Lista de monumentos y memoriales eliminados durante las protestas de George Floyd

Removals of monuments and memorials in connection with the George Floyd protests

En el sentido de las agujas del reloj desde arriba a la izquierda :

• El Monumento JEB Stuart , desfigurado durante las protestas en Richmond, Virginia , fue retirado el 7 de julio de 2020.
• La estatua de Cristóbal Colón en el Capitolio del Estado de Minnesota momentos después de que los manifestantes del Movimiento Indígena Americano la sacaran de su pedestal .
• La estatua destrozada de Robert Milligan fuera del Museo de los Docklands de Londres antes de ser retirada.
• El Albert Pike Memorial en Washington, DC, después de que los manifestantes derribaran la estatua de Pike.

Durante los disturbios civiles ^[1] que siguieron al asesinato de George Floyd en mayo de 2020, varios monumentos y monumentos conmemorativos asociados con la injusticia racial fueron vandalizados, destruidos o eliminados, o se anunciaron compromisos para eliminarlos. Esto ocurrió principalmente en los Estados Unidos , pero también en varios otros países. Algunos de los monumentos en cuestión habían sido objeto de largos esfuerzos de años para eliminarlos , que en ocasiones implicaron legislación y/o procedimientos judiciales. En algunos casos la expulsión fue legal y oficial; en otros, sobre todo en Alabama y Carolina del Norte , ^[2] se infringieron deliberadamente las leyes que prohibían la retirada de monumentos.

Inicialmente, los manifestantes atacaron monumentos relacionados con los Estados Confederados de América ^{[ cita necesaria ]} . A medida que el alcance de las protestas se amplió para incluir otras formas de racismo sistémico , muchas estatuas de otras figuras controvertidas como Cristóbal Colón , ^{[3] [4]} Junípero Serra , Juan de Oñate y Kit Carson fueron derribadas o retiradas. Los manifestantes también atacaron monumentos a muchas otras figuras locales relacionadas con el racismo. ^{[ cita necesaria ] [ aclaración necesaria ]} . Las estatuas de propietarios de esclavos estadounidenses como Thomas Jefferson , George Washington , Ulysses S. Grant y Francis Scott Key también fueron destrozadas o retiradas. ^{[5] [6] [7]} Según el Huffington Post , en octubre de 2020, más de cien símbolos confederados habían sido "eliminados, reubicados o renombrados", según datos del Southern Poverty Law Center. ^[8]

También fueron atacados algunos monumentos que no estaban asociados con la Confederación, la esclavitud o el racismo. En Madison, Wisconsin, la estatua del abolicionista Hans Christian Heg fue derribada y arrojada a un lago. ^{[9] [10] [11]} Los manifestantes también derribaron una estatua titulada Adelante , del escultor Jean Pond Miner , que representa la encarnación del lema del estado de Wisconsin. ^[12] En Portland, una estatua de un alce fue retirada después de que varias hogueras encendidas debajo de la estatua causaran daños estructurales a la base de la estatua. ^[13] Una estatua de York , un esclavo negro de la expedición de Lewis y Clark , fue retirada por la Universidad de Portland después de que fuera objeto de vandalismo. ^[14]

En el Reino Unido, los esfuerzos de expulsión y el vandalismo se centraron en monumentos conmemorativos de figuras involucradas en la trata transatlántica de esclavos , el colonialismo británico y la eugenesia . ^{[15] [16]} En Bélgica, las esculturas del rey Leopoldo II fueron atacadas debido a su gobierno durante las atrocidades en el Estado Libre del Congo . En Nueva Zelanda, se retiró una estatua del oficial militar británico John Hamilton y en la India se reubicó otra estatua de la época colonial. En Sudáfrica, se decapitó un busto de Cecil Rhodes y se derribó una estatua del último presidente del Estado Libre de Orange .

Esta lista se limita a expulsiones exitosas y a casos en los que una persona u organismo con autoridad se ha comprometido a realizar la expulsión. No incluye las muchas obras que han sido objeto de peticiones, protestas, desfiguraciones o intentos de remoción, como el Memorial de la Emancipación en Washington, DC, ^[17] y muchas estatuas de Leopoldo II en Bélgica. Tampoco incluye estatuas que cayeron o fueron objeto de intentos de remoción como resultado del movimiento Rhodes Must Fall que precede cinco años al asesinato de Floyd ^{[18] [19],} como la estatua de Cecil Rhodes en Oriel College, Oxford , Inglaterra. ^{[20] [21] [22]}

Esculturas y otros monumentos.

Los siguientes monumentos y memoriales fueron eliminados durante las protestas de George Floyd, principalmente debido a sus conexiones con el racismo . La mayoría se encuentran en los Estados Unidos y en su mayoría conmemoran a los Estados Confederados de América (CSA), pero algunos monumentos también fueron eliminados en otros países , por ejemplo las estatuas de los traficantes de esclavos en el Reino Unido.

Notas:

•   Está previsto que el monumento o memorial sea retirado, pero sigue en pie.
•   El monumento o memorial ha sido reinstalado (no necesariamente en el mismo lugar).
• Las fechas son en 2020 a menos que se especifique lo contrario.

Estados Unidos

Los siguientes monumentos y memoriales fueron eliminados durante las protestas de George Floyd debido a su asociación con el racismo en los Estados Unidos . La mayoría conmemoró a personas involucradas en la Causa Perdida de la Confederación , con otras vinculadas al genocidio de pueblos indígenas , la segregación racial en Estados Unidos y también otras cuestiones relacionadas. En algunos casos, como el Monumento a los Soldados Confederados del Condado de Montgomery y la estatua de John Mason , los monumentos ya habían sido movidos de su ubicación original, a veces más de una vez, ya que diferentes lugares se opusieron.

Monumentos confederados

Los Estados Confederados de América libraron una guerra de cuatro años (la Guerra Civil estadounidense ) para preservar la institución de la esclavitud. Después de su derrota, todos los afroamericanos esclavizados fueron liberados y se convirtieron en ciudadanos con los mismos derechos que los blancos. Los monumentos confederados conmemoran a políticos, oficiales del ejército y soldados de la Confederación. La mayoría se encuentra en los antiguos estados de la CSA.

Esta tabla no incluye a Virginia, que se encuentra en una segunda tabla a continuación.

Virginia

Virginia , donde la CSA tenía su capital en Richmond , tiene la mayor cantidad de monumentos confederados de todos los estados de EE. UU. Un cambio de marzo de 2020 en la ley de Virginia ya había derogado esencialmente el estatuto que impedía la remoción de monumentos históricos, a partir del 1 de julio de 2020. Este cambio fue posible cuando los votantes, después de elegir al demócrata Ralph Northam como gobernador en 2017, dieron a los demócratas el control. de ambas cámaras de la Asamblea General de Virginia a partir de enero de 2020, por primera vez en una generación. ^[172]

Genocidio de los pueblos indígenas

Se han eliminado los monumentos dedicados a personas acusadas de participar en el genocidio de los pueblos indígenas de las Américas. ^{[211] [212]}

Juan de Oñate , cuando era gobernador de Santa Fe de Nuevo México , fue el responsable de la Masacre de Acoma de 1599 . Junípero Serra , un fraile franciscano , participó en la esclavización del pueblo Chumash en el siglo XVIII para la construcción y el suministro de las misiones españolas en California . ^{[213] [214] [215]} Diego de Vargas , también gobernador de Santa Fe de Nuevo México, lideró la reconquista del territorio en 1692, luego de la Revuelta Pueblo de 1680.

Un puñado de pueblos de España se han ofrecido a recibir estatuas de españoles no deseados en EE.UU. ^[216]

Cristobal colon

Varias estatuas de Cristóbal Colón , el iniciador de la colonización europea de América , han sido retiradas debido a su supuesta esclavitud y violencia sistémica contra los pueblos indígenas del Caribe , incluido el genocidio del pueblo taíno .

Otros

• Nazi POW Gravestones. San Antonio, Texas. Announced June 1. Removed December 23. Removed by Fort Sam Houston National Cemetery employees. Source.^[410]

United Kingdom

Atlantic slave trade

The Royal African Company, which engaged in African slave trading between 1662 and 1731,^[411] enslaved and shipped more Africans to the Americas than any other institution in the history of the Atlantic slave trade.^[412]

Others

Belgium

King Leopold II of Belgium personally ruled the Congo Free State from 1885 to 1908, treating it as his personal property. During this period, many well-documented atrocities were perpetrated against the population, including the severing of hands of workers unable to meet a production quota for rubber, and the destruction of entire villages that were unwilling to participate in the forced labour regime. These acts contributed to a genocide during this period, often estimated at between five million and ten million.

New Zealand

Royal Navy officer John Fane Charles Hamilton, after whom the city of Hamilton is named, played a prominent part in the Tauranga campaign of the New Zealand Wars.

South Africa

Statues that come down in South Africa were preceded by and done in the context of the Rhodes Must Fall movement that resulted in the removal of a statue of Cecil Rhodes at the University of Cape Town.

India

France

On May 22, 2020, before the murder of George Floyd, two statues of Victor Schœlcher were torn down in Martinique, an overseas department of France.^[473] Further colonial monuments in the overseas departments were targeted later in the year and in 2021; those which were mutilated in the period after May 25, 2020, are listed here.

The French president Emmanuel Macron declared his opposition to removing statues relating to France's colonial history on June 14, 2020.^[474]

Barbados

Canada

In Canada, removed statues were attacked in a general anticolonialism context rather than being directly linked to the typical BLM targets in Britain or the United States.

Ireland

Colombia

Removals under consideration

Some officials have announced their decisions to remove monuments under their jurisdiction, and are currently working to push through whatever legislative or permission barriers they need to accomplish their goals.

• Alaska: Anchorage Mayor Ethan Berkowitz announced on June 24, 2020, that he will leave the decision about removal of the statue of James Cook in downtown Anchorage up to the Native Village of Eklutna and other area Denaʼina tribes.^[496]
• Florida: Protesters at Florida State University, Tallahassee, call for removal of the Eppes Statue, at the original entrance to the campus; he was a slaveowner who was influential in the founding of Florida State. The building of the College of Criminology and Criminal Justice is also named for him.^[497] Protesters are also calling for renaming of Doak Campbell Stadium (see under List of name changes due to the George Floyd protests#United States).
• Louisiana: East Feliciana Parish Police Jury announced June 15, 2020, that they will revisit in two weeks the issue of a possible removal of a Confederate statue that sits outside their courthouse.^[498]
• Louisiana: City of Alexandria voted to have Confederate Monument in front of Rapides Parish Courthouse. However, there is an ongoing court case to determine who owns the statue: the City of Alexandria, Rapides Parish, or the UDC.^[499]
• Kentucky: Murray City Council passed a unanimous vote to remove the Confederate Monument of Robert E. Lee from in front of their courthouse. The County Attorney isn't sure if the county has authority to move the statue, which is on the National Register of Historic Places, and so is conducting further research. Public feedback is expected.^[500][501]
• Mississippi: Forrest County Supervisors passed a measure on June 15, 2020. In November, voters will decide about the removal of a Confederate monument in front of their courthouse.^[502]
• Ohio: As of June 14, 2020, Cincinnati city council member is making a motion to remove an equestrian statue of President William Henry Harrison from Piatt Park.^[503]
• Texas: Weatherford: The United Daughters of the Confederacy asked for the removal of the United Confederate Veterans of Parker County monument in front of the Parker County Courthouse.^[504]
• Virginia: Virginia Beach City Council announced on June 12, 2020, that they covered and fenced the Confederate monument sitting at the Old Princess Anne County Courthouse until after July 1, 2020, when the city will have the authority to make decisions about the monument. A public hearing will be scheduled in July 2020.^[505]
• Washington, D.C.: In July the House voted to remove 11 Confederate statues and statues of three others – Charles Aycock, John C. Calhoun, and James Paul Clarke – from the United States Capitol.^[506] The statues are part of the National Statuary Hall Collection, a set of 100, with two supplied by each state. Senate Republican leader Mitch McConnell said replacement decisions should be up to the individual states and the bill would need to pass the GOP-controlled Senate.^[507]

Other artworks

United States

United Kingdom

France

In metropolitan France, one of the few artworks connected to racism removed in this period is a mural paying tribute to George Floyd and Adama Traoré. The death of Adama Traoré in 2016 caused the Justice pour Adama movement against racism and police violence, which was reactivated in 2020, inspired by the Black Lives Matter movement in the United States.

Plaques and signs

United States

United Kingdom

Buildings

The following buildings were destroyed, torn down, or heavily damaged during the George Floyd protests due to their perceived racist heritage:

See also

• Actions against memorials in Great Britain during the George Floyd protests
• Canadian Indian residential school gravesites § Reactions
• Cultural Revolution, removal of capitalist and traditional Chinese symbolism following the Chinese Communist Revolution
• Decommunization in Ukraine, a similar campaign of monument and memorial removals in Ukraine since 2014
• Denazification, removal of Nazi symbols in Germany after World War II
• Iconoclasm, the social belief in the importance of the destruction of icons and other images or monuments
• List of monument and memorial controversies in the United States
• List of public statues of individuals linked to the Atlantic slave trade
• Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials
• Rhodes Must Fall

Notes

1. Also known as the "Daughters of the Confederacy Monument".
2. Rector Luc Sels's statement on the issue leaves open the possibility of the bust eventually coming out of storage.^[455]

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Further reading

• Fisher, Marc (June 11, 2020). "Confederate statues: In 2020, a renewed battle in America's enduring Civil War". The Washington Post.
• Meldrum, Andrew (June 12, 2020). "Pulling down statues of racists? Africa's done it for years. Queen Victoria, Cecil Rhodes, King Leopold". Associated Press.
• Greenfield, Nathan M. (July 14, 2020). "Western Culture Has a Hallowed Tradition of Felling Offensive Statues". Times of San Diego.
• Welsh, Caitlin (June 15, 2020). "15 great photos of creatively vandalized racist statues from around the world". Mashable.
• Stour, James (June 15, 2020). "How to Topple a Statue Using Science". Popular Mechanics.
• Mervosh, Sarah; Romero, Simon; Tompkins, Lucy (June 16, 2020). "Reconsidering the Past, One Statue at a Time". The New York Times.
• Jasper, Simone (June 17, 2020). "A North Carolina law protects Confederate monuments. Will cities remove them anyway?". Charlotte Observer.
• Olin, Dirk (June 18, 2020). "What Lithuania can teach us about grappling with Confederate statues". The Washington Post.
• Morris, Phillip. (June 29, 2020). "As monuments fall, how does the world reckon with a racist past?". National Geographic.
• Kalen Goodluck. (January 6, 2021). Indigenous symbols rise as colonial monuments fall in New Mexico^{[dead link]}. National Geographic.

External links

• Media related to Monuments and memorials removed during the George Floyd protests at Wikimedia Commons
• Confederate monuments coming down amid protests
• When they came down (photograph collection)
• Objection to the misrepresentation of Junípero Serra, who advocated for indigenous people Archived July 17, 2020, at the Wayback Machine