Japanese in the United Kingdom include British citizens of Japanese ancestry (Japanese: 日系イギリス人, Hepburn: Nikkei Igirisujin) or permanent residents of Japanese birth or citizenship, as well as expatriate business professionals and their dependents on limited-term employment visas, students, trainees and young people participating in the UK government-sponsored Youth Mobility Scheme.
Background
History and settlement
Settlement first began in the late 19th century with the arrival of Japanese professionals, students and their servants. 264 citizens of Japan resided in Britain in 1884, the majority of whom identifying as officials and students.[3] Employment diversified in the early 1900s with the growth of the Japanese community, which exceeded five hundred people by the close of the first decade of the 20th century.[3]
As tensions escalated between Japan and the United Kingdom in the buildup to World War II, some Japanese left their home country to settle in Britain while many more returned to Japan. Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and assault on Hong Kong in December 1941, 114 Japanese men including expatriate businessmen and merchant seamen were detained as enemy aliens on the Isle of Man.[4]
In the post-war era, new waves of immigration emerged in the 1960s, mainly for business and economic purposes. In recent decades this number has grown; including immigrants, students, and businessmen. In 2014 the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs estimated that there were 67,258 Japanese nationals resident in the United Kingdom[2] For British nationals of Japanese heritage, unlike other Nikkei communities elsewhere in the world, these Britons do not conventionally parse their communities in generational terms as Issei,Nisei, or Sansei.[5]
Parts of the United Kingdom, in particular London, have significant Japanese populations, such as Golders Green and East Finchley in North London. Derbyshire has a significant Japanese population due to its Toyota plant, and is twinned with Toyota, Aichi.[6] Similarly Telford is home to numerous Japanese firms.[7]
According to the 2001 UK Census, 37,535 Japanese born people were residing in the UK,[8] whilst the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs estimates that 50,864 Japanese nationals were calling the UK home in 2002.[9] In the 2011 Census, 35,313 people in England specified their country of birth as Japan, 601 in Wales,[10] 1,273 in Scotland[11] and 144 in Northern Ireland.[12] 35,043 people living in England and Wales chose to write in Japanese in response to the ethnicity question,[13] 1,245 in Scotland,[14] and 90 in Northern Ireland.[15] The Office for National Statistics estimates that, in 2015, 43,000 people born in Japan were resident in the UK.[16]
Japanese is the primary language of Japan, and the 2011 Census found that 27,764 people in England and Wales spoke Japanese as their main language, 27,305 of them in England alone, and 17,050 in London alone.[17] The 2011 Census also found that 83 people in Northern Ireland spoke Japanese as their main language.[18]
Locations of supplementary schools (hoshū jugyō kō) in the United Kingdom (red dots represent schools with MEXT funding with Wikipedia articles, blue dots represent those schools without Wikipedia articles, and green dots represent schools without MEXT funding (all without Wikipedia articles)
^"2011 Census: Ethnic Group" (PDF). Bristol City Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 May 2014. Retrieved 21 May 2014.
^"Scotland's Census 2011 - National Records of Scotland - Ethnic group (detailed)" (PDF). Scottish Government. 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 May 2014. Retrieved 21 May 2014.
^"Ethnic Group - Full Detail_QS201NI". Northern Ireland Neighbourhood Information Service. 2011. Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 21 May 2014.
^"Table 1.3: Overseas-born population in the United Kingdom, excluding some residents in communal establishments, by sex, by country of birth, January 2015 to December 2015". Office for National Statistics. 25 August 2016. Retrieved 31 December 2016. Figure given is the central estimate. See the source for 95% confidence intervals.
^"2011 Census: Main language (detailed)". Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original on 5 June 2013. Retrieved 21 May 2014.
^"Main Language - Full Detail_QS210NI". Northern Ireland Neighbourhood Information Service. 2011. Archived from the original on 21 May 2014. Retrieved 21 May 2014.
^Langdale, Georgina (July 2001). "MATSURI IN THE U.K." Look Japan. Archived from the original on 2 August 2001. Retrieved 1 May 2019.
^"Andrew Koji". IMDb.
^Conte-Helm, Marie (1996). The Japanese and Europe: Economic and Cultural Encounters (17 December 2013 ed.). Bloomsbury Academic Collections); A&C Black. ISBN 9781780939803. (ISBN 1780939809), p. 74. "Some 10-20 per cent of Japanese children of school age in the UK attend[...]" (the figure is specific to the 2013 edition)
^ a b cConte-Helm 1996, p. 74
^McNeill, Phil (22 July 2007). "Shrine of the times". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2 March 2014. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
^"Establishment: Shi-Tennoji School". Department for Education. Archived from the original on 9 January 2014. Retrieved 8 January 2014. Shi-Tennoji School Herringswell Bury St Edmund's Suffolk IP28 6SW
^"Sayonara!". Milton Keynes Citizen. 17 January 2002. Archived from the original on 9 January 2014. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
^Pearse, Bowen; McCooey, Chris (30 September 1991). Companion to Japanese Britain and Ireland. In Print Publishing. ISBN 9781873047101. WINCHESTER (90) Shoei Centre (at King Alfred's College), Winchester, Hampshire In 1982, four years short of its centenary, Tokyo's Shoei Christian College for Girls opened a boarding college in Winchester. The new Japanese centre[...]
^Directory of Japanese-Affiliated Companies in the E. C., 1991-1992. Taylor & Francis. 1 January 1992. p. 205. ISBN 9784822405502. Archived from the original on 16 May 2016. Retrieved 18 October 2015. Winchester Shoei College (Shoei Joshigakuin - Tokyo) 9, Chilbolton Court, Sarum Road, Winchester, Hants, S022 5HF
^"The University of Reading and Witan International College". University of Reading. 6 August 2004. Archived from the original on 9 January 2014. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
^""Ōshū no hoshū jugyō-kō ichiran (Heisei 25-nen 4 tsuki 15 nichigenzai)" 欧州の補習授業校一覧(平成25年4月15日現在 [List of European schools (as of April 15, 2013)]. Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 30 March 2014. Retrieved 10 May 2014.
^ダービー日本人補習校 [Derby Japanese School]. Derby Japanese School. Archived from the original on 14 February 2015. Retrieved 14 February 2015. c/o Derby College Broomfield Hall, Morley Ilkeston, Derby DE7 6DN UK
^"Wales Japan Club/ウェールズ日本人会". Archived from the original on 2006-02-03. Retrieved 2018-01-13.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^"Contact". Kent Japanese School. Archived from the original on 11 January 2018. Retrieved 11 January 2018. Classes are held from 10:00 to 12:30 every Saturday in Canterbury.
^"Home". Kent Japanese School. Archived from the original on 14 January 2017. Retrieved 11 January 2018.
^""Contact Us". Manchester Japanese School. Archived from the original on 15 February 2015. Retrieved 15 February 2015. Oughtrington Lane, Lymm, Cheshire, WA13 0RB, UK (Language Centre at Lymm High School).
^"Shozaichi" 所在地 [Location]. North East of England Japanese Saturday School. Archived from the original on 15 February 2015. Retrieved 15 February 2015. C/O Oxclose Community School, Dilston, Close, Oxclose, Washington, Tyne and Wear, NE38 0LN
^"Google Sites" 概要. The Scotland Japanese School (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 15 February 2015. Retrieved 15 February 2015. 1982年5月 三菱電機、日本電気、ダイワスポーツが中心となり、SDA(現在のSDI、スコットランド国際開発庁)の協力を得て、エジンバラ市のGraigmount High Schoolの教室を借り、生徒数11名、教師3名の複合3クラスでスタートし、その後2003年4月 に上記の所在地に移転、現在に至っています。
^"Home". Telford Japanese School. Archived from the original on 15 February 2015. Retrieved 15 February 2015. c/o Lakeside Academy, Stirchley, Telford, Shropshire TF3 1FA
^"How to Find Us". Yorkshire and Humberside Japanese School. Archived from the original on 15 February 2015. Retrieved 15 February 2015.