With regard to Christianity, religion scholars have differed on whether Mormonism belongs with mainstream Christian tradition as a whole (i.e., Nicene Christianity), with some asserting that it amounts to a distinct Abrahamic religion in itself due to noteworthy theological differences.[13][14] Rastafari, the heterogenous movement that originated in Jamaica in the 1930s, is variously classified by religion scholars as either an international socio-religious movement, a distinct Abrahamic religion, or simply a new religious movement.[15]
Judaism
Judaism, the oldest Abrahamic religion, is based on a strict, exclusive monotheism,[4][17] finding its origins in the sole veneration of Yahweh,[4][18][19][20] the predecessor to the Abrahamic conception of God.[Note 1] The names of God used most often in the Hebrew Bible are the Tetragrammaton (Hebrew: יהוה, romanized: YHWH) and Elohim.[4][5] Jews traditionally do not pronounce it, and instead refer to God as HaShem, literally "the Name". In prayer, the Tetragrammaton is substituted with the pronunciation Adonai, meaning "My Lord".[27] This is referred to primarily in the Torah: "Hear O Israel: the LORD is our God, the LORD is One" (Deuteronomy 6:4).[27]
God is conceived as unique and perfect, free from all faults, deficiencies, and defects, and further held to be omnipotent, omnipresent, omniscient, and completely infinite in all of his attributes, who has no partner or equal, being the sole creator of everything in existence.[4][27][28][29] In Judaism, God is never portrayed in any image.[17][29] The idea of God as a duality or trinity is heretical in Judaism—it's considered akin to polytheism.[4][17][29][30] The Torah specifically forbade ascribing partners to share his singular sovereignty,[4][17][27] as he is considered to be the absolute one without a second, indivisible, and incomparable being, who is similar to nothing and nothing is comparable to him.[4][28] Thus, God is unlike anything in or of the world as to be beyond all forms of human thought and expression.[4][28]
God in Judaism is conceived as anthropomorphic,[4][26][30] unique, benevolent, eternal, the creator of the universe, and the ultimate source of morality.[4][31] Thus, the term God corresponds to an actual ontological reality, and is not merely a projection of the human psyche.[32] Traditional interpretations of Judaism generally emphasize that God is personal yet also transcendent and able to intervene in the world,[5] while some modern interpretations of Judaism emphasize that God is an impersonal force or ideal rather than a supernatural being concerned with the universe.[4][32]
In mainstream Christianity, theology and beliefs about God are enshrined in the doctrine of monotheisticTrinitarianism, which holds that the three persons of the trinity are distinct but all of the same indivisible essence, meaning that the Father is God, the Holy Spirit is God, and the Son is God, yet there is one God as there is one indivisible essence.[39][41][42] These mainstream Christian doctrines were largely formulated at the Council of Nicaea and are enshrined in the Nicene Creed.[39][41][42] The Trinitarian view emphasizes that God has a will, and that God the Son has two natures, divine and human, though these are never in conflict but joined in the hypostatic union.[39][41][42]
Mormonism
In the belief system held by the Christian churches that adhere to the Latter Day Saint movement and most Mormon denominations, including the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), the term God refers to Elohim (God the Father),[43][44] whereas Godhead means a council of three distinct gods: Elohim (the Eternal Father), Jehovah (God the Son, Jesus Christ), and the Holy Ghost, in a Non-trinitarian conception of the Godhead.[43][44] The Father and Son have perfected, material bodies, while the Holy Ghost is a spirit and does not have a body.[43][44] This differs significantly from mainstream Christian Trinitarianism; in Mormonism, the three persons are considered to be physically separate beings, or personages, but united in will and purpose.[43][44][45] As such, the term Godhead differs from how it is used in mainstream Christianity.[44][43] This description of God represents the orthodoxy of the LDS Church, established early in the 19th century.[44]
In Islam, God (Allah) (Arabic: ٱللَّٰه, romanized: Allāh, IPA:[ɑɫˈɫɑː(h)]ⓘ, lit. "the God")[6] is the supreme being, all-powerful and all-knowing creator, sustainer, ordainer, and judge of the universe.[6][46][47] Islam puts a heavy emphasis on the conceptualization of God as strictly singular (tawhid).[6][48] He is considered to be unique (wahid) and inherently one (ahad), all-merciful and omnipotent.[6][49] According to the Quran, there are 99 Names of God (al-asma al-husna, lit. meaning: "The best names") each of which evoke a distinct characteristic of God.[50][51] All these names refer to Allah, considered to be the supreme and all-comprehensive divine Arabic name.[6][52] Among the 99 names of God, the most famous and most frequent of these names are "the Entirely Merciful" (al-Rahman) and "the Especially Merciful" (al-Rahim).[50][51]
Islam rejects the doctrine of the Incarnation and the notion of a personal God as anthropomorphic, because it is seen as demeaning to the transcendence of God. The Quran prescribes the fundamental transcendental criterion in the following verses: "The Lord of the heavens and the earth and what is between them, so serve Him and be patient in His service. Do you know any one equal to Him?" (19:65); "(He is) the Creator of the heavens and the earth: there is nothing whatever like unto Him, and He is the One that hears and sees (all things)" (42:11); "And there is none comparable unto Him" (112:4). Therefore, Islam strictly rejects all forms of anthropomorphism and anthropopathism of the concept of God, and thus categorically rejects the Christian concept of the Trinity or division of persons in the Godhead.[53][54]
Muslims believe that Allah is the same God worshipped by the members of the Abrahamic religions that preceded Islam, i.e. Judaism and Christianity (29:46).[55] Creation and ordering of the universe is seen as an act of prime mercy for which all creatures sing his glories and bear witness to his unity and lordship. According to the Quran: "No vision can grasp Him, but His grasp is over all vision. He is above all comprehension, yet is acquainted with all things" (6:103).[47] Similarly to Jews, Muslims explicitly reject the divinity of Jesus and don't believe in him as the incarnated God or Son of God, but instead consider him a human prophet and the promised Messiah sent by God, although the Islamic tradition itself is not unanimous on the question of Jesus' death and afterlife.[56][57][58]
Baháʼí Faith
The writings of the Baháʼí Faith describe a monotheistic, personal, inaccessible, omniscient, omnipresent, imperishable, and almighty God who is the creator of all things in the universe.[59][60]: 106 The existence of God and the universe is thought to be eternal, without a beginning or end.[61]
Though transcendent and inaccessible directly,[62]: 438–446 God is nevertheless seen as conscious of the creation,[62]: 438–446 with a will and purpose that is expressed through messengers recognized in the Baháʼí Faith as the Manifestations of God[60]: 106 (all the Jewish prophets, Zoroaster, Krishna, Gautama Buddha, Jesus, Muhammad, the Báb, and ultimately Baháʼu'lláh).[62]: 438–446 The purpose of the creation is for the created to have the capacity to know and love its creator,[60]: 111 through such methods as prayer, reflection, and being of service to humankind.[63] God communicates his will and purpose to humanity through his intermediaries, the prophets and messengers who have founded various world religions from the beginning of humankind up to the present day,[60]: 107–108 [62]: 438–446 and will continue to do so in the future.[62]: 438–446
The Manifestations of God reflect divine attributes, which are creations of God made for the purpose of spiritual enlightenment, onto the physical plane of existence.[64] In the Baháʼí view, all physical beings reflect at least one of these attributes, and the human soul can potentially reflect all of them.[65] The Baháʼí conception of God rejects all pantheistic, anthropomorphic, and incarnationist beliefs about God.[60]: 106
^Although the Semitic god El is indeed the most ancient predecessor to the Abrahamic god,[21][22][23][24] this specifically refers to the ancient ideas Yahweh once encompassed in the Ancient Hebrew religion, such as being a storm- and war-god, living on mountains, or controlling the weather.[21][22][23][25][26] Thus, in this page's context, "Yahweh" is used to refer to God as conceived in the Ancient Hebrew religion, and should not be referenced when describing his later worship in today's Abrahamic religions.
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