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Lambton Worm

"He struck a violent blow upon the monster's head" by C. E. Brock in English Fairy and Other Folk Tales (ed. Edwin Sidney Hartland, 1890)

The Lambton Worm is a legend from County Durham in North-East England in the United Kingdom. The story takes place around the River Wear, and is one of the area's most famous pieces of folklore, having been adapted from written and oral tradition into pantomime and song formats.

The legend

The story revolves around John Lambton, an heir of the Lambton Estate, County Durham (in ceremonial Tyne and Wear), and his battle with a giant worm (dragon) that had been terrorising the local villages.

Origin of the worm

The story states that the young John Lambton was a rebellious character who missed church one Sunday to go fishing in the River Wear. In many versions of the story, while walking to the river, or setting up his equipment, John receives warnings from an old man (or a witch – depending on who tells the story) that no good can come from missing church.

John Lambton does not catch anything until the church service finishes, at which point he fishes out a small eel- or lamprey-like creature with nine holes on each side of its salamander-like head. Depending on the version of the story, the worm is no bigger than a thumb, or about 3 feet (90 centimetres) long. In some renditions it has legs, while in others it is said to more closely resemble a snake.[1]

At this point, the old man returns, although in some versions it is a different character. John declares that he has "catched [caught] the devil"[2] and decides to dispose of his catch by discarding it down a nearby well.[3] The old man then issues further warnings about the nature of the beast.[2]

John then forgets about the creature and eventually grows up. As a penance for his rebellious early years, he joins the Crusades.

The worm's wrath

Penshaw Monument, from the south
Worm Hill, Fatfield, Washington

Eventually, the worm grows extremely large and the well becomes poisonous. The villagers start to notice livestock going missing and discover that the fully-grown worm has emerged from the well and coiled itself around a local hill.[2]

Earlier, and local, versions of the legend associate the hill with Worm Hill, in Fatfield. In most versions of the story, the worm is large enough to wrap itself around the hill seven times. It is said that one can still see the marks of the worm on Worm Hill.[4][2] However, in the later song the hill is Penshaw Hill on which the Penshaw Monument now stands.

The worm terrorises the nearby villages, eating sheep, preventing cows from producing milk, and snatching away small children.[2] It then heads towards Lambton Castle, where the Lord (John Lambton's aged father) manages to sedate the creature in what becomes a daily ritual of offering the worm the milk of nine good cows – twenty gallons, or a filled trough.[5]

A number of brave villagers try to kill the beast, but are quickly dispatched. When a chunk is cut off the worm, it simply reattaches the missing piece. Visiting knights also try to assault the beast, but none survive. When annoyed, the worm uproots trees by coiling its tail around them, then creates devastation by waving around the uprooted trees like a club.[6]

The vanquishing of the worm in the story

After seven years, John Lambton returns from the Crusades to find his father's estates almost destitute because of the worm. John decides to fight it, but first seeks the guidance of a wise woman or witch near Durham.[7]

The witch hardens John's resolve to kill the beast by explaining his responsibility for the worm. She tells him to cover his armour in spearheads and fight the worm in the River Wear, where it now spends its days wrapped around a great rock. The witch also tells John that after killing the worm he must then kill the first living thing he sees, or else his family will be cursed for nine generations and will not die in their beds.[8]

John prepares his armour according to the witch's instructions and arranges with his father that, when he has killed the worm, he will sound his hunting horn three times. On this signal, his father is to release his favourite hound so that it will run to John, who can then kill the dog and thus avoid the curse.[9]

John Lambton then fights the worm by the river. The worm tries to crush him, wrapping him in its coils, but it cuts itself on his armour's spikes; the pieces of the worm fall into the river, and are washed away before they can join up again. Eventually, the worm is dead and John sounds his hunting horn three times.[10]

The Lambton curse

Unfortunately, John's father is so excited that the beast is dead that he forgets to release the hound and rushes out to congratulate his son. John cannot bear to kill his father and so, after they meet, the hound is released and dutifully dispatched. But it is too late and nine generations of Lambtons are cursed so they shall not die peacefully in their beds. Thus, the story ends.[11]

This curse seems to have held true for at least three generations, possibly helping to contribute to the popularity of the story.[citation needed]

(One of Henry Lambton's brothers, described as "[h]is succeeding brother, the General", is said to have kept a horse whip by his bedside to ward off violent assaults. He died in his bed at an old age.[12])

Cultural impact

Song

Northumbrian smallpipes, played in North East England

The story was made into a song (Roud #2337), written in 1867 by C. M. Leumane, which passed into oral tradition and has several slightly different variants (most notably the use of "goggly" or "googly" eyes meaning bulging and searching, a term formerly widely used on Wearside). It features several words only found in Northumbrian dialect.

\relative c'' { \language "english" \key g \major \time 2/4 \tempo 4=80 \set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t \set Staff.midiInstrument = "english horn" \autoBeamOff \override Score.BarNumber #'transparent = ##t \partial 8 \mark "Allegro." d,8 | g8\mf g fs d | g8 g fs d | g8 g a b | g4. a8 | b8 a b d | c8 b a g | fs8 g a fs | d4. d8 | g8 g fs d | g8 g fs d | g8 g a b | c4. c8 | d8 b a g | a8[( g)] e g16 g | d8 d e fs | g4. r8 \bar "||" \mark \markup { \small "CHORUS" } g4^\f b | d8 b g g16 g | e8 a a g | g8 fs e d | g4 b | d8 b g g16 g | e8 a g fs g4. r8 \bar "|." }

Tune from Tyne Pantomime 1867 [13]

Comics and literature

Illustration by John Dickson Batten from More English Fairy Tales

Opera

The Lambton Worm (1978) is an opera in two acts by the composer Robert Sherlaw Johnson with a libretto by the Oxford poet Anne Ridler. There are eleven solo roles (four of them major), a chorus and orchestra.[23]

Film

See also

References

  1. ^ Sharpe 1830, pp. 5–6.
  2. ^ a b c d e Sharpe 1830, p. 6.
  3. ^ Sharpe 1830, p. 5.
  4. ^ Simpson 2017.
  5. ^ Sharpe 1830, pp. 6–7.
  6. ^ Sharpe 1830, p. 7.
  7. ^ Sharpe 1830, pp. 7–8.
  8. ^ Sharpe 1830, p. 8.
  9. ^ Sharpe 1830, p. 10.
  10. ^ Sharpe 1830, pp. 11–12.
  11. ^ Sharpe 1830, pp. 12–13.
  12. ^ John Bernard, Burke, ed. (1850). The St. James's Magazine, and Heraldic and Historical Register. London. p. 110.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  13. ^ Melody taken from Catcheside-Warrington 1913 and reengraved in Lilypond.
  14. ^ "SUNDERLAND FUSILIERS - The Lambton Worm". sunderlandfusiliers.weebly.com. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
  15. ^ Stoker 1925.
  16. ^ a b Talbot 2007.
  17. ^ Jacobs 1922, pp. 198–203, 242(note).
  18. ^ Bute 1997.
  19. ^ Jackson.
  20. ^ Mayne 2002.
  21. ^ The Forgotten and the Fantastical 2 edited by Teika Bellamy, Mother's Milk Books, 2016
  22. ^ McKenna 2018.
  23. ^ "Lambton Worm, The | British Music Collection". britishmusiccollection.org.uk. Retrieved 30 July 2024.
  24. ^ "Unproduced". AnthonyShaffer.co.uk. Archived from the original on 13 May 2012. Retrieved 9 April 2012.
  25. ^ Stewardson, Christopher (14 June 2019). "Audio-Drama Sequel to The Wicker Man in Production". Our Culture. Retrieved 24 March 2020.

Bibliography

External links