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Lista de estados soberanos y territorios dependientes de Europa

La lista que figura a continuación incluye todas las entidades que se incluyen, aunque sea parcialmente, en alguna de las diversas definiciones comunes de Europa , ya sean geográficas o políticas. Cincuenta Estados soberanos generalmente reconocidos, Kosovo con un reconocimiento internacional limitado, pero sustancial, y cuatro Estados de facto en gran medida no reconocidos con un reconocimiento limitado o nulo tienen territorio en Europa y/o son miembros de organizaciones europeas internacionales. Hay ocho entidades que no son partes integrales de un Estado europeo o tienen acuerdos políticos especiales.

Frontera de Europa

Geográfico

Según la definición geográfica comúnmente utilizada, el límite entre los continentes de Asia y Europa se extiende a lo largo de los montes Urales , el río Ural y el mar Caspio en el este, la cordillera del Gran Cáucaso , [1] y el mar Negro con sus salidas, el Bósforo y los Dardanelos , en el sur. [2] [3] Con base en esta división comúnmente utilizada de los continentes, los países transcontinentales de Azerbaiyán , Georgia , Kazajstán , Rusia y Turquía tienen territorio tanto en Asia como en Europa.

La isla de Chipre, en Asia occidental, está cerca de Anatolia (o Asia Menor), pero a menudo se la considera parte de Europa y es miembro de la Unión Europea . Al igual que Chipre, Armenia también está completamente en Asia occidental, pero es miembro de varias organizaciones europeas. [4]

Aunque el mar Mediterráneo proporciona una división más clara entre África y Europa, algunas islas tradicionalmente europeas como Malta , Pantelleria , las islas Pelagie y Sicilia están en realidad ubicadas en la placa africana . [5] La isla de Islandia es parte de la dorsal mesoatlántica , a caballo entre la placa euroasiática y la placa norteamericana . [6]

Algunos territorios que se encuentran geográficamente fuera de Europa tienen fuertes conexiones con estados europeos. Groenlandia , por ejemplo, tiene conexiones sociopolíticas con Europa y es parte del Reino de Dinamarca, pero está ubicada más cerca del continente de América del Norte y generalmente se la agrupa con ese continente. [7]

Otros territorios forman parte de países europeos pero están ubicados geográficamente en otros continentes, como las regiones de ultramar francesas , [8] las ciudades autónomas españolas de Ceuta y Melilla en la costa de África, [9] y las islas BES holandesas de Bonaire , San Eustaquio y Saba en el Caribe . [10]

Político

Las fronteras políticas de Europa varían según la definición de Europa que utilicen las distintas organizaciones políticas. Por ejemplo, el Consejo de Europa y el Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos incluyen 46 países en su definición de Europa. El Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior incluye 48 países, y la Convención Cultural Europea y los Comités Olímpicos Europeos incluyen 50 países en sus definiciones.

Estados soberanos

Mapa político de Europa y sus alrededores

Un Estado soberano es una asociación política con soberanía efectiva sobre una población para la cual toma decisiones en interés nacional. [11] Según la Convención de Montevideo , un Estado debe tener una población permanente, un territorio definido, un gobierno y la capacidad de entablar relaciones con otros Estados. [12]

Estados miembros de la ONU y Estados observadores no miembros de la Asamblea General de la ONU

Hay 50 estados soberanos con territorio ubicado dentro de la definición común de Europa y/o membresía en organizaciones europeas internacionales que son casi universalmente reconocidas internacionalmente. Todos son estados miembros de las Naciones Unidas o estados observadores no miembros en la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas (AGNU), [13] y todos, excepto Bielorrusia, Kazajstán, Rusia y la Ciudad del Vaticano, son miembros del Consejo de Europa . [14] 44 países tienen su capital ubicada dentro de Europa y (a partir de 2022) 27 de esos países son estados miembros de la Unión Europea , lo que significa que están altamente integrados entre sí y comparten su soberanía a través de las instituciones de la UE .

Cada entrada de la lista que aparece a continuación tiene un mapa de su ubicación en Europa. El territorio de Europa se muestra en verde oscuro; el territorio que no se encuentra geográficamente en Europa se muestra en un tono de verde más claro. El tono de verde más claro representa a otros estados de la UE y se muestra en los mapas de todos los territorios dentro de la UE.

De facto states

The following five entities in Europe have partial diplomatic recognition by one or more UN member states (and therefore are defined as states by the constitutive theory of statehood) or have no diplomatic recognition by any UN member state but are defined as states by the declarative theory of statehood. None are members of the UN, Council of Europe or EU.

Non-sovereign territories

Dependent territories

The following six European entities are dependent territories.[39]

Areas of special sovereignty

The following places are considered integral parts of their sovereign state, but have a political arrangement that was decided through an international agreement.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c Area and population numbers include integral areas located outside of Europe. The area and population of states with separatist regions includes that of the separatist regions.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g EU candidate country.
  3. ^ a b c d e Part of the South Caucasus, at the crossroads of Europe and Asia. Physiographically, Armenia falls entirely in Western Asia, while Georgia and Azerbaijan are mostly in Asia with small portions north of the Caucasus Mountains divide in Europe.
  4. ^ a b c The island of Cyprus is located on the Cyprian arc on the edge of the Anatolian Plate and is physiographically associated with Asia, but it is part of European organisations such as the EU.
  5. ^ A simpler official short name has been encouraged by the Czech government, "Czechia". By 2017, this variant remains uncommon. Nevertheless, this term has been adopted by several companies and organisations, including Google Maps, instead of the term "Czech Republic". See Name of the Czech Republic.
  6. ^ a b Denmark and the Netherlands are constituent countries of the Kingdom of Denmark and the Kingdom of the Netherlands respectively. Both are members of the EU; however, the other constituent countries of their kingdoms are not. In international organisations, the terms Denmark and the Netherlands are often used as short names for their respective kingdoms as a whole.
  7. ^ The terms Republic of Ireland and Poblacht na hÉireann are official descriptions but are not official names.
  8. ^ a b Kazakhstan and Turkey both have territory in both Europe (dark green) and Asia (light green).
  9. ^ The Netherlands is also known as "Holland", but this name properly refers only to a region of the country. See Netherlands (terminology).
  10. ^ Russia is a transcontinental country located in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia, with the vast majority of its population (78%) living within its European part.
  11. ^ a b c d The United Kingdom consists of the countries of England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. The UK is responsible for the foreign relations and ultimate good governance of the Crown Dependencies of Guernsey, the Isle of Man and Jersey, which are otherwise separate. England, Scotland and Wales make up the island of Great Britain (or simply Britain), which is sometimes used synonymously with the United Kingdom.

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