la Sudáfrica del apartheid . Según los historiadores olímpicos David Wallechinsky y Bill Mallon , la decisión puede considerarse un punto de inflexión en comparación con la indulgencia pasada sobre el programa de dopaje patrocinado por el estado en Rusia o el intento de secuestro de Krystsina Tsimanouskaya por Bielorrusia. [26] [27]

Además de cancelar apariciones planeadas en Rusia, varias organizaciones de entretenimiento con miembros rusos comenzaron a examinar su apoyo pasado a Putin. Algunas de estas celebridades se negaron a condenar la guerra, pero otras perdieron sus contratos porque lo hicieron sin mencionar a Putin por su nombre. Una declaración de Alex Ovechkin , por ejemplo, pidió la paz en general y mencionó que los miembros de su familia en Rusia también estaban en peligro. [28] Sin embargo, el ex portero checo de Detroit Red Wings y Ottawa Senators Dominik Hašek respondió a Ovechkin y lo criticó por su apoyo pasado a Putin, diciendo "¿¡Qué!? ¡No solo un coartado, un cobarde, sino también un mentiroso!", al tiempo que pidió a la NHL que suspendiera a todos los jugadores rusos. [29] Un músico que se refirió a la seguridad de su familia al condenar la guerra fue Alexander Malofeev . La Vancouver Recital Society , que había comenzado a exigir esto a todos los artistas rusos, respondió que la declaración de Malofeev no era suficiente para permitir que su concierto siguiera adelante. [30]

A pesar de las sanciones en curso, 47 de las 200 empresas más grandes del mundo aún no han abandonado Rusia, en particular las empresas energéticas que siguen invirtiendo allí. El gigante energético británico Shell y las empresas comerciales japonesas Mitsui y Mitsubishi tienen participaciones de dos dígitos en el proyecto de petróleo y gas natural Sakhalin-2 . El 1 de julio de 2022, Putin firmó un decreto para permitir al gobierno confiscar el proyecto de petróleo y gas natural Sakhalin-2, pero los intentos posteriores de nacionalizar formalmente los activos de las empresas internacionales se detuvieron cuando el proyecto de ley no pasó por la Duma Estatal antes del receso de verano de 2022. Según los analistas occidentales, las empresas restantes han experimentado presiones de expropiación y nacionalización , pero oficialmente Rusia ha negado que esté interesada en tales acciones. En agosto de 2022, el ministro de Comercio e Industria de Rusia, Denis Manturov, declaró: "No estamos interesados ​​​​en la nacionalización de empresas ni en su eliminación". [31] [32]

Boicot a empresas y organizaciones

Banca y finanzas

Otro

Educación, investigación y ciencia

Energía

Entretenimiento

Videojuegos y deportes electrónicos

Alimentos y bebidas

Bienes

Automotor

Ropa y accesorios

Otro

Servicios

Envío y transporte

Aviación

Espacio

La continuidad de la colaboración internacional en misiones a la Estación Espacial Internacional (ISS) ha quedado en duda. [360]

El ingeniero polaco Daniel Kucharski, de la Universidad de Texas en Austin, ha propuesto una petición para retirar el apoyo internacional al sistema ruso de navegación por satélite GLONASS y boicotear la plataforma , que ha sido firmada por decenas de miles de personas. La petición está siendo estudiada actualmente por ILRS . [361]

Deportes

Boicots totales
Boicots parciales
Derechos de transmisión

Tecnología

Tourism and hospitality

Other

Airspace closures

  Russia
  Ukraine – closed its airspace to Russia in 2015
  Countries that have banned Russian aircraft from their airspace in response to the invasion

By 5 March 2022, the following countries and territories had completely closed their airspace to all Russian airlines and Russian-registered private jets:[523][524][525][526]

 European Union (EU27)

The European Union had already banned all Belarusian aircraft from EU airspace in June 2021 in response to the forced landing of Ryanair Flight 4978.[527][528]

As well, airlines from many other countries have diverted their flights away from Russian airspace, despite not being banned by Russia or not slapping a ban on Russian aircraft. This includes:

Breaking of diplomatic relations

Both Ukraine and the Federated States of Micronesia[529] indefinitely severed all diplomatic ties with Russia.

Controversy

Criticism

Critics of the boycott and sanctions have predicted that they would not cause significant changes in the Russian government's policy. Patrick Cockburn argued that sanctions similar to those used against Iraq will cause widespread poverty and claim more lives than the use of military force.[530] Others have supported the cultural boycott but called for economic coercion to be narrowly targeted.[531][532] Some critics noted that the decision of major credit card companies to suspend their operations in Russia will affect any Russian who has taken out a credit card in their home country, including those who have protested against the war in Ukraine, who are trying to flee Russia or are now living abroad.[533][534]

Activists in Russia believe that amid lost access to financial and educational institutions, Putin will be better able to paint Western countries as the enemy.[535] Carnegie Moscow Center scholar Andrey Movchan wrote that sanctions aimed at ordinary Russians could be "exactly what the Kremlin wants – that tens of millions of Russians who oppose the regime will be unable to leave the country and even temporarily find themselves in a world free of Russian propaganda," stating that sanctions should instead "uncompromisingly block the Kremlin's access to its financial and technological resources."[536]

Cloudflare CEO Matthew Prince stated that "if Cloudflare were to stop operating in Russia, the Russian government would celebrate us shutting down" because "indiscriminately terminating service would do little to harm the Russian government, but would both limit access to information outside the country, and make significantly more vulnerable those who have used us to shield themselves as they have criticized the government".[537]

Regarding the cultural boycott, Patrick West wrote that many parts had become a vehicle for Russophobia, notably an incident in which the University of Milano-Bicocca in Italy considered cancelling a course on Dostoyevski but ultimately did not.[538] A decision by the Cardiff Philharmonic Orchestra to cancel a planned performance of Tchaikovsky's 1812 Overture was met with similar controversy.[539] One of the directors stated that continuing with the original concert would have been offensive due to the themes of Russian military pride and not simply because Tchaikovsky was Russian.[540] Discussing these issues, the communications coordinator for Diem25 expressed regret that Netflix was suspending its adaptation of Anna Karenina due to the involvement of a Russian production company.[541] Business professor Stanislav Markus has suggested that boycotts of Russia might expand to include more countries as the companies involved become increasingly comfortable with deglobalisation.[542]

Polling within Russia and Belarus

In April 2022, only 11% of Belarusians supported sending Belarusian troops to Ukraine.[543] A study performed by Chatham House in May 2022 revealed that 32% of Belarusian respondents supported the Russian invasion of Ukraine and 40% did not support the invasion.[544]

A Kremlin-associated poll claimed that the 68% of the Russian population approves of the "special military operation" in Ukraine while independent polls put that number at 58%.[545][546][547] The Kremlin-associated poll, which was conducted between February 28 and March 6, claimed that Putin's approval rating was 74.6%.[548] According to the poll, in the group of 18-to-24-year-olds, only 29% Russians supported the "special military operation" in Ukraine.[546] Two reasons many Russians still support Putin and the "special military operation" in Ukraine has to do with the propaganda and disinformation being sown by the Kremlin,[549] and the antagonization and discrimination by Western populations/institutions of Russian people.[550][551] Some Russians publicly displayed the infamous "Z" letter.[552][553] Russian gymnast Ivan Kuliak displayed it while standing on a victory podium near a Ukrainian athlete and later expressed no regret for doing that.[554] More than 200,000 attended Vladimir Putin's pro-war nationalist rally at the Luzhniki Stadium on 18 March,[555] with many forced by their employers to attend.[556]

A series of four online polls of Moscow residents by Alexei Navalny's Anti-Corruption Foundation claimed that between February 25 and March 3, the share of respondents in Moscow who considered Russia an "aggressor" increased from 29% to 53%, while the share of those who considered Russia a "peacemaker" fell by half from 25% to 12%.[557]

Some observers noted what they described as a "generational struggle" among Russians over perception of the war, with younger Russians generally opposed to the war and older Russians more likely to accept the narrative presented by state-controlled media in Russia, the main source of news for most Russians.[558] Kataryna Wolczuk, an associate fellow of Chatham House's Russia and Eurasia programme, said that "[Older] Russians are inclined to think in line with the official 'narrative' that Russia is defending Russian speakers in Ukraine, so it's about offering protection rather than aggression."[558] A poll by the independent Levada Center published on 30 March saw Putin's approval rating jump from 71% in February to 83% in March.[559][560] However, many respondents do not want to answer pollsters' questions for fear of negative consequences.[561] In March 2022, when a Russian politician Maxim Katz and a group of Russian researchers commissioned a poll on Russians’ attitudes toward the war in Ukraine, 29,400 of the 31,000 people they called refused to answer after hearing the theme of the question.[562]

Companies criticised for not joining the boycott

A number of companies have faced growing pressure to halt operations in Russia, but have not yet done so.[19][563][564] Those include:

See also

References

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