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Haplogrupo T-M184

El haplogrupo T-M184 , también conocido como haplogrupo T , es un haplogrupo de ADN del cromosoma Y humano . El polimorfismo de evento único que define este clado es el polimorfismo de un solo nucleótido conocido como M184 . [4]

Representación detallada de la presencia del Haplogrupo T en Europa y zonas circundantes.

T-M184 es inusual porque está geográficamente extendido y es relativamente raro. T1 (T-L206), la rama primaria numéricamente dominante de T-M184, parece haberse originado en Asia occidental y posiblemente se haya extendido desde allí hacia África oriental , Asia meridional , Europa y regiones adyacentes. T1* puede haberse expandido con la cultura Neolítica B anterior a la alfarería (PPNB).

Los subclados de T-M70 parecen haber estado presentes en Europa desde el Neolítico con agricultores neolíticos de Asia occidental. La frecuencia moderadamente alta (~18%) de los cromosomas T1b* en los Lemba del sur de África apoya la hipótesis de un origen de Asia occidental para su línea paterna. [5]

Estructura

Estructura del subclado del haplogrupo T (M184). [6]

Distribución

Descripción general

Como rama primaria del haplogrupo LT (también conocido como K1), el haplogrupo T* basal y no divergente tiene actualmente el nombre filogenético alternativo de K1b y es hermano del haplogrupo L* (también conocido como K1a). (Antes de 2008, el haplogrupo T y sus subclados se conocían como haplogrupo K2. [5] Desde entonces, el nombre K2 ha sido reasignado a un subclado primario del haplogrupo K.) Tiene dos ramas principales: T1 (T-L206) y T2 (T -PH110). La mayoría de los machos que ahora pertenecen al haplogrupo T1* portan el subclado T-M70 (T1a), una rama primaria de T-M206.

El haplogrupo T se encuentra en niveles excepcionalmente altos entre los clanes somalíes Dir e Isaaq en Somalilandia , [a] [7] Yibuti y Etiopía . [8] [9] también se encuentra en niveles relativamente altos en poblaciones específicas en otras partes del mundo. Entre ellos se incluyen Kurru , Bauris y Lodha en el sur de Asia; entre los Toubou en Chad; y en una minoría significativa de Rajus y Mahli en el sur de Asia; somalíes en general, egipcios del sur y fula (fulbe) en el norte de Camerún ; gente de las regiones de Chian , Aquilani , Saccensi , Ibicenca (Eivissenc) y mirandesa en Europa; Zoroastrianos , bajtiaris en el Medio Oriente y nenets y kazajos (especialmente momyns y argyns ) en Siberia/Asia central. [ cita necesaria ]

La frecuencia máxima mundial del haplogrupo T-M184 es del 100%, entre los varones del clan Dir de Somalilandia (Iacovacci et al. 2016). [8] Representa aproximadamente el 82,4% de los linajes masculinos somalíes en general en Dire Dawa, Etiopía (Plaster et al. 2011). [10] Geográficamente, se encuentra en los niveles más altos en el área de Dire Dawa en Etiopía, [10] y Djibouti . [8]

Luis et al. (2004) sugieren que la presencia de T en el continente africano puede, al igual que los representantes de R1*, indicar una introducción más antigua desde Asia. El Levante, en lugar de la Península Arábiga, parece haber sido la principal ruta de entrada, ya que los haplotipos egipcio y turco son considerablemente más antiguos (13.700 AP y 9.000 AP, respectivamente) que los encontrados en Omán (sólo 1.600 AP). Según los autores, el haplogrupo T-M184 dentro de África representa los rastros de una presencia local temprana más extendida del clado. Las expansiones posteriores de poblaciones portadoras de los linajes E-M215 , E-V38 , G y J NRY pueden haber abrumado a los portadores del clado T-M184 en ciertas localidades. [11]

Prevalencia de T-M184 en armenios de Sasun

T-M184, que es relativamente raro en otras poblaciones del Cercano Oriente, así como en tres... colecciones armenias analizadas aquí, representa la ascendencia [patrilineal] más prominente en Sasun, y comprende el 20,1% de las muestras. La presencia de este haplogrupo en el valle de Ararat, Gardman y el lago Van, por el contrario, es más limitada y compone sólo el 3,6%, 6,3% y 3,9%, respectivamente, de los individuos de esas colecciones.[...] Sasun, sin embargo, muestra una divergencia estadísticamente significativa con respecto a las poblaciones armenias restantes, muy probablemente como resultado de la prominencia en Sasun de los linajes (T-M184 y R2a-M124) que se encuentran en frecuencias sustancialmente más bajas en el valle de Ararat, Gardman y el lago Van.

Kristian J Herrera, 2012

En el Cáucaso y Anatolia representa hasta el 4% de la población en el sureste y noroeste del Cáucaso, así como en el sureste y oeste de Anatolia, alcanzando un máximo de hasta el 20% entre los armenios de Sasun. En Oriente Medio representa hasta el 4% de la población alrededor de las montañas Zagros y el Golfo Pérsico, así como alrededor de las Montañas Tauro y la cuenca del Levante, alcanzando un máximo de hasta el 10% entre los zoroastrianos de Kerman, los bajtiaris, los asirios de Azerbaiyán, los abudhabianos, Armenios de la Armenia histórica del suroeste y drusos de Galilea . En África Oriental , representa hasta el 4% de la población en el Alto Egipto, con un máximo de hasta el 10% en Luxor .

El haplogrupo T es poco común en Europa, excepto en el sur de Europa y áreas adyacentes. Según Méndez et al. (2011), "la aparición en Europa de linajes pertenecientes a los subclados T1a1 (antiguo T1a) y T1a2 (antiguo T1b) probablemente refleja múltiples episodios de flujo de genes. Los haplogrupos T1a1* en Europa probablemente reflejan un flujo de genes más antiguo". [5] Constituye hasta el 4% de la población en el centro de Italia, el oeste de Sicilia, el noroeste de Córcega, el noroeste de la Península Ibérica, el oeste de Andalucía, los Alpes occidentales, el este de Creta y Macedonia, con frecuencias de hasta el 10% en Ibiza, Miranda de I Douro. , Oviedo Oriental, Cádiz, Badajoz, Balagna, Norma y Ragusa, y alcanzando un máximo del 20% en Sciacca, L'Aquila y algunas regiones del sur de Alemania. T-M184 se encontró en el 1,7% (10/591) de un grupo de seis muestras de machos del suroeste de Rusia, pero estuvo completamente ausente en un grupo de ocho muestras que suman un total de 637 individuos de la mitad norte de la Rusia europea. [12] Los rusos del suroeste eran de las siguientes ciudades: Roslavl , Livny , Pristen , Repyevka y Belgorod ; y cosacos de Kuban de la República de Adygea .

T1 (T*)

T1 es el descendiente más común del haplogrupo T-M184, siendo el linaje de más del 95% de todos los miembros euroasiáticos de T-M184. Uno de sus linajes de ascendencia se encuentra con alta frecuencia entre los clanes del norte de Somalia . Sin embargo, parece haberse originado en algún lugar alrededor de la cuenca del Mediterráneo oriental , quizás en algún lugar entre Israel y el valle del Jordán . [15]

El subclado basal T1* parece haberse extendido al noreste de Anatolia, al menos desde Levante , con la cultura Neolítica B anterior a la alfarería (PPNB). Aunque es raro en poblaciones modernas, T1* se ha encontrado en un individuo bereber de Túnez , un hombre en Siria y una secuencia entre macedonios étnicos en Macedonia . [5] [13] [14]

Investigación inicial sobre T1a (T-M70; anteriormente conocida como K2)

Se cree que K2-M70 se originó en Asia después de la aparición del polimorfismo K-M9 (45–30 ky) (Underhill et al. 2001 a ). Como se deduce de los datos colectivos (Underhill et al. 2000; Cruciani et al. 2002; Semino et al. 2002; presente estudio), los individuos K2-M70, en algún momento posterior, se dirigieron hacia el sur, hacia África. Si bien estos cromosomas se observan en frecuencias relativamente altas en Egipto, Omán, Tanzania y Etiopía, son especialmente prominentes en el 18% de los Fulbe ([Scozzari et al. 1997, 1999]).

J.R. Luis et al. 2004, [11]

T1a (M70)

Méndez et al. (2011) señala que una presencia antigua de T1a-M70 en Europa puede reflejar los primeros exilios entre las antiguas tierras de Israel y Babilonia. El subclado probablemente llegó con los primeros agricultores . [5]

T1a1*

Pitiusas : una de las tres poblaciones genéticamente distintas de las Islas Baleares

La población de las Islas Pitiusas sí presenta una clara divergencia genética en relación con las poblaciones mallorquinas y menorquinas. Tampoco muestra una confluencia con las poblaciones catalana y valenciana como lo hacen la mallorquina y la menorquina. Al comparar los datos aportados por la población pitiusa con otras poblaciones circumediterráneas sorprende que prácticamente no hay convergencia con ninguna de estas poblaciones, ni siquiera con las poblaciones norteafricanas. El caso pitiuso es paradigmático: para algunos marcadores muestra afinidades con poblaciones orientales (algunas variables de ADNmt), pero diverge de estas poblaciones cuando se consideran otros marcadores. Es un caso aparte, una isla, no en el sentido geográfico sino genético.

Misericòrdia Ramon Juanpere et al., 1998-2004

Tres estudios diferentes han descubierto que los pityusanos de las Islas Pitiusas ( Ibiza y Formentera ) poseen T1a1 en niveles relativamente altos de 6,7 a 16,7%. Tomás et al. (2006) encontraron tres casos entre una muestra de 45 (6,7%). [16] Zalloua et al. (2008) encontraron nueve ejemplos que eran L454+ (un SNP equivalente a L162/Page21) de una muestra de 54 (es decir, una tasa del 16,7%). [17] [18] Rodríguez et al. (2009) encontraron siete casos de L454+ en una muestra de 96 (7,3%). [19]

También se informa que los griegos pónticos de Anatolia poseen T1a1. En 2009, se informó que un hombre con el apellido Metaxopoulos y de origen griego póntico era T-L162(xL208), según el Proyecto de Comparación del Genoma del Cromosoma Y administrado por Adriano Squecco. [ cita necesaria ] Se dice que los griegos de Fatsa (originalmente "Φάτσα") emigraron en la antigüedad desde Sinope , que a su vez fue colonizada por jonios (de Mileto ). Otra antigua colonia jónica en el noroeste de Anatolia, Lámpsakos (Lampsacus), tenía vínculos onomásticos con las Islas Pitiusas (ver arriba); Lámpsakos era originalmente una colonia jónica conocida como Pityussa .

T1a1a (L208)

Este linaje, formado entre 14.200 y 11.000 AP, es la rama más grande aguas abajo de T1a1-L162. SE RELACIONA CON VIKINGOS E INDOEUROPEOS "L208" en noviembre de 2009.

T1a1a1a1b1a1* (T-Y3782*)

Se ha descubierto que un varón sardo de una muestra de 187 (una tasa nominal del 0,53 %), residente de la provincia de Cagliari (en sardo: Casteddu), tiene T-Y3782(xY3836), también conocido como T1a1a1a1b1a1(xT1a1a1a1b1a1a). [20]

T1a1a1a1b1a1a (T-Y3836)

T-Y3836 Filogenia. Usando 19 marcadores Y-STR.

Este linaje se encuentra principalmente entre individuos de la Península Ibérica, donde el subclado también tiene su mayor diversidad. Se pueden distinguir claramente dos subclades. El primero, encontrado principalmente en el Puerto Rico poscolonial, con DYS391=10 y el segundo, encontrado principalmente en Panamá donde sus descendientes ibéricos pudieron tener la puerta de entrada a América, con DYS439=12.

Algunos miembros de Y3836 se encuentran entre diferentes comunidades de la diáspora sefardí, pero son extremadamente raros en el porcentaje total de algunas de estas comunidades, como se ve en Nogueiro et al. Esto probablemente podría significar que estos miembros podrían ser integrados por estas comunidades a través del contacto con otras poblaciones nativas ibéricas como se ve en Monteiro et al. donde se encontró este linaje entre los hablantes nativos de asturleonés .

T2 (PH110)

 Este linaje podría haber llegado al Levante a través de la expansión del PPNB desde el noreste de Anatolia .

Un estudio de 2014 encontró T-PH110 en un hombre de etnia butanesa , de una muestra de 21, lo que posiblemente implica una tasa del 4,8% en Bután. [39] También se han encontrado en un individuo alemán y otros dos del Cáucaso. Los haplotipos butanés y alemán parecen agruparse.

Posibles casos de investigaciones anteriores

Distribución geográfica moderna

Norte de Asia

Europa

Con K-M9+, no confirmado pero probable T-M70+: 14% (3/23) de los rusos en Yaroslavl , [108] 12,5% (3/24) de los italianos en Matera , [57] 10,3% (3/29) de Italianos en Avezzano , [57] 10% (3/30) de tiroleses en Nonstal , [57] 10% (2/20) de italianos en Pescara , [57] 8,7% (4/46) de italianos en Benevento , [ 57] 7,8% (4/51) de los italianos en el sur de Lacio , [67] 7,4% (2/27) de los italianos en Paola , [57] 7,3% (11/150) de los italianos en el centro-sur de Italia, [109 ] 7,1% (8/113) de los serbios en Serbia, [110] 4,7% (2/42) de los rumanos en Rumania, [111] 3,7% (3/82) de los italianos en Biella , [112] 3,7% (1 /27) de andaluces en Córdoba , [63] 3,3% (2/60) de leoneses en León , [63] 3,2% (1/31) de italianos en Postua , [112] 3,2% (1/31) de italianos en Cavaglià , [112] 3,1% (3/97) de calabreses en Reggio Calabria , [19] 2,8% (1/36) de rusos en Ryazan Oblast , [113] 2,8% (2/72) de italianos en el sur de Apulia , [114] 2,7% (1/37) de calabreses en Cosenza , [19] 2,6% (3/114) de serbios en Belgrado, [115] 2,5% (1/40) de rusos en Pskov , [108] 2,4 % (1/42) de rusos en Kaluga , [108] 2,2% (2/89) de transilvanos en Miercurea Ciuc , [116] 2,2% (2/92) de italianos en Trino Vercellese , [112] 1,9% (2 /104) de italianos en Brescia , [117] 1,9% (2/104) de rumanos en Rumania, [118] 1,7% (4/237) de serbios y montenegrinos en Serbia y Montenegro , [119]1,7% (1/59) de italianos en Las Marcas, [114] 1,7% (1/59) de calabreses en Catanzaro , [19] 1,6% (3/183) de griegos en el norte de Grecia , [120] 1,3% (2 /150) de alemanes suizos en el área de Zúrich , [121] 1,3% (1/79) de italianos en el sur de Toscana y norte de Lacio , [114] 1,1% (1/92) de holandeses en Leiden , [122] 0,5% ( 1/185) de serbios en Novi Sad ( Vojvodina ), [123] 0,5% (1/186) de polacos en Podlasie [124]

Otras partes que se ha encontrado que contienen una proporción significativa de individuos del haplogrupo T-M184 incluyen Trentino (2/67 o 3%), Mariña Lucense (1/34 o 2,9%), Heraklion (3/104 o 2,9%), Roslavl (3/107 o 2,8%), Ourense (1/37 o 2,7%), Livny (3/110 o 2,7%), Biella (3/114 o 2,6%), Entre Douro (6/228 o 2,6%), Oporto (3/118 o 2,5%), Urbino (1/40 o 2,5%), Península Ibérica (16/629 o 2,5%), Blekinge / Kristianstad (1/41 o 2,4%), Bielorrusia (1/41 o 2,4 %), Módena (3/130 o 2,3%), Provenza-Alpes-Costa Azul (1/45 o 2,2%), Pristen (1/45 o 2,2%), Cáceres (2/91 o 2,2%), Brac (1/47 o 2,1%), Satakunta (1/48 o 2,1%), Croacia occidental (2/101 o 2%), Ucrania (1/50 o 2%), Greifswald (2/104 o 1,9%) , moldavos en Sofía (1/54 o 1,9%), Uppsala (1/55 o 1,8%), Lublin (2/112 o 1,8%), Pias en Beja (1/54 o 1,8%), griegos macedonios (1/ 57 o 1,8%), Nea Nikomedeia (1/57 o 1,8%), Sesklo / Dimini (1/57 o 1,8%), Lerna/Franchthi (1/57 o 1,8%), Azores (2/121 o 1,7%) , Viana do Castelo (1/59 o 1,7%), Toulouse (1/67 o 1,5%), Bélgorod (2/143 o 1,4%), Cerdeña (1/77 o 1,3%). [125] [126] [127] [128] [67] [71] [129] [98] [130] [131] [132] [133 ] [134 ] [ 135] [49] [93] [136 ] [ citas excesivas ] Según datos de pruebas comerciales, el 3,9% de los varones italianos pertenecen a este haplogrupo. [137] Aproximadamente el 3% de los judíos sefardíes y el 2% de los judíos asquenazíes pertenecen al haplogrupo T. [138]

Medio Oriente y el Cáucaso

El haplogrupo T tiene algunas frecuencias significativas en el sureste y este de Anatolia, las montañas Zagros y ambos lados del Golfo Pérsico .

También hay informes no confirmados de T-M70+ entre el 28% (7/25) de los lezginianos en Daguestán , [149] el 21,7% (5/23) de los osetios en Zamankul, [172] el 14% (7/50) de los iraníes en Isfahán , [149] 13% (3/23) de osetios en Zil'ga, [172] 12,6% (11/87) de kurdos de Kurmanji en el este de Turquía , [173] 11,8% (2/17) de árabes palestinos en Palestina , [174] 8,3% (1/12) de iraníes en Shiraz , [175] 8,3% (2/24) de osetios en Alagir , [172] 8% (2/25) de kurdos de Kurmanji en Georgia, [173 ] 7,5% (6/80) de iraníes en Teherán , [149] [176] 7,4% (10/135) de árabes palestinos en la aldea israelí, [174] 7% (10/143) de árabes palestinos en Israel y Palestina , [174] 5% (1/19) de chechenos en Chechenia , [149] [176] 4,2% (3/72) de azerbaiyanos en Azerbaiyán , [149] [176] 4,1% (2/48) de iraníes en Isfahan , [176] 4% (4/100) de armenios en Armenia , [149] [176] 4% (1/24) de beduinos en Israel [174] y 2,6% (1/39) de turcos en Ankara . [176]

África

Se ha descubierto que los fósiles excavados en el sitio del Neolítico tardío de Kelif el Boroud en Marruecos, que han sido datados por radiocarbono en alrededor del 3000 a. C., pertenecen al haplogrupo T-M184. [177]

South Asia

T1a-M70 in India has been considered to be of West Eurasian origin.[218]

With K-M9+, unconfirmed but probable T-M70+: 56.6% (30/53) of Kunabhis in Uttar Kannada,[226] 32.5% (13/40) of Kammas in Andhra Pradesh,[227] 26.8% (11/41) of Brahmins in Visakhapatnam,[227] 25% (1/4) of Kattunaiken in South India,[228] 22.4% (11/49) of Telugus in Andhra Pradesh,[229] 20% (1/5) of Ansari in South Asia, (2/20) of Poroja in Andhra Pradesh,[227] 9.8% (5/51) of Kashmiri Pandits in Kashmir,[220] 8.2% (4/49) of Gujars in Kashmir,[220] 7.7% (1/13) of Siddis (migrants from Ethiopia) in Andhra Pradesh,[227] 5.5% (3/55) of Adi in Northeast India,[230] 5.5% (7/128) of Pardhans in Adilabad,[229] 5.3% (2/38) of Brahmins in Bihar,[220] 4.3% (1/23) of Bagata in Andhra Pradesh,[227] 4.2% (1/24) of Valmiki in Andhra Pradesh,[227] (1/32) of Brahmins in Maharashtra,[220] 3.1% (2/64) of Brahmins in Gujarat,[220] 2.9% (1/35) of Rajput in Uttar Pradesh,[231] 2.3% (1/44) of Brahmins in Peruru,[227] and 1.7% (1/59) of Manghi in Maharashtra.[229]

Also in Desasth-Brahmins in Maharashtra (1/19 or 5.3%) and Chitpavan-Brahmins in Konkan (1/21 or 4.8%), Chitpavan-Brahmins in Konkan (2/66 or 3%).

Unconfirmed but probable T-M70+: 2% (4/204) of Hui in Liaoning (China),[251] and 0.9% (1/113) of Bidayuh in Sarawak.[252]

Americas (post-colonisation)

Ancient DNA

Ancient DNA from 'Ain Ghazal

Haplogroup T is found among the later middle Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) inhabitants from the 'Ain Ghazal archaeological site (in modern Jordan). It was not found among the early and middle PPNB populations. It is thought that the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B population is mostly composed of two different populations: members of early Natufian civilisation and a population resulting from immigration from the north, i.e. north-eastern Anatolia. However, Natufians have been found to belong mostly to the E1b1b1b2 lineage – which is found among 60% of the whole PPNB population and 75% of the 'Ain Ghazal population, being present in all three middle PPNB stages.

Later middle PPNB populations in the Southern Levant were already witnessing severe changes in climate that would have been exacerbated by large population demands on local resources. Beginning at 8.9 cal ka BP we see a significant decrease in population in highland Jordan, ultimately leading to the complete abandonment of almost all central settlements in this region.[286]

The 9th millennium Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) period in the Levant represents a major transformation in prehistoric lifeways from small bands of mobile hunter–gatherers to large settled farming and herding villages in the Mediterranean zone, the process having been initiated some 2–3 millennia earlier.

'Ain Ghazal (" Spring of the Gazelles") is situated in a relatively rich environmental setting immediately adjacent to the Wadi Zarqa, the longest drainage system in highland Jordan. It is located at an elevation of about 720m within the ecotone between the oak-park woodland to the west and the open steppe-desert to the east.

Evidence recovered from the excavations suggests that much of the surrounding countryside was forested and offered the inhabitants a wide variety of economic resources. Arable land is plentiful within the site's immediate environs. These variables are atypical of many major neolithic sites in the Near East, several of which are located in marginal environments. Yet despite its apparent richness, the area of 'Ain Ghazal is climatically and environmentally sensitive because of its proximity throughout the Holocene to the fluctuating steppe-forest border.

The Ain Ghazal settlement first appear in the middle PPNB, which is split into two phases. Phase 1 starts 10300 yBP and ends 9950 yBP, phase 2 ends 9550 yBP.

The estimated population of the middle PPNB site from ‘Ain Ghazal is of 259-1,349 individuals with an area of 3.01-4.7 ha. Is argued that at its founding at the commencement of the middle PPNB ‘Ain Ghazal was likely 2 ha in size and grew to 5 ha by the end of the middle PPNB. At this point in time their estimated population was 600-750 people or 125-150 people per hectare.

Peki'in Cave, Israel

A 2018 study[2] conducted by scholars from Tel-Aviv University, the Israel Antiquities Authority and Harvard University had discovered that 22 out of the 600 people who were buried in Peki'in cave from the Chalcolithic Period were of both local Levantine and Persian and Zagros[287] area ancestries, or as phrased in the paper itself: "Ancient DNA from Chalcolithic Israel reveals the role of population mixture in cultural transformation," the scientists concluded that the homogeneous community found in the cave could source ~57% of its ancestry from groups related to those of the local Levant Neolithic, ~26% from groups related to those of the Anatolian Neolithic, and ~17% from groups related to those of the Iran Chalcolithic.".[288] The scholars noted that the Zagros genetic material held "Certain characteristics, such as genetic mutations contributing to blue eye color, were not seen in the DNA test results of earlier Levantine human remains MTDNA blue-eyed, fair-skinned community didn't continue, but at least now researchers have an idea why. "These findings suggest that the rise and fall of the Chalcolithic culture are probably due to demographic changes in the region".[288]

We find that the individuals buried in Peqi'in Cave represent a relatively genetically homogenous population. This homogeneity is evident not only in the genome-wide analyses but also in the fact that most of the male individuals (nine out of ten) belong to the Y-chromosome Haplogroup T (Y-DNA), a lineage thought to have diversified in the Near East. This finding contrasts with both earlier (Neolithic and Epipaleolithic) Levantine populations, which were dominated by Haplogroup E (Y-DNA), and later Bronze Age individuals, all of whom belonged to Haplogroup J (Y-DNA).[2]

Ancient city of Ebla

In the ancient city of Ebla in Syria in the Bronze Age, one individual was found belonging to haplogroup T-L162 (T1a1).[289][290]

Alalakh Amorite city-state

One individual from Alalakh who lived circa 2014-1781 BC, belonged to haplogroup T-CTS11451 (T1a1a).[291][289][290]

Notable haplogroup members

Elite endurance runners

Possible patterns between Y-chromosome and elite endurance runners were studied in an attempt to find a genetic explanation to the Ethiopian endurance running success. Given the superiority of East African athletes in international distance running over the past four decades, it has been speculated that they are genetically advantaged. Elite marathon runners from Ethiopia were analysed for K*(xP) which according to the previously published Ethiopian studies is attributable to the haplogroup T[292]

According to further studies,[5] T1a1a* (L208) was found to be proportionately more frequent in the elite marathon runners sample than in the control samples than any other haplogroup, therefore this y-chromosome could play a significant role in determining Ethiopian endurance running success. Haplogroup T1a1a* was found in 14% of the elite marathon runners sample of whom 43% of this sample are from Arsi province. In addition, haplogroup T1a1a* was found in only 4% of the Ethiopian control sample and only 1% of the Arsi province control sample. T1a1a* is positively associated with aspects of endurance running, whereas E1b1b1 (old E3b1) is negatively associated.[293]

House of Khalifa

The ruling family of the Kingdom of Bahrain is the House of Khalifa (Arabic: آل خليفة, romanized: Āl Khalīfah)is confirmed West Asian Y-DNA Haplogroup T-L206 subclade of P77*.

The house belongs to the Utab tribe, which is part of the larger Anizah tribal confederation, that migrated from Central Arabia to Kuwait and then ruled all of Qatar. In 1999, Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa became the Emir of Bahrain and proclaimed himself the King of Bahrain in 2002.

The T-FT364053 haplogroup of the house was determined by DNA testing of descendants in the T-Arab Y DNA Haplogroup Project on Family Tree DNA and other Arab world projects.

Thomas Jefferson

A notable member of the T-M184 haplogroup is American President Thomas Jefferson (most distant known ancestor "MDKA" is Samuel Jefferson, Born 11 October 1607 in Pettistree, Suffolk, England). The Y-chromosomal complement of the Jefferson male line was studied in 1998 in an attempt to resolve the controversy over whether he had fathered the mixed-race children of his slave Sally Hemings. A 1998 DNA study of the Y chromosome in the Jefferson male line found that it matched that of a descendant of Eston Hemings, Sally Hemings' youngest son. This confirmed the body of historical evidence, and most historians believe that Jefferson had a long-term intimate liaison with Hemings for 38 years, and fathered her six children of record, four of whom lived to adulthood. In addition, the testing conclusively disproved any connection between the Hemings descendant and the Carr male line. Jefferson grandchildren had asserted in the 19th century that a Carr nephew had been the father of Hemings' children, and this had been the basis of historians' denial for 180 years. Jefferson's paternal family traced back Wales, where T is incredibly rare, as it is less than <1% throughout Britain. A couple of British males with the Jefferson surname have been found with the third president's type of T, reinforcing the likelihood that his immediate paternal ancestry was British.

Family Tree DNA, found that the Jefferson T patrilineage belongs to T-BY78550 a subclade of T-PF7444 which is likely of MENA Middle Eastern North African Origins. Spencer Wells who led The Genographic Project places his origin to Canaan[294]

Phylogenetic tree

Nomenclatural history

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

Original research publications

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.

α Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2000 and Kaladjieva 2001

β Underhill 2000

γ Hammer 2001

δ Karafet 2001

ε Semino 2000

ζ Su 1999

η Capelli 2001

Y-DNA backbone tree

Notes

  1. ^ de facto state

References

Original research

  1. ^ W. Goodwin et al., " Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, " "http://www.yhrd.org/" (2012),
  2. ^ Carsten Hohoff and Bernd Brinkmann "Institut für Rechtsmedizin"," Universität Münster <http://www.yhrd.org>
  3. ^ Uta D. Immel et al., "Institut für Rechtsmedizin, Martin-Luther Universität Haale/Saale," "http://www.yhrd.org/" (1999),
  4. ^ Laura Valverde Potes et al., "Grupo BIOMICs / BIOMICs Research Group," "http://www.yhrd.org/" (2011),

Other works cited

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Sources for conversion tables

External links