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Relaciones exteriores de Turquía

Residencia del embajador turco en la Embajada de Turquía, Washington, DC

Como puente físico entre Europa y Asia y por encima de África , Turquía es un país laico que históricamente ha seguido una política exterior de orientación occidental. [1] Para este fin, Turquía utiliza su red diplomática global, la tercera más extensa, de 252 misiones diplomáticas y consulares. [2] [3] [4]

Desde la Segunda Guerra Mundial , el aliado más importante de Turquía ha sido Estados Unidos , que compartía el interés de Turquía en contener la expansión soviética . [5] [6] En apoyo a la India, Turquía contribuyó con personal al ejército gris en la Guerra de Corea (1950-1953), se unió a la OTAN en 1952, reconoció a Israel en 1949 y ha cooperado estrechamente con él. [7]

La alianza de Turquía con Israel durante el conflicto árabe-israelí tensó sus relaciones con el mundo árabe , [8] y con Irán , [1] y posteriormente condujo al abierto apoyo sirio a las operaciones militantes palestinas y armenias contra diplomáticos turcos en el extranjero hasta 1990. [9] [10] [11]

Historia

Históricamente, las relaciones exteriores del Imperio Otomano y más tarde de Turquía equilibraron las potencias regionales y globales entre sí, formando alianzas que protegían mejor los intereses del régimen en ejercicio. [12] La Unión Soviética jugó un papel importante en el suministro de armas y la financiación de la facción de Mustafa Kemal Atatürk durante la Guerra de Independencia turca, pero Turquía siguió un curso de relativo aislamiento internacional durante el período de las reformas de Atatürk en las décadas de 1920 y 1930. Las conferencias internacionales dieron a Turquía el control total de los estrechos estratégicos que unen el Mar Negro y el Mediterráneo, a través del Tratado de Lausana en 1923 y la Convención de Montreux de 1936. [13]

A finales de la década de 1930, la Alemania nazi hizo un gran esfuerzo para promover la propaganda antisoviética en Turquía y ejerció presión económica. Gran Bretaña y Francia, deseosos de superar a Alemania, negociaron un tratado tripartito en 1939. Le dieron a Turquía una línea de crédito para comprar materiales de guerra de Occidente y un préstamo para facilitar la compra de productos básicos. [14] Temerosa de las amenazas de Alemania y Rusia, Turquía mantuvo la neutralidad. [15] Vendió cromo, un importante material de guerra, a ambos bandos. En 1944 estaba claro que Alemania sería derrotada y se detuvieron las ventas de cromo a Alemania. [16] [17] [18]

Después de 1945

El norte de Chipre es considerado uno de los aliados más cercanos de Turquía.

Después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, Turquía buscó relaciones más estrechas con las potencias occidentales. Se convirtió en miembro fundador de las Naciones Unidas en 1945, recibió ayuda del Plan Marshall y miembro de la Organización del Tratado del Atlántico Norte en 1952. Las relaciones entre la Unión Europea y Turquía se intensificaron durante el período de la Guerra Fría y el período posterior a la Guerra Fría ha experimentado un aumento. diversificación de las relaciones, con Turquía, en varios momentos, buscando reforzar su presencia regional en los Balcanes , Oriente Medio y el Cáucaso , así como dando pasos hacia la adhesión a la UE .

La independencia de los estados turcos de la Unión Soviética en 1991, con los que Turquía comparte una herencia cultural, histórica y lingüística común , permitió a Turquía extender sus relaciones económicas y políticas profundamente en Asia Central . [19] La Organización Internacional de la Cultura Túrquica (TURKSOY) se estableció en 1993, y la Organización de Estados Túrquicos (OTS) se estableció en 2009. El oleoducto Bakú-Tbilisi-Ceyhan , un oleoducto y gas natural multimillonario que se extiende desde Bakú en Azerbaiyán hasta el puerto de Ceyhan en Turquía, forma parte de la estrategia de política exterior de Turquía para convertirse en un conducto energético desde la cuenca del Mar Caspio hasta Europa. Turquía selló su frontera terrestre con Armenia en un gesto de apoyo a Azerbaiyán (un estado turco en la región del Cáucaso) durante la Primera (1993) y la Segunda (2020) Guerras de Nagorno-Karabaj, y permanece cerrada. [20] Armenia y Turquía iniciaron conversaciones diplomáticas para normalizar la relación entre los dos países. Las discusiones incluyen la apertura de las fronteras cerradas y el inicio del comercio. Turquía y Armenia también han reiniciado los vuelos comerciales entre los dos países. [21]

Bajo el gobierno del AKP (2003–), la economía de Turquía creció rápidamente y la influencia del país en Medio Oriente se basó en una doctrina de profundidad estratégica, a veces erróneamente llamada neo-otomanismo . [22] [23] El debate sobre las relaciones exteriores de Turquía es controvertido tanto dentro de la propia Turquía como fuera del país. En Occidente, existe una división entre aquellos que están preocupados por lo que se percibe como un movimiento de Turquía alejándose de Occidente hacia una orientación menos democrática, más islámica o más prorrusa y prochina [24] y aquellos que no ven el cambio político de Turquía. estructura, el creciente poder regional y la diversificación de las relaciones con países como Rusia como una amenaza. [25]

Relaciones diplomaticas

A pesar de ser uno de los primeros países en reconocer la independencia de Armenia, Turquía nunca ha establecido relaciones diplomáticas formales con Armenia . Turquía tuvo anteriormente relaciones diplomáticas con Chipre , Siria y Taiwán .

Lista de países con los que Turquía mantiene relaciones diplomáticas:

Relaciones bilaterales

Multilateral

África

Ha habido un resurgimiento de la relación de Turquía con África después de 1998 y la sociedad civil es el factor principal en este proceso. [223] Inicialmente, este resurgimiento se produjo como un intento pasivo, pero después de 2005 se convirtió en un interés ofensivo en el desarrollo de relaciones con el continente. La reciente Cumbre de Cooperación Turquía-África de 2008 marca la última etapa en el gran interés de Turquía en desarrollar relaciones con África y debe verse como un punto de inflexión. [224] Turquía, desde su participación en Somalia en 2011, está ansiosa por ser considerada un actor político en el continente. [225] [226]

Africa del Norte

Africa Sub-sahariana

Desde 2008, Turquía ha dado prioridad a las relaciones amistosas con África, en parte para construir relaciones amistosas y libres de conflictos, algo que no era posible en la atmósfera hostil de su vecindad. [247] Aprovechando un fuerte sentimiento de compañerismo entre el pueblo turco hacia los africanos , las relaciones económicas y diplomáticas con África florecieron: el comercio exterior entre el África subsahariana y Turquía aumentó de 581 millones de dólares [248] en 1998 a 5.080 millones de dólares [249] en 2015.

Las relaciones de Turquía con el África subsahariana, que se remontan a 1800, florecieron desde la década de 1860, cuando el Imperio Otomano comenzó a enviar imanes capacitados a la región, hasta 1885, cuando otras potencias coloniales europeas bloquearon la influencia otomana . [250] Las relaciones se restablecieron en la década de 1950, [251] y cobraron impulso cuando el emperador Haile Selassie visitó Turquía en marzo de 1967 y diciembre de 1969. [252]

Desde 2008, Turquía ha contribuido a la región mediante la participación en misiones de mantenimiento de la paz, incluida la Misión de las Naciones Unidas en Costa de Marfil (UNOC), la República Democrática del Congo , Liberia , la República Centroafricana y Chad . [253]

Turquía también ha aumentado drásticamente la ayuda financiera a la región, [248] proporcionando un total de 6.380 millones de dólares a la región sólo entre 2006 y 2011 [254], incluida la donación de 2011 de 200 millones de dólares para luchar contra la hambruna en África Oriental. [253]

Américas

Cono Sur

América del norte

caribe

Centroamérica

América Latina, resto de

Asia y Oceanía

estados turcos

Asia-Pacífico

Asia occidental

Europa

International organizations

Turkey is a founding member of the UN (1945),[635] the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (1961),[636] the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (1969),[637] the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) (1973),[638] and the G20 industrial nations (1999). Turkey is a member state of the Council of Europe (1949) and NATO (1952) as well as being in full accession negotiations with the European Union since 2005, having been an associate member since 1963. Turkey was also an associate member of the Western European Union from 1992 to 2011, and signed the E.U. Customs Union agreement in 1995.[639]

Turkey entered NATO in 1952 and serves as the organization's vital eastern anchor, controlling the Turkish Straits which lead from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean and sharing a border with Syria, Iraq, and Iran. A NATO headquarters is located in İzmir, and the United States has maintained air forces at the Incirlik Air Base in the province of Adana.[640]

Turkey is also a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) since 1995. It has signed free trade agreements with the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), Israel, and many other countries. In 1992, Turkey and 10 other regional nations formed the BSEC to expand regional trade and economic cooperation. In 2017, ASEAN-Turkey Sectoral Dialogue Partnership[641] was recognized by the 50th ASEAN Foreign Ministers' Meeting in Manila, Philippines.[642]

See also

References

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Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from The World Factbook. CIA.

Further reading

European Union–Turkey relations

Greece–Turkey relations

Middle East–Turkey relations

Russia–Turkey relations and the Turkish Straits

Turkey–Turkic world relations

Turkey–United States relations

Foreign relations (1923–1945)

Foreign relations (1945–2002)

Foreign relations (2002–present)

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