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La pena capital por país

  Mantener la pena de muerte tanto en la ley como en la práctica
  Abolido en la práctica (no se ha ejecutado en más de 10 años y está en moratoria)
  Abolido por ley, salvo en circunstancias excepcionales, como la guerra.
  Completamente abolido

La pena capital , también llamada pena de muerte, es el asesinato sancionado por el Estado de una persona como castigo por un delito . Históricamente se ha utilizado en casi todas las partes del mundo. Desde mediados del siglo XIX, muchos países han abolido o descontinuado la práctica. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] En 2022 , los cinco países que ejecutaron a más personas fueron, en orden descendente, China , Irán , Arabia Saudita , Egipto y Estados Unidos . [8]

Los 193 Estados miembros de las Naciones Unidas y dos Estados observadores se dividen en cuatro categorías en función de su uso de la pena capital. A partir de 2024 : [9]

Además, las Islas Cook , Niue y Kosovo son abolicionistas, mientras que Taiwán es retencionista. [9]

Desde 1990, al menos 11 países han ejecutado a delincuentes que eran menores de edad (menores de 18 o 21 años) en el momento en que se cometió el delito, lo que constituye una violación de la Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño , ratificada por todos los países excepto Estados Unidos. Estos son China , la República Democrática del Congo , Irán , Nigeria , Pakistán , Corea del Norte , Arabia Saudita , Sudán del Sur , Sudán , Estados Unidos y Yemen . [11] [12] [13] En Estados Unidos, esto terminó en 2005 con el caso de la Corte Suprema Roper v. Simmons , en Nigeria en 2015 por ley, [14] y en Arabia Saudita en 2020 por decreto real. [15]

Panorama global

África

En África, muchos países mantienen la pena de muerte en la legislación. Algunos de esos países, como Argelia y Camerún , tienen moratorias y no la han aplicado durante más de una década, lo que los convierte en abolicionistas en la práctica. En Nigeria , algunos estados son abolicionistas de facto, mientras que otros son retencionistas.

En 2018, Burkina Faso derogó la pena de muerte para los delitos civiles y Gambia anunció una moratoria como primer paso hacia la abolición. [16] Sierra Leona abolió la pena capital en 2021, al igual que la República Centroafricana en 2022. [17] [18] [19] Para los delitos civiles, Guinea Ecuatorial y Zambia la abolieron en 2022, y Ghana lo hizo en 2023. [20]

Américas

En los países del Caribe , la pena de muerte existe al menos de iure , excepto en la República Dominicana y Haití, que la abolieron en 1969 y 1987, respectivamente. Granada es abolicionista en la práctica; su última ejecución fue en 1978. La última ejecución en el Caribe, y la última en las Américas fuera de los Estados Unidos , fue en Saint Kitts y Nevis , en 2008. En América Central y del Sur , la pena de muerte existe en Belice y Guyana, aunque no se ha utilizado desde 1985 y 1997. En Brasil , Chile , El Salvador , Guatemala y Perú , las ejecuciones son legales en algunas circunstancias, como crímenes de guerra, y fueron abolidas para los delitos civiles. En 1976, Canadá abolió la pena de muerte para delitos no militares; en 1999, la abolió para delitos militares. En 2005, México abolió la pena de muerte; En 2009 Argentina lo abolió.

Asia

China es el país que aplica la pena de muerte con mayor frecuencia en el mundo; según Amnistía Internacional, China ejecuta a más personas que el resto del mundo en conjunto cada año; [21] pero la pena de muerte para todos los delitos no se aplica en las dos regiones administrativas especiales , Hong Kong y Macao . En diciembre de 2015, Mongolia derogó la pena de muerte para todos los delitos. [22]

La India rara vez ejecuta a criminales: solo ha llevado a cabo 30 ejecuciones desde 1991. [23] La última vez que ejecutó a cuatro perpetradores de un caso de violación en grupo y asesinato fue en marzo de 2020. [24]

Japón ejecuta a veces a criminales, y ha llevado a cabo 130 ejecuciones desde 1993. La última vez que Japón ejecutó a Tomohiro Katō fue en julio de 2022. [25]

Según un informe de 2017 de la Comisión Nacional de Derechos Humanos de Myanmar , más de 700 presos en 26 cárceles de todo el país sufrieron condenas de muerte conmutadas por cadena perpetua. [26]

Singapur reanudó las ejecuciones en marzo de 2022 después de una moratoria de dos años debido a la pandemia de COVID-19. Singapur fue objeto de escrutinio por ejecutar a narcotraficantes en varios casos de alto perfil, incluido Nagaenthran Dharmalingam, que fue ahorcado en abril de 2022, [27] y Tangaraju Suppiah , que fue ahorcado en abril de 2023. [28] En julio de 2023, una narcotraficante convicta llamada Saridewi binte Djamani fue ejecutada, convirtiéndose en la primera delincuente femenina ahorcada en Singapur en 19 años, después del ahorcamiento de Yen May Woen en 2004. [29] La primera ejecución de Singapur por asesinato desde 2019 se llevó a cabo en febrero de 2024, cuando el pintor bangladesí Ahmed Salim fue ahorcado por asesinar a su exnovia en 2018. [30]

Europa

La Unión Europea mantiene una postura firme contra la pena de muerte; su abolición es un objetivo clave de la política de derechos humanos de la Unión. La abolición es también una condición previa para la adhesión a la Unión Europea. En Europa, sólo Bielorrusia sigue utilizando activamente la pena capital. [31] [32] [33] [34]

La pena de muerte ha sido completamente abolida en todos los países europeos, excepto Bielorrusia y Rusia , este último país tiene una moratoria y no ha llevado a cabo una ejecución desde 1996. La prohibición absoluta de la pena de muerte está consagrada tanto en la Carta de los Derechos Fundamentales de la Unión Europea (UE) como en dos protocolos ampliamente adoptados del Convenio Europeo de Derechos Humanos del Consejo de Europa , y por lo tanto se considera un valor central. De todos los países europeos actuales, San Marino , Portugal y los Países Bajos fueron los primeros en abolir la pena capital; Rumania la prohibió incluso antes, en 1864, pero se reintrodujo mucho más tarde, de 1936 a 1990, durante las eras dictatorial y comunista; en Italia, la prohibición nacional de la pena de muerte data de 1889 (la pena capital no había estado en vigor anteriormente solo en Toscana desde 1859, e incluso antes durante breves períodos a partir de 1786), pero luego se reintrodujo durante el régimen fascista ; ahora solo Bielorrusia sigue utilizando la pena capital. En 2012, Letonia se convirtió en el último estado miembro de la UE en abolir la pena capital en tiempos de guerra. [35]

Estados postsoviéticos

Rusia mantiene la pena de muerte en su legislación, pero desde 1996 existe una moratoria que la convierte en abolicionista de facto . La última ejecución en territorio ruso se produjo en Chechenia en 1999. [ aclaración necesaria ] De las demás ex repúblicas soviéticas, sólo Bielorrusia y Tayikistán no han abolido formalmente la pena capital, y sólo Bielorrusia la utiliza en la práctica. En 2000, Ucrania abolió la pena de muerte por completo (en tiempos de paz y de guerra), al igual que Kazajstán en junio de 2022. [36]

Oceanía

El Reino de Tahití (cuando la isla era independiente) fue la primera asamblea legislativa del mundo en abolir la pena de muerte en 1824. Tahití conmutó la pena de muerte por el destierro. [37] Casi todos los países de esta región han abolido la pena de muerte como forma de castigo, y el último país que todavía la tiene en la ley ( Tonga ) no la ha utilizado desde 1982 y se considera abolicionista de facto. Australia abolió la pena de muerte por completo en 1985.

Índice de Desarrollo Humano

Existen 65 estados soberanos con un desarrollo humano muy alto según el Informe sobre Desarrollo Humano 2021/2022 . [38] De estos:

Singapur tiene el Índice de Desarrollo Humano más alto de todos los países que utilizan la pena de muerte, mientras que Japón tiene tanto el IDH ajustado por la desigualdad como el IDH ajustado por las presiones planetarias más altos .

Países desarrollados

En 2022, 36 de los 40 países y territorios clasificados por el FMI como países desarrollados (economías avanzadas), incluidas las regiones administrativas especiales chinas de Hong Kong y Macao [40], han abolido por completo la pena de muerte. Solo Estados Unidos, Japón, Singapur y Taiwán mantienen la pena de muerte para los delitos comunes, e Israel para los delitos cometidos en circunstancias excepcionales (como durante la guerra).

Números de ejecutados en 2022

Al menos 21 países realizaron ejecuciones en 2022 : [8] [41] [42]

En algunos países no se dispone de cifras precisas, por lo que se desconoce el número total de ejecuciones. Otros países, como Myanmar y Libia, han llevado a cabo ejecuciones extrajudiciales.

La pena capital por continentes

África

En África hay 54 Estados miembros de las Naciones Unidas . De ellos:

Muchos países africanos no han llevado a cabo ejecuciones durante más de 10 años, pero no se cree que tengan una política abolicionista ni una práctica establecida.

Nigeria sólo es retencionista en los estados del norte que aplican la sharia y en algunos estados del sur como Imo . Muchos estados del sur son abolicionistas en la práctica debido a una moratoria vigente desde 2004.

Los países de África que abolieron más recientemente la pena de muerte son Ghana (2023), Zambia (2022) y Guinea Ecuatorial (2022) para los delitos comunes, [ aclaración necesaria ] Zimbabwe (2024), República Centroafricana (2022) y Sierra Leona (2021) para todos los delitos.

Ejecuciones en África en 2019: Botsuana (1), Egipto (29+), Somalia (13+), Sudán del Sur (7+). [43] [44]

Américas

En América hay 35 Estados miembros de las Naciones Unidas . De ellos:

Muchos países del Caribe no han llevado a cabo ejecuciones durante más de 10 años, pero no se cree que tengan una política abolicionista ni una práctica establecida.

A partir de 2024, Estados Unidos es el único país de las Américas que lleva a cabo ejecuciones con fines civiles. [147] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] La ​​pena capital se aplica en todo el país a nivel federal, para ciertos delitos federales. Sin embargo, la mayoría de los delitos capitales se procesan a nivel estatal. 23 de los 50 estados y el distrito federal han abolido la pena capital por completo. [ cita requerida ] Dos estados son abolicionistas en la práctica. [ cita requerida ] Cinco estados han impuesto moratorias formales y un estado ha impuesto una moratoria informal, pero estos estados no pueden considerarse abolicionistas en la práctica, ya que las moratorias han estado vigentes durante menos de una década. [ cita requerida ]

Fuera de Estados Unidos, la última ejecución en otro lugar de América fue en Saint Kitts y Nevis en 2008.

Los países de América que más recientemente abolieron la pena de muerte son Surinam (2015), Argentina (2009) y Bolivia (2009). Guatemala abolió la pena de muerte para casos civiles en 2017.

Ejecuciones en las Américas en 2019: Estados Unidos (22) [148]

Asia

En Asia hay 42 Estados miembros de las Naciones Unidas y un Estado observador . De ellos:

La información anterior no incluye a Taiwán, que no es miembro de la ONU. Taiwán aplica la pena de muerte mediante fusilamiento y llevó a cabo una ejecución en 2016, 2018 y 2020. [ cita requerida ]

Hong Kong y Macao aparecen en la lista a continuación (abolieron la pena de muerte antes de su entrega a China), pero no están incluidos en las cifras anteriores porque no son miembros de la ONU aparte de China. Esto hace que China sea retencionista solo en el continente. [ cita requerida ]

El 25 de julio de 2022, debido a la guerra civil de Myanmar entre la junta militar (que gobierna la mayor parte del país) y el gobierno civil que derrocó, la junta llevó a cabo ejecuciones, las primeras desde 1988, lo que convirtió al país en retencionista en las zonas controladas por el Tatmadaw . Bajo el gobierno civil (que a nivel internacional y según la ONU sigue siendo el gobierno legal) y en las zonas controladas por él, el país sigue siendo abolicionista en la práctica. [198]

Irak también tiene una variedad regional de retencionismo y abolicionismo, ya que el Kurdistán iraquí es abolicionista de facto para los delitos comunes [ aclaración necesaria ] debido a una moratoria que ha estado en vigor desde 2007. El resto de Irak (la mayoría del país) es completamente retencionista. [ cita requerida ]

Indonesia tiene una moratoria informal y Malasia una formal, ambas vigentes desde 2018. En abril de 2023, se aprobó en Malasia una ley que abolió la pena de muerte obligatoria. [39]

Los países de Asia que abolieron más recientemente la pena de muerte son Kazajstán (2021), Mongolia (2017) y Uzbekistán (2008).

En 2019, Asia contaba con los cinco principales países que aplicaban la pena capital: China, Irán, Corea del Norte, Arabia Saudita y Vietnam. Ejecuciones en Asia en 2019: Bahréin (3), Bangladesh (2), China (1000+), Irán (256+), Japón (3), Corea del Norte (desconocido), Pakistán (20+), Arabia Saudita (184+), Singapur (4), Siria (desconocido), Vietnam (desconocido), Yemen (7+). [199] [41]

Europa

En Europa hay 48 Estados miembros de las Naciones Unidas y un Estado observador . De ellos:

La abolición de la pena de muerte es una condición previa para la entrada en la Unión Europea , que considera la pena capital una práctica "cruel e inhumana" y "no ha demostrado en modo alguno que actúe como elemento disuasorio del delito". [344]

Desde 1999, Bielorrusia ha sido el único país reconocido en Europa para llevar a cabo ejecuciones. 2009, 2015 y 2020 son los primeros tres años en la historia registrada en los que Europa estuvo completamente libre de ejecuciones.

Los países de Europa que abolieron más recientemente la pena de muerte son Bosnia y Herzegovina (2019), Letonia (2012) y Albania (2007).

Ejecuciones en Europa en 2019: Bielorrusia (2+) [199] [345]

Oceanía

En Oceanía hay 14 Estados miembros de las Naciones Unidas , de los cuales:

Sólo Tonga no ha abolido formalmente la pena capital a pesar de no utilizarla desde 1982.

Los países de Oceanía que abolieron más recientemente la pena de muerte son Papua Nueva Guinea (2022), Nauru (2016) y Fiji (2015).

Cronología de la abolición

La abolición a lo largo del tiempo
  Estados abolicionistas
  Estados retencionistas

En la siguiente tabla se enumeran en orden cronológico los 109 Estados miembros u observadores de la ONU que han abolido por completo la pena de muerte. En el siglo posterior a la abolición de la pena capital por Venezuela en 1863, solo 11 países más siguieron el ejemplo, sin contar las aboliciones temporales que luego fueron revocadas. A partir de la década de 1960, la abolición se aceleró: 4 países abolieron la pena capital en la década de 1960 (un récord hasta ese momento para cualquier década), 11 en la década de 1970 y 10 en la de 1980. Después de la Guerra Fría , muchos más países siguieron el ejemplo: 36 países abolieron la pena capital en la década de 1990, 9 solo en 1990, 23 en la década de 2000, 11 en la de 2010 y 7 hasta ahora en la década de 2020. Desde 1985, sólo ha habido seis años en los que ningún país ha abolido la pena de muerte: 2001, 2003, 2011, 2013, 2018 y 2023.

Cuando un país ha abolido, restablecido y abolido nuevamente (por ejemplo, Filipinas, Suiza, Portugal, Italia), solo se incluye la fecha de abolición posterior. Los países que la han abolido y luego la han restablecido y aún no la han abolido nuevamente (por ejemplo, Liberia, Malawi) se excluyen por completo. Los territorios dependientes se consideran bajo la jurisdicción de su país de origen, lo que lleva a fechas de abolición inesperadamente tardías para el Reino Unido, Nueva Zelanda y los Países Bajos, donde Jersey (Reino Unido), las Islas Cook (Nueva Zelanda) y las Antillas Neerlandesas fueron los últimos territorios de esos estados en abolir la pena capital, y todos fueron posteriores a las aboliciones en los respectivos continentes. Las referencias se encuentran en las tablas continentales anteriores y no se repiten aquí. Los países federales como los Estados Unidos donde no se ha abolido en todas partes no aparecen, incluso si algunas jurisdicciones en ese país han abolido la pena de muerte.

Véase también

Notas al pie

  1. ^ Moratoria desde 2018; pena de muerte obligatoria abolida en abril de 2023. [39]

Referencias

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