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Etapas del desarrollo infantil

Las etapas del desarrollo infantil son los hitos teóricos del desarrollo infantil , algunos de los cuales se afirman en las teorías nativistas . Este artículo analiza las etapas de desarrollo infantil más aceptadas. Existe una amplia variación en términos de lo que se considera "normal", causada por variaciones en factores genéticos, cognitivos, físicos, familiares, culturales, nutricionales, educativos y ambientales. Muchos niños alcanzan algunos o la mayoría de estos hitos en momentos diferentes de lo normal. [1]

El desarrollo holístico considera al niño en su conjunto, como una persona completa: física, emocional, intelectual, social, moral, cultural y espiritualmente. Aprender sobre el desarrollo infantil implica estudiar patrones de crecimiento y desarrollo, a partir de los cuales se construyen pautas para el desarrollo "normal". Las normas de desarrollo a veces se denominan hitos: definen el patrón de desarrollo reconocido que se espera que sigan los niños. Cada niño se desarrolla de una manera única; sin embargo, el uso de normas ayuda a comprender estos patrones generales de desarrollo y, al mismo tiempo, reconocer la amplia variación entre individuos.

Una forma de identificar los trastornos generalizados del desarrollo es si los bebés no alcanzan los hitos del desarrollo a tiempo o no logran alcanzarlos en absoluto. [2]

Tabla de hitos

Esquema aproximado de los períodos de desarrollo en el desarrollo humano postnatal hasta lo que generalmente se considera la edad adulta. No hay definiciones unánimes universalmente, por lo que varían considerablemente, pero generalmente se encuentran dentro de los intervalos difuminados en los flancos de los períodos.

Infancia

Recién nacido

Desarrollo físico

Desarrollo motor

Habilidades de comunicación

Desarrollo emocional

Habilidades cognitivas

Un mes de edad

Desarrollo físico

Desarrollo motor

Habilidades de comunicación

Desarrollo social

Desarrollo emocional

Habilidades cognitivas

Desarrollo sensorial

Dos meses de edad

Desarrollo físico

Desarrollo motor

Habilidades de comunicación

Desarrollo social

Desarrollo emocional

Habilidades cognitivas

Tres meses de edad

Desarrollo físico

Desarrollo social

Cuatro meses de edad

Desarrollo físico

Desarrollo motor

Habilidades de comunicación

Desarrollo social

Desarrollo del lenguaje

Desarrollo emocional

Habilidades cognitivas

Seis meses de edad

Desarrollo físico

Desarrollo motor

Habilidades de comunicación

Desarrollo social

Desarrollo del lenguaje

Desarrollo emocional

Habilidades cognitivas

Siete meses de edad

Desarrollo físico

Desarrollo motor

Desarrollo sensorial

Desarrollo del lenguaje

Habilidades cognitivas

8–12 meses

Físico

Desarrollo motor

Primera infancia

Niño pequeño (12 a 24 meses)

Físico

Desarrollo motor

Desarrollo cognitivo

Idioma

Social [37]

Desarrollo de la marcha [38]

Dos años de edad

Físico

Desarrollo motor

Cognitivo

Idioma

Social y emocional

Tres años de edad

Físico

Desarrollo motor

Desarrollo cognitivo

Niño de cuatro años

Desarrollo físico

Desarrollo motor

Cognitivo

Idioma

Desarrollo social

Infancia media

Niño de cinco años

Físico

Desarrollo motor

Cognitivo

Desarrollo del lenguaje

Desarrollo social

Seis años de edad

Físico

Motor development

Language

Social and emotional

Seven-year-old

Motor development

Writing grips

Language

Social and emotional

Eight-year-old

Motor development

Language skills

Social and emotional

Preteen/late childhood years

Nine-year-old

Motor skills

Language skills

Social skills

Ten-year-old

Motor skills

Language skills

Social skills

Eleven-year-old

Motor skills

Language skills

Social and emotional development

Adolescence

Twelve years old

Language skills

Capable of categorizing information to make better sense of it. Reads adult books and magazines on subjects of interest. Capable of proofreading homework for spelling, grammar, and logic.

Social skills

Overall disposition is pleasant and upbeat. Can become extremely excited over subjects of interest or accomplishments. Strongly prone to peer pressure and following trends. More stable friendships with fewer melodramatics than at 11. May begin to have sexual attraction to/interest in peers.

Thirteen years old

Fourteen years old

Fifteen years old

Sixteen years old

Seventeen years old

See also

References

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Further reading