A billboard in Havana promoting the "ongoing socialist revolution"
Cuba had a number of communist and anarchist organizations from the early period of the Republic (founded in 1902). The original "internationalised" Communist Party of Cuba formed in the 1920s. In 1944, it renamed itself as the Popular Socialist Party for electoral reasons. In July 1961, two years after the successful overthrow of Fulgencio Batista and the creation of a revolutionary government, the Integrated Revolutionary Organizations (ORI) was formed from the merger of:
On 26 March 1962, the ORI became the United Party of the Cuban Socialist Revolution (PURSC), which in turn became the Communist Party of Cuba on 3 October 1965. In Article 5 of the Cuban constitution of 1976, the Communist Party is recognized as "the superior guiding force of society and of the State, that organizes and orients common efforts toward the high goals of the construction of socialism and the advancement toward communist society".[8][9] All parties, including the Communist Party, are prohibited from publicly advertising their organizations.
For the first fifteen years of its formal existence, the Communist Party was almost completely inactive outside of the Politburo. The 100 person Central Committee rarely met and it was ten years after its founding that the first regular party Congress was held. In 1969, membership of the party was only 55,000 or 0.7% of the population, making the PCC the smallest ruling communist party in the world. In the 1970s, the party's apparatus began to develop. By the time of the first party Congress in 1975, the party had grown to just over two hundred thousand members, the Central Committee was meeting regularly and provided the organizational apparatus giving the party the leading role in society that ruling Communist parties generally hold. By 1980, the party had grown to over 430,000 members and it grew further to 520,000 by 1985. Apparatuses of the party had grown to ensure that its leading cadres were appointed to key government positions.[citation needed]
The PCC governs Cuba as an authoritarianone-party state[14][15][16][17][18] where dissidence and political opposition are prohibited and repressed.[19][20][21]
Congresses
The Communist Party of Cuba held its first party Congress in 1975 and has had additional congresses in 1980, 1986, 1991,[22] 1997 and 2011. The Seventh Congress took place from 19 to 22 April 2016,[23] around the 55th anniversary of the Bay of Pigs Invasion,[24] concluding with remarks by Fidel Castro.[25]
Central Committee
Party headquarters
The leading bodies of the party were the Politburo and the Secretariat until 1991 when the two bodies were merged into an expanded Politburo with over twenty members. However, the Secretariat was re-introduced in 2002. There is also a Central Committee which meets between party congresses. At the Fifth Congress, the size of the Central Committee was reduced to 150 members from the previous membership of 225. Fidel Castro was the party's First Secretary (or leader) since its inception while Raúl Castro was the Second Secretary. Upon Fidel Castro's 2008 resignation from the party and Cuban government, Raúl Castro became First Secretary.
Politburo
A 14-strong Politburo was elected by the 1st Plenary Session of the Central Committee on 19 April 2021 following the 8th Congress.
Secretariat
A 6-strong Secretariat was elected by the 1st Plenary Session of the Central Committee on 19 April 2021 following the 8th Congress.
The PCC is officially a Marxist–Leninist[26] party that is dedicated to the establishment of communism.[27][28][29] Since the Cuban Revolution, the party has also followed the doctrines of Castroism (the ideology of Fidel Castro, including inspiration from José Martí) and Guevarism.
Economy
The party has been more reluctant in engaging in market reforms, though it has been forced to accept some market measures in its economy due to the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the resultant loss of economic subsidies. Raúl Castro, after becoming the leader of the party, campaigned to "renew" Cuba's socialist economy through incorporating new exchange and distribution systems that have been traditionally seen as "market" oriented. This has led to some speculation that Cuba may transition towards a model more similar to a socialist market economy like that of China or a socialist-oriented market economy like that of Vietnam.[30] Private property and the need for foreign investment were recognized in the new constitution approved via a popular referendum in 2019.[31]
Medical diplomacy has also been a prominent feature of the Party's foreign policy. The party maintains a policy of sending thousands of Cuban doctors, agricultural technicians, and other professionals to other countries throughout the developing world. The party also supports Latin American integration.[34]
^"Cuba: El PCC y la UJC se desinflan sin remedio". 16 March 2022.
^Johnson, Elliott; Walker, David; Gray, Daniel (2014). Historical Dictionary of Marxism (2nd ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 69–70. ISBN 978-1-4422-3798-8.
^Hansing, Katrin (2002). Rasta, Race and Revolution: The Emergence and Development of the Rastafari Movement in Socialist Cuba. LIT Verlag Münster. pp. 41–42. ISBN 3-8258-9600-5.
^Hennessy, C. A. M. (1963). "The Roots of Cuban Nationalism". International Affairs. 39 (3): 345–359. doi:10.2307/2611204. ISSN 0020-5850. JSTOR 2611204.
^Benjamin, Jules R. (1 February 1975). "The Machadato and Cuban Nationalism, 1928-1932". Hispanic American Historical Review. 55 (1): 66–91. doi:10.1215/00182168-55.1.66. ISSN 0018-2168.
^"Parti communiste de Cuba (extrême gauche) (créé en 1965, seul parti légal)" [Communist Party of Cuba (extreme left) (established in 1965, only legal party)]. Le Monde diplomatique (in French).
^"IPU PARLINE database: CUBA (Asamblea nacional del Poder popular), Last elections". ipu.org. Inter-Parliamentary Union. 2013. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
^"Cuba: Constitución". pdba.georgetown.edu. Retrieved 14 October 2017.
^Luebbers, Matthias (2009). "Cuba y el Socialismo" [Cuba and socialism]. El comunismo cubano y su desarrollo dependiente [Cuban communism and its dependent development]. GRIN Verlag. p. 3. ISBN 9783640336272. Retrieved 14 August 2015 – via Google Books.
^"Led by Raúl, the 11th Plenum of the Communist Party Central Committee held". en.granma.cu. 20 December 2019. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
^"Central Report to the Eighth Congress of the Communist Party of Cuba". 22 April 2021.
^ a b cMeneses, Yaima Puig (21 April 2021). "Díaz-Canel chairs the Extraordinary Plenary of the Party in Havana (+ Video)". Retrieved 21 April 2021.
^Darlington, Shasta (19 April 2011). "Raul Castro to lead Cuba's Communist Party". CNN. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
^Hawkins, Darren (2001). "Democratization Theory and Nontransitions: Insights from Cuba". Comparative Politics. 33 (4): 441–461. doi:10.2307/422443. ISSN 0010-4159. JSTOR 422443.
^Whitehead, Laurence (29 July 2016). "The 'puzzle' of autocratic resilience/regime collapse: the case of Cuba". Third World Quarterly. 37 (9). Routledge: 1666–1682. doi:10.1080/01436597.2016.1188661. ISSN 0143-6597. S2CID 156308152.
^Miller, Nicola (1 January 2003). "The Absolution of History: Uses of the Past in Castro's Cuba". Journal of Contemporary History. 38 (1): 147–162. doi:10.1177/0022009403038001969. ISSN 0022-0094. S2CID 153348631.
^Mesa-Lago, Carmelo (15 August 1993). "Cuba and the crisis of the South American Left". Cuba After the Cold War. University of Pittsburgh Pre. p. 313. ISBN 9780822974567. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
^"Cuba's Communist Party Congress wants change, but also more of the same". Miami Herald. Retrieved 14 October 2017.
^"7th Cuba Communist Party Congress Summoned for 2016". Escambray. 16 July 2015. Retrieved 14 October 2017.
^Carroll, Rory (19 April 2016). "Fidel Castro bids farewell to Cuba's Communist party congress". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 October 2017.
^Riff, Michael A. (1990). "Communism since 1917". Dictionary of Modern Political Ideologies. Manchester University Press. ISBN 9780719032899. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
^"Cuba's New Constitution explained". 27 February 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
^Backer, Larry Catá (30 July 2014). "The Cuban Communist Party at the Center of Political and Economic Reform: Current Status and Future Reform". Working Papers (7–2). Coalition for Peace & Ethics. SSRN 2473351. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
^"The Cuban Communist Party: Current Status and Future Reform". 30 November 2014. Archived from the original on 1 June 2017. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
^"Gǔbā gǎigé:"Shèhuì zhǔyì gēngxīn"wèiwán dài xù" 古巴改革:"社会主义更新"未完待续 [Cuban reforms: "Socialist renewal" to be continued] (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 29 April 2014. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
^Díaz-Canel, Miguel (10 April 2019). "Así es la Constitución que estrena Cuba en tiempos de crisis" [This is the Constitution that Cuba launches in times of crisis]. El Tiempo (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 October 2022.
^Michael Evans. "Secret Cuban Documents on History of Africa Involvement". Gwu.edu. Retrieved 13 January 2010.
^"Cuba: Angolan War Memories Live On". 16 June 2007. Archived from the original on 16 June 2007. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
^Gómez, Gabriela Ávila (2017). "Cuba: capital de la integración latinoamericana y caribeña" [Cuba: capital of Latin American and Caribbean integration] (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 December 2017.
Further reading
Barry Carr. Tim Rees and Andrew Thorpe (eds.). "From Caribbean Backwater to Revolutionary Opportunity: Cuba's Evolving Relationship with the Comintern, 1925-34". International Communism and the Communist International, 1919-43. Manchester. Manchester University Press. 1998.
"First Congress of the Communist Party of Cuba: Havana, December 17-22, 1975 (Collection of Documents)".
Fidel Castro. "Main Report, Second Congress of the Communist Party of Cuba" (December 1980).
Estatutos del Partido Comunista de Cuba [Statutes of the Communist Party of Cuba] (PDF) (in Spanish). Editora política. 1998. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 May 2012.
External links
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