Esta es una lista de sistemas de calificación utilizados por países del mundo, principalmente en los campos de la educación secundaria y la educación universitaria, organizada por continente con enlaces a detalles específicos en numerosas entradas.
El sistema de clasificación depende de los distritos de Angola. Sin embargo, el sistema de clasificación más común es el siguiente:
Todas las escuelas en Angola tienen 6 niveles y se otorgan en función del desempeño de los estudiantes.
El sistema de calificación empleado en Kenia difiere según el nivel de la institución. El sistema de calificación de la escuela secundaria va desde la calificación A hasta la E, y los umbrales de calificación cambian cada año según la intensidad del examen. Los institutos y las universidades otorgan los resultados de los exámenes según el sistema de calificación KNEC en 4 clases (Distinción, Crédito, Aprobado, Reprobado) con 7 calificaciones del 1 al 7. El sistema de calificación universitaria otorga títulos en términos de clase (Primera clase, Segunda clase - División superior, Segunda clase - División inferior y Clase aprobada).
El desglose del sistema de calificación de títulos de grado de las universidades de Kenia es el siguiente:
El sistema de calificación para las universidades de Kenia es:
El sistema de calificación base general utilizado para el sistema de calificación en las escuelas secundarias de Kenia es:
La elección del sistema de calificación en las escuelas nigerianas depende de la institución y, a veces, del profesorado de la institución. Además, las escalas de calificación en las instituciones de nivel universitario han cambiado con frecuencia. Las escalas de calificación pueden ser de 1 a 8, de 1 a 4 o de A a G, donde A está en una escala de 4.0 o en una escala de 5.0. La escala más común ahora es de 1 a 7, siendo 9 la calificación más alta obtenida. Además, los títulos se otorgan en una Clase, dependiendo de las calificaciones recibidas. Los títulos pueden otorgarse en Primera Clase, Segunda Clase (División Superior), Segunda Clase (División Inferior), Tercera Clase y Clase Aprobado. Las escalas de calificación para los certificados secundarios son estándar. A continuación se muestra el sistema de calificación de las universidades nigerianas:
En Sudáfrica, algunas universidades siguen un modelo basado en el sistema británico. Así, en la Universidad de Ciudad del Cabo y la Universidad de Sudáfrica (Poes), los porcentajes se calibran de la siguiente manera: se otorga un aprobado de primera clase a los estudiantes que saben su trabajo o más, un aprobado de segunda (división uno) a los estudiantes que saben algo, un aprobado de segunda (división dos) para el 60-69%, y un aprobado de tercera clase para el 50-59%. Si la puntuación es inferior al 40%, se les llama POES. La Universidad de Witwatersrand considera que una A es el 75% o más. Es importante aprobar el examen de matriculación, conocido como UCL, para ingresar a una universidad.
Las calificaciones proporcionadas se utilizan en el sistema de educación secundaria de nivel A de Tanzania; los estudiantes pueden inscribirse en una universidad o colegio al recibir calificaciones de nivel A a D en 2 de las 3 materias básicas, con una calificación S como calificación mínima. Por lo general, se toman tres materias básicas, con clases adicionales disponibles; sin embargo, la calificación en las universidades es un proceso independiente y las calificaciones varían entre universidades.
Los distintos países de Asia tienen distintas escalas de calificación. A continuación se describen las escalas de calificación de algunos países de Asia.
En Afganistán, la puntuación máxima que se otorga en las escuelas es 100, la mínima para aprobar es 40, la máxima puntuación en las universidades es 100 y la mínima para aprobar es 55 (antes de 2016 era 50). El umbral para una buena nota depende de la escuela y del grado de estudio, pero en la mayoría de los casos, 75 o más se considera una buena nota.
Este artículo es un resumen de la calificación académica en Bangladesh . En este país existen dos tipos de sistemas de calificación: el promedio de calificaciones (GPA) y el promedio de calificaciones acumulativo (CGPA).
Evaluación de grado con ″clase″ en la universidad (por ejemplo, Primera clase, Segunda clase, Tercera clase, Aprobado)
Los resultados de los títulos de grado y maestría de las universidades públicas de Bangladesh, por ejemplo, la Universidad de Dhaka , la Universidad de Jahangirnagar , la Universidad Agrícola de Bangladesh , la Universidad de Rajshahi , la Universidad de Chittagong , la Universidad Nacional y la Universidad de Gazipur, se pueden clasificar de acuerdo con el sistema de clasificación de títulos de grado británico , cuando se evalúa con la nota de clase. Un GPA superior o igual a 3 equivale a la primera clase en un título con honores en Bangladesh. Esto significa:
Sistema de calificación en la Universidad East Delta [6]
Este es el sistema de calificación predeterminado en China:
En el caso de 100 puntos, la puntuación numérica no se redondeará hacia arriba. Por ejemplo, 84,99 % cuenta como "Bueno", no como "Excelente", y no se redondeará al 85 %. Solo los números iguales o mayores al 85 % contarán como "Excelente".
Las universidades indias siguen un sistema de porcentajes y los Institutos Indios de Tecnología , los Institutos Nacionales de Tecnología , los Institutos Indios de Tecnología de la Información , los Institutos Indios de Ciencia y Tecnología de la Ingeniería y otros institutos técnicos financiados centralmente del país siguen un sistema de GPA de 10 puntos. El sistema de porcentajes se define con una calificación máxima de 100 puntos, una calificación mínima de 0 puntos y una calificación aprobatoria de 30 a 40 puntos, según la universidad; los porcentajes más bajos pueden considerarse calificaciones aprobatorias en varias universidades.
El sistema de porcentaje se utiliza en CBSE y otras juntas de educación secundaria.
Sin embargo, el sistema de GPA de 10 puntos utilizado en los Institutos Indios de Tecnología , los Institutos Nacionales de Tecnología , los Institutos Indios de Tecnología de la Información , los Institutos Indios de Ingeniería, Ciencia y Tecnología y varios otros institutos técnicos financiados centralmente del país funciona de la siguiente manera:
Un sistema de calificación universitaria adicional que se utiliza actualmente en la India es el GPA de ocho puntos introducido por la Universidad de Mumbai a partir del año académico 2012-2013; el sistema se clasifica de la siguiente manera: [7]
Algunas universidades siguen un patrón de promedio ponderado para calcular el porcentaje de calificación:
El sistema de conversión de calificaciones internacionales, de World Education Services , para los porcentajes obtenidos en las universidades indias permite localizar la calificación correspondiente en los EE. UU. o el promedio de calificaciones correspondiente para cada calificación proporcionada en una universidad india; el sistema de conversión funciona de la siguiente manera, junto con la clasificación o división equivalente proporcionada. [8]
Las conversiones de divisiones a grados estadounidenses funcionan de la siguiente manera:
*En instituciones seleccionadas, una calificación más baja puede considerarse como aprobatoria.
La mayoría de las juntas en la India dan las notas brutas obtenidas por los estudiantes, aunque algunas sólo dan la calificación obtenida por el estudiante.
Las juntas nacionales como CBSE otorgan las calificaciones obtenidas por el estudiante y (para CBSE) la calificación posicional que indica el nivel de un estudiante en esa materia con respecto a sus compañeros.
Algunas juntas educativas aún siguen la práctica de dar "divisiones": un porcentaje superior a 90 se considera excelente; entre 70 y 89 se considera "primera división"; entre 50 y 69 se considera "segunda división", entre 40 y 49 se considera un aprobado; aunque estas terminologías y clasificaciones dependen de la "junta de educación". Según la NEP, el sistema de calificación en la India sufrirá algunos cambios más en función de las notas obtenidas por los candidatos. Los estudiantes serán promovidos en función de sus notas obtenidas en CBSE. Los criterios de calificación son un rendimiento promedio y por debajo del promedio en la prueba. Calificación "A" superior al 80-90% Calificación "B" superior al 70-80% Calificación "C" superior al 60-70% Calificación "D" superior al 50-60% Calificación "E" superior al 40-50%
Sistema de calificación predeterminado/Pendidikan nacional estándar [9]
El sistema de calificación iraní es similar al de Francia y a otros sistemas de calificación basados en el modelo francés, como Bélgica, Líbano, Venezuela y Perú, en escuelas secundarias y universidades. Dado que el Ministerio de Educación iraní no proporciona una directriz de calificación, la conversión a las escalas internacionales se lleva a cabo utilizando la directriz de conversión proporcionada para los sistemas de calificación basados en el modelo francés. En casos específicos, las calificaciones se convierten de acuerdo con la política de calificación de los institutos de destino. La nota de aprobación es 10 y, por lo general, una calificación de más de 14 sobre 20 se considera excelente. La siguiente tabla es la que utilizan con mayor frecuencia los institutos y universidades del mundo para convertir desde el sistema de calificación iraní: [10]
En Israel, las escuelas tienen calificaciones del 1 al 100, a partir del 4º grado. En las escuelas privadas, se suele utilizar el sistema de calificación alfabético hasta la educación secundaria. En las universidades se pueden encontrar sistemas de calificación tanto numéricos como alfabéticos, según el sistema universitario de cada una. La escala de calificación de 100 puntos es la siguiente:
Las calificaciones de letras equivalentes se pueden encontrar a continuación:
En Japón, tras la reorganización de las universidades nacionales en 2004, el Ministerio de Educación, Deportes y Cultura alentó a las universidades públicas y privadas a adoptar un sistema de GPA. [11]
Otras instituciones de educación superior otorgan calificaciones en una escala de 0 a 100, o algunas universidades aplican calificaciones con letras. Si bien durante años la calificación "A" oscilaba entre 80 y 100 puntos, algunas escuelas (por ejemplo, la Universidad de Kurume ) han comenzado a otorgar una calificación especial a la escala de 90 a 100 puntos para indicar la excelencia. [12] Una calificación reprobatoria generalmente se denomina "E", aunque algunas instituciones usan "F".
De acuerdo con el sistema estandarizado de créditos aceptado en la República de Kazajstán, las medidas de los diferentes niveles de comprensión en el ámbito de la educación superior en la República de Kazajstán son las siguientes:
Kuwait utiliza un sistema de calificación de cuatro puntos y porcentajes.
[13]
Kirguistán emplea un sistema de calificación de cinco puntos: [14]
Las escuelas libanesas siguen el sistema de calificación francés o el sistema de calificación estadounidense. La mayoría de las escuelas utilizan una escala de 0 a 20, en la que la nota para aprobar es 10 sobre 20 (la nota mínima para aprobar puede ser tan baja como 7). Depende del programa que ofrezca la escuela: el bachillerato francés/libanés utiliza la escala de 0 a 20 con algunas excepciones (algunas escuelas ofrecen el bachillerato libanés, pero en lugar de la escala de 0 a 20 se utiliza una escala de 100 puntos). Las escuelas del IB utilizan por unanimidad una escala de 100 puntos si no utilizan una escala de calificación estadounidense (consulte el sistema de calificación estadounidense).
En una escuela típica que ofrece un plan de estudios libanés (cuyo resultado es el bachillerato libanés), obtener altas calificaciones es muy difícil porque los profesores no utilizan la escala completa. Por ejemplo, la puntuación más alta que se puede obtener en la redacción de ensayos en algunas escuelas es 14 sobre 20 (la media de la clase es de 9 o 10). Cada asignatura tiene un peso y, por lo tanto, contribuye de forma diferente a la puntuación general: la "media general" (tomada de la Moyenne Générale francesa ). Este peso se determina en horas de crédito. Por ejemplo, matemáticas (6 horas/semana) x 20 (la nota base) = 120 (peso).
Ejemplo: Calificaciones de muestra: (Matemáticas 13.33/20, Inglés 13.4/20, Biología 8.25/20)
Inglés:5 créditos × 13,4 = 67 de 100 posibles
Matemáticas: 6 créditos × 13,33 = 79,98 de 120 posibles
Biología: 2 créditos × 8,25 = 16,5 de 40 posibles
Total de puntos obtenidos = 163,48 de 260 posibles
Promedio general / Moyenne Générale 12.575 (Considerado un buen promedio, un B+ si no A− equivalente a EE. UU. ya que los estándares son diferentes: el grado 12 en el Bachillerato Libanés o el Bachillerato Francés es equivalente a un estudiante de primer año de una universidad estadounidense, además, todos los programas libaneses incluyen 3 idiomas y un total de 18 materias al año con tareas de verano). Los estudiantes que se gradúan del Bachillerato Libanés o Francés ingresan a las universidades como estudiantes de segundo año, no de primer año, y pueden completar sus títulos en 3 años.
En algunas universidades se utiliza el sistema de calificación americano. En otras se utiliza la escala de 0 a 100, donde la nota para aprobar es 60 o 70 según la asignatura. En las universidades del sistema francés se utiliza la escala de calificación de 0 a 20.
Malasia tiene su propio sistema de calificación educativa. Las distintas instituciones educativas utilizan un sistema de calificación diferente. Este es un ejemplo de un sistema de calificación aplicado en una universidad de Malasia.
Hasta el bachillerato se proporciona el porcentaje medio. Un porcentaje superior a 80 se considera excelente; entre 60 y 80 se considera de "primera división"; entre 40 y 60 se considera de "segunda división".
El sistema de porcentajes funciona de la siguiente manera: el número máximo de puntos posibles es 100, el mínimo es 0 y el número mínimo de puntos necesarios para aprobar es 35. Los puntajes de 91-100% se consideran excelentes, 75-90% se consideran muy buenos, 55-64% se consideran buenos, 45-55% se consideran aceptables, 41-44% se consideran aprobados y 0-40% se consideran reprobados. Un porcentaje superior al 65% se denomina 1.ª División e indica un alto nivel intelectual. Algunas universidades siguen un patrón de promedio ponderado para calcular el porcentaje: 1.º y 2.º semestre: 40% de las notas totales, 3.º y 4.º semestre: 60% de las notas totales, 5.º y 6.º semestre: 80% de las notas totales, 7.º y 8.º semestre: 100% de las notas totales.
El GPA de 10 puntos se clasifica de la siguiente manera:
Un GPA de más de 7 generalmente se considera una indicación de un sólido dominio de todas las materias.
En Pakistán, el sistema de clasificación es el siguiente: [15]
En el antiguo sistema de calificación consistente en un "Esquema de División", el rango de porcentaje de notas es el siguiente:
Hoy en día la mayoría de las universidades de Ingeniería y Tecnología siguen el siguiente sistema de calificación: [ cita requerida ]
La mayoría de los colegios, universidades y escuelas de Arabia Saudita son muy similares a los de Estados Unidos, excepto en la forma en que se describen las calificaciones.
En otras universidades de Arabia Saudita, como la Universidad Imam , la Universidad Rey Saud , la Universidad Rey Abdul Aziz , la Universidad Rey Khalid , la Universidad Princesa Nourah bint Abdulrahman y la Universidad Rey Faisal , se utiliza el siguiente método:
Calificación académica en educación primaria (grados 1 a 6)
Primary 5 to 6 (Foundation)
Academic grading in Secondary school (Grades 7 to 10)
Academic grading in College-Preparatory Junior College (Grades 11 to 12)
Academic Grading for ITE/Polytechnics
Autonomous Universities
Singapore has six autonomous universities, namely National University of Singapore (NUS), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore Management University (SMU), Singapore Institute of Technology (SIT), Singapore University of Social Sciences (SUSS) and Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD). Each uses different grading scale and degree classification. Upon graduation, students will receive degree classification according to their CGPA/CAP.
Although the passing point for Singaporean autonomous universities is 1.0. However, students would receive academic termination if their CGPA/CAP fell below 2.0 or 2.5 for two consecutive semesters, depending on the course of study.
Grading Systems (NUS/NTU/SIT/SUSS/SUTD)[16]
Grading Systems (SMU)
Degree Classifications (NUS/NTU/SIT/SUSS/SUTD)[16][17][18][19][20][21]
*Student admitted prior to AY2012/2013
**Student admitted from AY2020 cohort onward
Degree Classifications (SMU)[22]
Middle School (7–9th grade):
Points are the student's raw score in midterms and finals (out of 100).
High School (10–12th grade)
The percentage is the students' relative position among other students taking the same subject (100% is the highest, 0% is the lowest).
University
The following grades are listed as those of universities in South Korea; the system listed is particularly similar to that utilized in the United States.
Most undergraduate studies in Thailand use the following 8-point grading system:
[23][24][25][26][27][28]
For graduate and post-graduate studies, universities sometimes use the following 10-point grading system:
[26][29][30][31]
In Turkey, high school exam grades are from 0 to 100. But final grades are from 1 to 5 in the report cards given to the student at the end of every semester and education year of elementary, middle, and high schooler.
In Undergraduate education, regulations are generally according to the US grade system, depends on the university rules.
Primary education is free at government run schools. The grading is managed by the Ministry of Education. However, there are also many schools run by expatriates that are equally successful with their own grading system, or an accepted grading system of the country where the schools are affiliated to or share common standards with. At most universities and colleges, the United Arab Emirates' grading system is very similar to the United States' system.
The grading scale in Vietnam is from 10 to 1 where 10 is the highest, as follows:
Schools and universities in Vietnam use a 10-point grading scale, with 10 being the highest and 0 being the lowest, as follows.
The grading may vary from school to school. It depends on the difficulty of each.
The distribution of grades differs from standards in Western countries and strongly depends on the university. In Vietnamese universities, ten or nine is nearly impossible. Students rarely score higher than 8.0 on their final results.
The grading system in Panama is different from universities than schools.
Universities use 0–100 point grade scaling similar to the United States grading. 71 is required to pass, or roughly the equivalent of a C. Schools use the 1–5 point system, meaning if a student has a 4.5 that is the equivalent of an A− or somewhere around the 95-point range.
When it comes to grade point average (GPA), Panama uses a 0–3 point scale to determine the student's GPA. For instance, if a student has a 2.5 GPA, that is roughly the same as a U.S. student having a 3.0–3.5.
In Albania, grades from 4 to 10 are used, with some schools allowing decimals (up to the hundredth digit) and others only allowing whole numbers.
Most universities evaluate classes with two mid exams and a final. The final exam encompasses the whole course syllabus, whereas the mid exams usually review half. In some schools, if the average grade of the two mid exams is equal to or higher than 7.00, the student is able to pass the class without needing to take a final exam (since there are only two exams, some teachers also pass students who average 6.50; others weigh in the decision based on the student's performance in class). An average of less than 4.00 is failing; students who score such an average are not allowed to take the final exam.
In high schools, the year is divided into three trimesters and classes are usually yearlong. Students need an average of 6.00 or higher in all the three trimesters exams to avoid having to take a final to pass the class. In the event of a student scoring less than 6.00 in the third trimester, he or she would have to take a final exam, regardless of average. This is considered controversial since the last trimestral exam is not more important than the first two, but the rule stands to prevent students who have already reached the minimum average (e.g., two 10.00 in the first two give a student the lowest possible average of 6.33) from not making an effort during the last three months of the year. One's time at a university typically lasts 3–5 years.
In Austria, grades from 1 to 5 are used.
The formalized overall grade in Austria is "pass with distinction" (mit ausgezeichnetem Erfolg bestanden), which is given for excellent performance (average of 1.5 and better, no grade below 3)[32] and "pass" (Bestanden, no grade below 4).[33]
If someone is given a "pass with distinction" in their Matura, Diploma and PhD, all curricula absolved in the regular duration time they can have a 'promotio sub auspiciis presidentis rei publicae', (literally "under the auspices of the President of the Republic", meaning that the Federal President will personally attend the graduation ceremony), which is the highest honor in Austria only achieved by 1 out of 2,500 graduates (.04%) yearly.[34]
Generally speaking, a cumulative Grade Point Average does not exist in the Austrian educational system and therefore has little relevance in the local job market.
In Armenia, the 10-point grading scale is as follows:
To convert to percentage (on the 10-point scale), the grade is multiplied by 10.
In Belgian universities a scale from 0 to 20 is used on a per-subject basis; a weighted average is then computed on scale from 0 to 20, with 10 being the passing grade per subject. A total average of around 14 (70%) earns a distinction grade (cum laude), around 16 (80%) means high distinction (magna cum laude) and an average of around 18 (90%) yields the highest distinction (summa/maxima cum laude). The exact scores for each grade differ between different universities.[35][36]
Belgian secondary schools use a scale from 0 to 100 or even above for exams (50 usually being the passing grade). On report cards, certain schools also give grades on a percentage scale (0 to 100) while others use a 0–10 scale. Those total scores are weighted averages of exams and tests. In Belgian secondary schools, there are 6 years. In the first three years, students have to do exams every term. The scores are usually given in percentages. At the end of the school year, a total average score is given.
University colleges (another form of higher education, not comparable with American colleges) use the same scale from 0 to 20 as Belgian universities, although homework and presence may influence sometimes up to 50% or more of these 20 points (situation as of February 2011[update]). It is more common to have a final exam counting for 100% of the grade if the course does not require laboratory work. Obtaining a grade higher than 16/20 is considered as a very good grade and a 19 or 20/20 is very rare.
Scaling varies significantly depending on the university or college.
In Bosnia and Herzegovina, grades from 5 to 1 are used in primary and secondary education, while grades from 10 to 5 are used at universities.
Primary and secondary education grading:
University grading:
In Bulgaria, the following grade scale is used in schools:
For examinations and tests, exact grading is often used and is represented by two positions after the decimal point:
Grades e.g. Good (3.50), or Excellent (5.75), are common. Every passing grade at or above the .50 mark is prefixed with the term of the higher grade. The minimum is 2.00; grades below 3.00 are failing grades, and the maximum is 6.00. Grades like "Very good" (5-) and "Average" (3+) are also possible – these are ignored in calculations. The (-) or the (+) in the grade are equivalent of either 0.25 marks below or above the set grade, but in most cases they are just for the student to see how far are they from the grade written. The most amounts of (-) in a grade is 2 and the most amounts of (+) is 1, e.g. (6--) or (5+). Despite being equivalent of 0.25 marks grade like (3--) is still written down in official documents as 3. The Bad (1.00) is mostly obsolete grade and rarely issued and in some electronic official documents impossible to write down as a grade.
Roughly, the Bulgarian grade system can be equated to the American one like the following: 6=A, 5=B, 4=C, 3=D, and 2=F. Also, in accordance with the Australian system, 6=HD, 5=D, 4=Cr, 3=P, and 2=F.
The most common formula used in Bulgarian schools is currently Grade=(6* number of correct answers)/ total number of questions. That way if a student has answered 7 out of 10 questions correctly, their mark should be: (6*7)/10=4.20, which is graded as Good 4 or average performance. Another common formula is Grade = 2 + ((4* number of correct answers)/total answers). That way if a student has answered 7 out of 10 questions correctly, their mark would be: 2 + (4*7)/10 = 4.80, which is graded as Very Good 5.
In Croatia, the following grade scale is used in schools:
At the end of each semester the grades are averaged to form a Grade Point Average (prosječna ocjena), according to this scale:
In colloquial Croatian, grades are referred to be their numerical values: jedinica, dvojka, trojka, četvorka, petica. Students with failing grades (1 or F) are allowed to carry those grades throughout the school year, but are required to improve them to passing grades (2 or better) in order to finish the year. Failure to pass one class results in the student being held back a year.
In the Czech Republic, a five-point grading scale is used in both primary and secondary schools:
Plus and minus signs are often used to further differentiate marks. For example, "2+" corresponds to the U.S. 'B+'. Half-intervals may also be used, such as "2–3", a grade halfway between 2 and 3.
At the university level, only grades 1, 2 and 3 are passing; anything worse than 3 is automatically a failing grade. Some universities use a six-point scale, with 'A' corresponding to "1", 'B' to "1–2", etc.
The current scale, syv-trins-skalaen ("The 7-step-scale"), was introduced in 2007, replacing the old 13-skala ("13-scale"). The new scale is designed to be compatible with the ECTS-scale.
Syv-trins-skalaen consists of seven different grades, ranging from 12 to −3, with 12 being the highest. This new scale remains an "absolute" scale, meaning that, proportions are not taken into consideration.
In universities:
Tallinn University of Technology uses numerical grades from 5 (the highest) to 0 (the lowest) with the same percentages.
Several systems are in use in different educational institutions in Finland. The "school grade" system has historically been a scale of 0 to 10, but all grades lower than 4 have been discarded. Thus, it is now divided between 4, the failing grade, and 5–10, the succeeding grades. Upper secondary school has the same grades for courses and course exams as a comprehensive school but matriculation examination grades are in Latin. Universities and vocational institutions use a scale of 0 (fail) and 1–5 (pass) or fail/pass. Some schools e.g. Savon Ammatti- ja Aikuisopisto, uses grading from 0 (fail) and 1–3 (pass). The professor selects which grading scheme is used; short, optional courses typically have pass/fail grades.
In France, school grades typically range from either 0 (worst) to 20 (best) or, sometimes, from 0 (worst) to 10 (best). A mark below the average (10 out of 20 or 5 out of 10, depending on the scale) is usually a fail. For the French National High School Level (baccalauréat), a grade of 8–10 typically gives the right to take an additional oral exam in order to try to improve that average to 10 and pass. A grade between 10 and 12 is a simple pass (without grade); between 12 and 14 (more rarely 13–14) the grade is called "assez bien" (rather good); 14–16 is called "bien" (good); above 16 is "très bien" (very good). For the diplôme national du brevet, awarded after the class of 3ème, the scale ranges from 0 to 800, with 400 being the minimum passing grade, 480 and above being "assez bien", 560 and above being "bien", and 640 and above being "très bien".[37]
Before university, there's usually no minimum required to pass to the next year, and the decision is upon the council of the school, which means an average grade under 10 can be sufficient to pass. This follows a tendency of failing and retrying a year being less and less frequent in France.[38]
In more difficult curricula, such as CPGE or 1st year of medicine, the average grade is usually so low that students pass or fail depending on their rank within the class, and anything above 7 or 8 can be considered a good grade.
World Education Services grade equivalence between France and the U.S.[39]
In Germany, school grades vary from 1 (very good, sehr gut) to 6 (insufficient, ungenügend). In the final classes of German Gymnasium schools that prepare for university studies, a point system is used with 15 points being the best grade and 0 points the worst. The percentage causes the grade can vary from teacher to teacher, from subject to subject and from state to state. The percentages shown in the table are the ones used in the "Oberstufe" (final classes).
* This conversion scheme is intended as a guideline, as exact conversions may differ.
The table below depicts the Greek Grading system while illustrates approximately how the Grades are compared with ECTS, US and UK grades:
For the National Technical University of Athens (NTUA) the above grades are different: 9–10 is "excellent", 7–9 is "very good", 5–7 is "good", 0–4.9 is "fail".
In Hungary, a five-point scale has been used since 1950. There is one failing grade: 1 – elégtelen (insufficient). In general, the lowest passing mark is either 50% or 60%, or one mark (point) higher. Passing grades are 2 – elégséges (sufficient or pass), 3 – közepes (mediocre or satisfactory), 4 – jó (good) and 5 – jeles (very good). The perfect overall performance is named kitűnő or kiváló (excellent).
The bare five-point scale is used almost exclusively for final grades at all educational levels (elementary school, high school, university). During the academic year, however, teachers may use various modifiers, especially in elementary school. A comma (,) after the grade has a minus effect ("alá", below), and an apostrophe (’) after the grade has a plus effect ("fölé", above); a grade halfway between two integers is indicated by the lower and higher one separated by a solidus: 3/4 ("háromnegyed") is equivalent to 3.5, and 4/5 is between 4 and 5, etc. Sometimes "5*", five starred ("csillagos ötös") is used to indicate outstanding performance throughout the semester (only in primary school, as it would be considered childish in secondary school).
Universities in Iceland categorize their grades as follows
In both elementary and high schools, grades were recently[when?] changed from 0–10 into the following:
The two government regulated educational qualifications are the Junior Cycle (previously the Junior Certificate, usually taken at 15/16) and the Leaving Certificate (usually taken at between the ages of 17 and 19).
Passing or failing the Junior Cert (or any exams in Irish secondary schools), has no bearing on whether or not students can graduate or continue on.
For the Leaving Certificate, a points system is used. Previously, this consisted of lettered and numbered grades (A1, A2, B1, B2), with each grade separated by 5%, bar an A1 which was given for a mark over 90%. However, this was updated for the 2016/2017 Leaving Cert cycle and these letters were replaced by H (higher level), O (ordinary level) and F (foundation level).[44] Each grade is separated by 10%. A maximum of 6 subjects are counted, with a possible 100 points in each subject. For students sitting the higher level maths paper, an extra 25 points can be obtained by getting a grade above a H6. In practice, most students take 7 or 8 subjects and their best 6 results are counted. Each subject has 2 or 3 levels: higher, ordinary and foundation. The points are:
The points system allocates all university places in Ireland for Irish applicants.
Irish universities vary in their grading systems. For example, UCD (University College Dublin) awards letter grades and corresponding GPA values similar to the United States system, but 1, 2.1, 2.2 etc. for degrees, while TCD (Trinity College Dublin) awards all grades as 1, 2.1, 2.2 etc.[45]
In Italy, primary school do not use grades but descriptive judgements based on levels, a new conception introduced in December 2020, that is not a simple ordinal scale, but it is used to describe each level across four main dimensions, i.e. continuity (Does the student carry out the task consistently or only occasionally?), autonomy (Is the student autonomous in carrying out the task or does s/he need help by the teacher?), resources (To accomplish the task, does the student use only the resources provided by the teacher or also other resources?) and the setting (Is the task already known as a drill task, or is it a new task to students?).
Levels are used to underpin descriptive judgments on a set of specific learning objectives for each school subject. They are not used to evaluate the single task but the pupils performance on a long period on the report cards (mid-term and finals), as the dimension of continuity needs more than one assessment task to be evaluated.
Levels can be accompanied with longer descriptive judgments on the specific characteristics of each student for each subject, and are oriented toward a formative approach and students improvement.
Italian secondary school grades may vary from 10 (excellent) to 1 (impossible to assess), with passing being 6.
Note: 0 is used very rarely.
When a professor wants to apply a more precise scale and ranking for students assessments, instead of using the full 1–10 scale (which would make the scale inconsistent with that of other professors), s/he may sometimes have recourse to a plethora of symbols and decimals: the range between 5 and 6 is then expressed, in ascending order, by 5+, 5½, and 6− (or 5/6, named "5 to 6"). The minimum passing is 6. As these symbols (except ½) have no clear mathematical value (usually ±0.25), calculating end-year averages can be somewhat arbitrary and inconsistent; therefore, there has been a push since 2008 with the Gelmini reform to uniform the system to the 1–10 scale.[46]
Before this reform, primary and secondary school grades used a different grading scale that expressed an assessment of the pupil's progress:
A recent school reform provides for the average grade of a student to include the grade for behavior; as in academic subjects, acceptable ratings range from 6 to 10.
In universities, a point system is used for exams, with 30 points being the best grade and 18 the minimum passing grade. This stems from the practice that exams were traditionally given by 3 examiners. Each had to rate the student's examination performance on a 1–10 scale, and the final grade was the sum of the three ratings. On a 1–10 scale, passing is 6, so on a 1–30 scale the minimum passing grade is 3*6 = 18. Nowadays the form of each examination is decided by the professor[citation needed] (number of examiners, whether written, oral, or both, etc.), but the traditional grading system remained.
Degrees have an analogous point system, in which however the highest grade is 110. A cum laude notation (e lode in Italian) is used to augment the highest grade for both exams and degrees, in all its levels, to reflect truly outstanding performance.
In Kosovo, grading is as follows:
The academic grading system in Latvia is using ten-point scale, where "10" (Latvian: desmit) is the highest achievable grade, and "1" (Latvian: viens) is awarded for extremely poor performance. The minimal passing grade is "4" (Latvian: četri). In most universities, to get the "4", you must acquire at least 50% correct on the work you hand in. Though some universities have a minimum passing grade of "5" (Latvian: pieci).
The absence of any kind of performance is indicated by "nv" (Latvian: nav vērtējuma 'no assessment possible'); in the past, The mark for absence of work was "0" (Latvian: nulle). Teachers for minor assignments are encouraged to award either grades by percentage or STAP system. For percentage grades, 0% is awarded for extremely poor performance and 100% is awarded for exceptional work. The grade of 10 is reserved for exceptional achievements. 9 is most commonly used for a United States equivalent of an A. In some cases, the grade can be rounded for example if a student got 67% the grade can sometimes be rounded to a 7.
In Lithuania, the grading system was changed to a 10-point scale in 1993.[47] Prior to that, Soviet Lithuania had a 5-point grading scale. 10 is the highest achievable grade for excellent performance and 1 is the lowest. Usually, 1 is given when there is no work submitted at all (called kuolas in the academic jargon, meaning 'stake'); otherwise, most teachers keep 2 as the lowest grade and rarely mark work as 1.
The lowest grade for passing a subject in the secondary education institutions is 4, while in the higher education institutions 5 is the lowest passing grade.
Notes:
Moldova uses a 10-point scale system, 5 being the minimum grade for passing:
In the Netherlands, grades from 1.0 up to 10.0 are used, with 1 being worst and 10 being best. One's score is determined by dividing the number of points acquired by the total amount. Then it is multiplied by 9 and one point is added. So if one scores a 58/64 on a test their score is calculated as following: 58 / 64 * 9 + 1 = 9.2. Sometimes points are deducted for the number of faults on a test (typically, on vocabulary or topographical tests with more than 10 questions, each fault will nonetheless lead to a reduction in score of one. So 2 faults on a 50 question vocabulary test would constitute an 8). The grades 9 and 10 are hardly ever given on large examinations (on average, a 9 is awarded in only 1.5%, and a 10 in 0.5% of the cases). Generally, either one or two decimal places are predominantly used in secondary and higher education. In primary education, fractions of grades are identified with a + or −, which signifies a quarter (converted to either 0.8 or 0.3 if only one decimal place is used). Thus, a grade of 6.75 (or 6.8) could be written as 7−, whereas a grade of 7+ would count for 7.25 or 7.3.
A 5.5 constitutes a pass, whereas 5.4 and below constitute a fail. If no decimal places are used, 6 and up is a pass and 5 and below is a fail; however, in this case of grading in full numbers there exists sometimes "6-", which would officially translate to 5.75, but can be interpreted here as "barely, but just good enough". If the grade would be a 5.49 and one decimal is used, the 5.49 will be a 5.5, but if no decimals are used (usually at the end of the year) the 5.49 will end up as a 5 which indicates a fail.
Depending on the specific university, some students who finish their studies with an average of 8.0 or higher, could get the nomination cum laude (which is comparable with summa cum laude as awarded in Germany and the United States).
The grade scale with its labels:
Primary and secondary education:
University grading:
In primary school (Barneskole, from age 6 to 13) no official grades are given. However, the teachers write an individual comment or analysis on tests and at the end of every term.
Lower secondary school (Ungdomsskole; age 13–16) and upper secondary school (Videregående skole; age 16–19) use a scale running from 1 through 6, with 6 being the highest and 2 the lowest passing grade. It is not possible to fail a grade in Lower Secondary School; even 1 is a passing grade. For non-final tests and mid-term evaluations the grades are often post fixed with + or − (except that there is no 6+ or 1−). It is also common to use grades such as 5/6 or 4/3 indicating borderline grades. However, the grades students get on their diploma (Vitnemål), are single-digit grades 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6. The student's non-weighted grade point average is also given on the Vitnemål.
In higher education, according to the ECTS-system, grades for undergraduate and postgraduate examinations are awarded according to a graded scale from A (highest) to F (lowest), with E as the minimum passing grade. The ECTS system was implemented at Norway's universities and colleges in the early 2000s, with most schools having converted to ECTS by 2003.
Before 2003, the formerly most common system of grades used at the university level was based on a scale running from 1.0 (highest) through 6.0 (lowest), with 4.0 being the lowest passing grade. The way the new Bologna system was introduced implies that students who had started their studies while the old system still was in effect will graduate with transcripts containing grades from both systems (i.e. both numbers and letters).
An academic year has two semesters, from August to December and from January to June, although exceptions occur. Courses are measured in "studiepoeng" according to the ECTS standard (European Credit Transfer System credits). A normal full-time study progression awards 60 credits (studiepoeng/stp) per year (30 per semester). Most institutions either use a 7.5, 8, 10, 12, 15 or 20-credit block system.
The most commonly used system in Polish grade schools is as follows (with usual corresponding score percentages):
The grade 'excellent' as a final grade is usually awarded for extracurricular merit. In examinations, it is sometimes awarded for a perfect or near-perfect score (100%+, for example by answering extra-credit questions).
Grades (especially expressed numerically) can be suffixed with + (plus) or – (minus). On rare occasions, the = (double minus, 'rails') is used, especially as 2= also called "dwa na szynach" (literally: two on rails) to express the very lowest passing grade.
Before 1990, grades 1 and 6 were not used. It was grade 2 that was called "insufficient". 3=>, also called trzy na szynach (literally: three on rails) was the very lowest passing grade. The grade 6 might have been issued on very rare occasions.
Post-secondary institutions use a different system, usually consisting of the following grades (with usual corresponding score percentages):
The scores corresponding to each grade vary greatly from institution to institution and from course to course, but usually, a score of 50% or 51% is required to obtain the lowest passing grade (3.0). The notations zal. (zaliczony – passed) and nzal. (niezaliczony – not passed) are used when the course only requires attendance and/or is not important (such as sports).
In Portuguese primary and middle schools, up until the 9th grade inclusive, the grading system is as follows:
From the 10th grade onwards, including tertiary education, a 20-point grading scale is used, with 10 passing grades and 10 failing grades, with 20 being the highest grade possible and 9.5, rounded upwards to 10, the minimum grade for passing. This 20-point system is used both for test scores and grades.
The system used in Romanian primary schools is as follows:
In secondary schools, high schools, and academic institutions, a 10-point scale is used, 5 being the minimum grade for passing:
There is no 0. If a student scores 86%, he will be given a grade of 8.60, which will be rounded to a 9. Further, for a score of 94%, a grade of 9.40 is given that is rounded down to 9. The average of grades are not rounded, thus a student can earn an average grade of e.g. 9.55.
Most Russian educational institutions use a five-point grading scale:
Qualifiers + and − are often used to add some degree of differentiation between the grades: e.g., 4+ is better than 4, but not quite as good as 5−. Grading varies greatly from school to school, university to university, and even teacher to teacher, even for courses that lend themselves to objective markings, such as mathematics and applied sciences. Even though the grades technically range from 1 to 5, 1 is not common and is rarely given for academic reasons—in many cases, a 1 is given as a result of failure to show up for or to complete an exam. A 2 grade usually means that the student showed no or little knowledge in a subject.
It may be worth mentioning that 1 is a fairly exotic grade in Russian schools, but it does officially exist. The generally used grades are 2 to 5. Plus (+) and minus (−) modifiers follow the same tendency; they are rarely used in middle school and almost never in colleges or universities. Some institutions and teachers, dissatisfied with the five-point scale, work with various larger ones, but these grading systems are not recognized by the state and require conversion for official use.
A considerably more complex grading system has been implemented for the recently introduced Unified state examinations. In this system, a "primary grade" is the sum of points for completed tasks, with each of the tasks having a maximum number of points allocated to it. The maximum total primary grade varies by subject so that one might obtain a primary grade of 23 out of 37 in mathematics and a primary grade of 43 out of 80 in French. The primary grades are then converted into final or "test grades" by means of a sophisticated statistical calculation, which takes into account the distribution of primary grades among the examinees. This system has been criticized for its lack of transparency.
At universities some subjects are graded "Pass/No pass" or "Credit/No Credit" (зачёт/незачёт, pronounced "zachòt/nyezachòt"); the rest are typically graded on the five-point scale. The "Pass/No Pass" grades do not have any official numeric representation. When zachòt – (credit- or pass-) type subjects are graded as "Pass/No pass", this represents a student's knowledge of a subject. Each university applies its own standards with respect to the knowledge a student must have in order to pass a subject. Zachòt equival to pass with mark of minimum 77% to maximum 100%. Students in Russia must pass all prescribed courses in order to graduate.[50]
Since the word zachòt can be translated variously into English (e.g. as "credit" or "pass"), this notation can create problems for Russian students applying to Western universities. Such grades may confuse Western universities and complicate the accurate calculation of students' GPAs in Western systems. For Western system "Pass" calculation recommended to perform based on averages. Western universities and equivalency organizations usually disregard zachòt, despite the fact that this notation is typically used for about half of a student's course results. Consequently, most Western GPA conversions of Russian degrees reflect only part of a candidate's coursework.[51]
All course examinations and zachot tests must be passed at the time each is given, as there are no repeats, resits or grade appeals. Hence only those who satisfy all the requirements during the allotted examination period for each semester graduate, leaving a huge number of students behind who in the West would have had a chance to resit examinations and even get their grades reconsidered. Furthermore, grades in Russia are determined not only by examination results but also by other criteria such as class attendance and participation, term papers and projects, in-class and homework assignments, laboratory reports, presentations, and sometimes even grooming and behavior. All these must be passed during the semester before a 'final examination mark' and final zachot is awarded.
Russian degrees do not have composite classifications such as in the British system of First Class, Upper/Lower Second Class, Third Class, Pass, etc. This is because each course is examined independently, students must pass all of them, and they do not add up or contribute to an average grade or 'class'. Another reason is that during the Russian Revolution, social stratification and classification were supposedly abolished in the interest of promoting social equality. Accordingly, all students would be expected to perform at or above the minimum level required to qualify and graduate. Calculation of an aggregate mark or GPA is not considered fair or even possible, as it would be felt to disregard much of a candidate's academic work. The zachòt notation would complicate such calculation, and the final thesis qualifying mark is usually considered as the final result. Students who have shown exceptional academic talent by getting 5's in most of their courses are awarded a 'degree with excellence', which comes in a special red cover.[50]
Serbia has the same academic grading system of the Former Yugoslavia. In elementary schools and secondary schools, a five-point grading scale is used:
At the university the grade scale used is as follows:
In Slovakia, a five-point grading scale is used in primary and secondary schools:
Star (*) is often used to further elevate the mark 1 as 1* Jednotka s hviezdičkou (Grade one with star).
At the university level, the grades are slightly enhanced as: 1 Výborný A (Excellent), 1.5 Velmi Dobrý B (Very Good), 2 Dobrý C (Good), 2.5 Uspokojivo D (Adequate), and 3 Dostatočne E (Sufficient) are passing; the failing grade is 4 Nedostatočne FX (Insufficient).
In elementary schools and secondary schools, a 5-point grading scale is used:
At the university level is used a 10-point scale grading system:
In Spain, schools grades typically range either 0 (worst) to 10 (best). A mark below 5 is usually a fail. These grades are described as follows:[52]
Since the autumn of 2012, grades in Sweden have been given to students in the 6th grade and above. Previously, grades were given from the 8th grade for many years. Students below the 6th grade receive an estimation of their knowledge in each subject from their teachers. The current Swedish national grade scale has been used since 2011 and contains six grades which translate to a number of points, as shown below.
The grades A to E are passing grades, while F denotes failure. Grades A, C and E all have different requirements and the requirements for A are, naturally, the hardest to reach. The grades B and D are given when a student has met all the requirements for the grade below (E or C) and a majority of the requirements for the grade above (C or A).[53]
When a student reaches the end of the Swedish nine-year-school and Upper Secondary School, their 17 best grades and points are turned into a qualification value (max 340 points) which they use to apply for their next level of education.
Switzerland has a grading scheme from 1 to 6, where 6 is the highest, 1 the lowest, and 4 the minimum pass mark; anything below 4 designates insufficient performance.[54] It is used on all levels of education, such as primary schools, lower and higher secondary schools, universities, and vocational education.
Except this general pattern, the meaning and the calculation of the grades is subject to the respective cantonal office of education. The cantonal office of educations usually follow the following pattern:[55]
A final mark can be any of the discrete number between 1 and 6, or anything between two of them usually rounded up or down to the next half or quarter value (.25, .5, .75), or to one or two digits behind the decimal point.
An oversimplified way to calculate a grade is: (acquired points/total points ) × 5 + 1 = grade.
Current grading system was introduced in Ukraine in autumn 2000,[56] which replaced the Soviet grading system.
12 is the equivalent of an honors/AP course "A+" in the U.S. and is usually given only for outstanding achievement or exceptionally creative work. Hence 11 is the grade that would ordinarily correspond to A in the United States.
GCSE exams are graded as follows in England and Wales. Grade marks fluctuate based on national results.[57]
A-Level exams are graded as follows. Grade marks fluctuate based on national results.
A degree may be awarded with or without honours, with the class of an honours degree usually based on a weighted average mark of the assessed work a candidate has completed. The degree classifications are:
UK Postgraduate Grading System
The postgraduate grading system for master's degrees in the UK is similar to the Honours system but differs in some points.[58] The minimum passing grade is 50% instead of 40%. The complete classifications look as follows:
Despite grade marks fluctuating based on national results, the Scottish Qualifications Authority grading scheme goes as follows for National 5, Higher and Advanced Higher:
For National 3 and 4 courses in Scotland, the only grades are as follows:
With the exception of Liechtenstein, which uses the Swiss grading system, and Moldova, which uses the Romanian grading system, the majority of European countries create their own academic grading standards. Most involve combinations of the key elements of grading, and all are used to evaluate students' performance on a scale of passing to failing (or comprehending to not comprehending material).
Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom
Conversions by province from percentage marks to letter grades and correspondent grade points are as follows:
In Alberta's post-secondary colleges, technical institutes, or universities, the actual percentage associated with letter grade is up to the individual institution or professor teaching the course.
The 4.33 is scored as a 4.00 at the University of Alberta, Southern Alberta Institute of Technology, MacEwan University, and the University of Calgary.[59]
There is no universal percentage grade associated with any letter grade in the province of Alberta and such associations are made by professors or a bell curve. A student may be awarded an Honours designation on parchment if semester and cumulative grade point average of 3.7 is achieved on the first attempt of courses required towards graduation of major. In addition, students will need to complete graduation requirements within specific time restrictions. D is the minimum general passing letter grade to receive credit for a course. Certain faculties may require higher grades to receive course credit.
Some universities in Alberta have used a nine-point stanine grading scale: 9=A+, 8=A/A–, 7=B+/B, 6=B–/C+, 5=C, 4=D, 0 to 3=F.[60]
The following table is only an approximation; faculties within universities sometimes follow a different system for converting percentage marks to letter grades.[61]
The University of British Columbia uses a percentage grading scale.[62]
Simon Fraser University uses a 4.33-point grading scale.[63]
Secondary schools in the School District 38 of Richmond use another grading scale.
In some faculties, such as the School of Engineering Sciences program at its Faculty of Applied Sciences, a course grade score of a D is considered a fail if it is a prerequisite course.[64]
The University of Victoria uses a 9-point grading scale alongside a percentage-based system.[65]
The University of Manitoba uses a 4.5-point scale GPA system.[66]
GPA is Calculated taking total "points" and divided by school credit hours.
In Newfoundland and Labrador at Memorial University:
Grade F is the sole failing mark.
In most Nova Scotia universities:
Grade F is the sole failing mark.
Percentage and grade equivalence[67]
The University of Ottawa uses a grade point average system with numbers ranging from 0 to 10 despite many schools using the 12 point system.[68]
Official grading system at the University of Ottawa: Letter grade, numerical value, and percentage equivalency[69]
In Quebec and New Brunswick universities:
This scale is used by at least UQTR. The Université de Montréal[70] scale is similar but goes from A+ to F. Université Laval[71] uses a similar 4.33 scale. UQAM,[72] Concordia University and Université de Sherbrooke uses a 4.3 scale. This scale is much alike many other scales used in Canada.
McGill University[73] and the École Polytechnique de Montréal[70] use a 4.0 scale. Université de Sherbrooke scale is from A+ to E.[74]
The percent equivalent of each grade and the passing mark can vary. The passing mark in high school and college is 60%.
The University of Saskatchewan and University of Regina both use a percentage grade system, universal across faculties and departments.[75][76]
Mexican schools use a scale from 0 to 10 to measure students' scores. Since decimal scores are common, a scale from 0 to 100 is often used to remove the decimal point.
In some universities, students who fail a subject have the option of taking an extraordinary test (examen extraordinario) that evaluates the contents of the entire period. Once the test is finished and the score is assessed, this score becomes the entire subject's score, thus giving failing students a chance to pass their subjects. Those who fail the extraordinary test have two more chances to take it; if the last test is failed, the subject is marked as failed and pending, and depending on the school, the student may fail the entire year.
Some private schools (particularly in higher levels of education) require a 70 to pass instead of the regular 60.
Grades are often absolute and not class-specific. It may be the case that the top of the class gets a final grade of 79. Curve-adjustment is rare. Grad-level students are usually expected to have grades of 80 or above to graduate. Students in the honor roll are usually those with an overall GPA of 90 or higher upon graduation, and some private universities will award them a "With Honors" diploma. Additionally, in some private universities, the pass scores are higher or lower depending from the kind of studies that are related with (for example, in some universities, in the case of Engineering, the minimum score is 7.3 and for Art, Sciences is 8.8) and lower than this score is not acceptable.
The most popular and commonly used grading system in the United States uses discrete evaluation in the form of letter grades. Many schools use a GPA (grade-point average) system [77]in combination with letter grades. There are also many other systems in place. Some schools use a scale of 100 instead of letter grades. Others, including many Montessori schools, eschew discrete evaluation in favor of pure discursive evaluation. There is no standardized system of grading in the United States. As such, those issues are left up to individual universities, schools and the regulatory authority of the individual states.
At most schools, colleges and universities in the United States, letter grades follow a five-point system, using the letters A, B, C, D and E/F, with A indicating excellent, C indicating average and F indicating failing. Additionally, most schools calculate a student's grade point average (GPA) by assigning each letter grade a number and averaging those numerical values. Generally, American schools equate an A with a numerical value of 4.0. Most graduate schools require a 3.0 (B) average to take a degree, with C or C− being the lowest grade for course credit. Most undergraduate schools require a 2.0, or C average to obtain a degree with a minimum of D or D− to pass a course. For most secondary schools, the minimum overall and course passes are both D or D−. Some districts, such as Mount Olive Township School District in New Jersey, have eliminated D as a passing grade for their students due to a high failure rate.[78]
Whereas most American graduate schools use four-point grading (A, B, C, and E/F), several—mostly in the west, especially in California—do award D grades but still require a B average for a degree qualification. Some American graduate schools use nine- or ten-point grading scales, formerly including the Rackham School of Graduate Studies at the University of Michigan, where 9.0 = A+, 8.0 = A, 7.0 = A−, and so on. (Rackham switched to a more conventional four-point scale in August 2013.)[79]
In a handful of states, GPA scales can go above 4.0.
The percentage needed in any given course to achieve a certain grade and the assignment of GPA point values varies from school to school, and sometimes between instructors within a given school. The most common grading scales for normal courses and honors/Advanced Placement courses are as follows:
Some states may use an alternate grading scale such as the following which is commonly used.
Whether a school uses E or F to indicate a failing grade typically depends on time and geography. Around the time of World War II, several states[which?] began to use E, while the majority of the country continued to use the F, which traces to the days of Pass/Fail grading (P and F). In recent years, some schools have begun using an N for failing grades, presumably to represent "No Credit". Another letter used to represent a failing grade is U, representing "unsatisfactory."
Chromatic variants ("+" and " − ") are used. In most 100-point grading systems, the letter grade without variants is centered around a value ending in five. The "plus" variant is then assigned the values near the nine digit and the "minus" variant is assigned the values near zero. Any decimal values are usually rounded. Thus, a score of 80 to 82 is a B−, a score 83 to 86 is a B and a score of 87 to 89 is a B+. The four-point GPA scale, the letter grade without variants is assigned to the integer. The "plus" and "minus" variants are then assigned to .3 above the integer and .3 below the integer, respectively. Thus, a B is equal to 3.0, a B+ is equal to 3.3, and a B− is equal to 2.7.[80]
The A range is often treated as a special case. In most American schools, a 4.00 is regarded as perfect and the highest GPA one can achieve. Thus, an A, being the prime grade, achieves the mark of a 4.00; for the A+ mark, most schools still assign a value of 4.00, equivalent to the A mark, to prevent deviation from the standard 4.00 GPA system. However, the A+ mark, then, becomes a mark of distinction that has no impact on the student's GPA. A few schools, however, do assign grade values of 4.33 or 4.30; but the scale is still called "4.0", because grading scales (or "quality indices") take their numerical names from the highest whole number.
In many American high schools, students may also score above 4.0 if taking advanced, honors, Advanced Placement, or International Baccalaureate classes (for example, a "regular" A would be worth four points, but an A earned in an advanced class might be worth 4.5 or 5 points towards the GPA.).[81] This is called a weighted GPA.
In middle and high schools that do not use a system based on academic credit, the grade point average is computed by taking the mean of all grades. In colleges and universities that use discrete evaluation, the grade-point average is calculated by multiplying the quantitative values by the credit value of the correlative course and then dividing the total by the sum of all credits.
For example:
In a standards-based grading system, a performance standard is set by a committee based on ranking anchor papers and grading rubrics, which demonstrate performance which is below, meeting, or exceeding the "standard."[citation needed] This standard is intended to be a high, world-class level of performance, which must be met by every student regardless of ability or class, although they are actually set by a committee with no reference to any other national standard[citation needed] Levels are generally assigned numbers between zero and four. Writing papers may be graded separately on content (discussion) and conventions (spelling and grammar). Since grading is not based on a curve distribution, it is entirely possible to achieve a grading distribution in which all students pass and meet the standard. While such grading is generally used only for assessments, they have been proposed for alignment with classroom grading. However, in practice, grading can be much more severe than traditional letter grades. Even after ten years, some states, such as Washington, continue to evaluate over half of their students as "below standard" on the state mathematics assessment.
Here is another example of a commonly used grading scale, currently in place at Wayzata High School in Plymouth, Minnesota. The Grade Point Average is not the traditional four-point scale, but uses the 12-point scale for unweighted classes and the 15-point scale for weighted classes:
The 12-point GPA scale works as follows. Students receive 12 points for an A or A+, 11 points for an A−, 10 points for a B+, etc. for each grading period. Once a grading period is complete, the student's total grade points are divided by the total number of credits and a GPA is generated.
For example, here is one term of grades and a grade point average from a student whose school uses the 86-minute block schedule (such as Wayzata High School):
Standards-based grading is a well-known practice of assessment. It provides students with learning expectations and an in depth way of evaluation students.[82] It is not the most common assessment method but it provides students with developmental feedback. Researchers have determined that students who were previously exposed to standards-based grading reflected higher performance.[83]
Alternative grading methods offer a diverse way of assessing student progress. Recent studies reveal that alternative grading methods may lead to more applicable growth opportunities for students over time. These methods can include portfolios, narrative evaluations, contract grading, developmental meetings and verbal feedback. These methods provide insight to evaluation methods and emphasize student progress and improvement.[84] Some alternative grading methods include contract grading, the Waldorf assessment style, and narrative evaluation.
Contract grading emphasizes learning behaviors. Most students are accepting of contract grading; however, the data shows that less than half of students noted they found it helpful and less stressful than letter grades. Most students that dislike this method were advanced students and found the process to be repetitive.[85]
The Waldorf assessment style consists of developmental meetings and an evaluation letter. Waldorf grading methods focused more on what they were learning rather than how well each student applied it.[84] It emphasizes positive feedback and progress. Some people may label it as unstructured, others may describe it as a personalized and relaxed style of learning and assessment. Waldorf philosophy strongly reiterates the growth and improvement of the students.
Narrative evaluation can be defined as detailed written feedback. Studies show that over half of students really like narrative evaluation.[86] It focuses on improvement and provides personal detail of how students have grown. It allows for more personalized feedback and eliminates the competitive nature of students to compare themselves to their classmates.
Grading scale in Cuba varies by schools and colleges.
NAPLAN gradings are specified in "Bands", approximately as follows:
The majority of tertiary institutions in New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia and Tasmania and use the following grading structure:
The majority of tertiary institutions in ACT, Western Australia and Victoria, use the following grading structure:
Some other Australian universities have a marking system similar to the Honours system used by British universities:
Many courses also have Non-Graded Pass (NGP) and Non-Graded Fail (NGF), in which it is considered more appropriate to have qualitative than quantitative assessment. However, in some universities, an F1 category may be given a 'Pass Conceded' if the student's Weighted Average is greater than a nominated threshold. (More often than not, this is around the 53–55 range.)
Grade-point averages are not generally used in Australia below a tertiary level but are important for selection into graduate entry courses such as Medicine and Law. They are calculated according to the more complicated formula than some other nations, and may be customized for the particular course application when used as entry criteria into graduate entry degrees:
Grade Point Average (GPA) = Sum of (grade points × course unit values) / total number of credit points attempted, in which grade points are as follows:
At some universities, among them Macquarie University, University of Technology, Sydney, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT)[87] and Monash University in Melbourne, a GPA is calculated, with 4.0 being a High Distinction; 3.0 a Distinction, 2.0 a Credit, and 1.0 a pass. In certain faculties, such as law, it is, therefore, possible to graduate with "honours" with a GPA of less than 2.5. Whenever a course result is a Non-Graded Pass, the result will normally be disregarded in GPA calculations.
Some other universities, such as the University of Melbourne, University of New South Wales, University of Sydney, and University of Wollongong[88] use a Weighted Average Mark (WAM) for the same purpose as a GPA. The WAM is based on the raw percentage grades, or marks, achieved by the student, rather than grade points such as High Distinction or Distinction.
The term course unit values is used to distinguish between courses that have different weightings e.g. between a full year course and a single semester course.
For grading of secondary school graduates, the ATAR (Australian Tertiary Admissions Rank) system determines which students are offered positions in tertiary courses. Government Supported Positions are offered to applicants for a course who are ranked above a particular ATAR threshold, which commonly varies from course to course, institution to institution, and year to year. (An example of this is an ATAR of 85 for Bachelor of Science at the University of Melbourne.)[89] A student's ATAR signifies that student's rank relative to their year 7 cohort, including students that did not complete year 12. A student with an ATAR of 80.00, for example, has performed, in their final year of secondary schooling, better than 80 percent of that student's year 7 cohort, had all those years 7 students completed year 12 and been eligible for an ATAR.
Most New Zealand secondary schools use the National Certificate of Educational Achievement (NCEA) marking schedule, even in pre-NCEA years for commonality. There are four grades, from lowest to highest, Not Achieved (N/A or N), Achieved (A), Achieved with Merit (M), and Achieved with Excellence (E). These can also be marked at certain levels for junior exams and general assignments as well as exams once the student has started NCEA. The grading for these specific marks are as follows, Not Achieved minus (N/A1 or N1), Not Achieved plus (N/A2 or N1), Achieved (A3), Achieved plus (A4), Merit (M5), Merit plus (M6), Excellence (E7) and Excellence plus (E8). It is possible to get an achieved, merit or excellence minus, but would be marked as the first number used for the grade. The difference between an achieved plus and merit minus is simply if the student has applied all of the achieved requirements but not enough merit requirements or has applied all of the achieved requirements and just enough merit requirements to reach merit. However, these grades are often check marked if that is the case and regardless of whether the student got a merit minus or straight merit, they will be rewarded with merit level credits for the assessment. The minority of schools using other secondary school qualifications (usually CIE or IB) have different grades. Grading at tertiary institutions generally centers around a letter scale, with a corresponding nine-point GPA scale (C−=1, A+=9).
In Argentina, the GPA is calculated quarterly, each semester, or annually. Grades usually range from 1 to 10. The passing mark is typically 70% or around two thirds, which in secondary school is represented by a grade of 7.
Depending on the university, admittance may require:
University grades are also on a scale of 1 to 10, but a passing mark is represented by 4, which usually corresponds to a mark of 70–75%, or higher.
In Brazil, the GPA – variously known as Coeficiente de Rendimento, or Índice de Rendimento Acadêmico – is updated per semester or per year or both.
In Brazil, each school is free to define its own grading system, so exceptions may exist, but as a rule schools adopt a 0.0 or 0% (worst) to 10.0 or 100% (best) scale called a nota[90]. Letter grades (often called menção) are sometimes used in addition to a numerical score, in which case the particular system (and acronyms) used by the school will be described in the student's transcript. Here is one typical example:
Whatever the school, a grade below 5.0 (50%) is generally a fail. In primary and secondary education, students are often permitted one recovery exam at the end of the grading period. Since Brazilian elementary and high schools are year-based and not credit-based, failing even one subject means that the student will be held back an entire year. As a result, schools may offer an interview with, or an independent evaluation by, an academic review board that has the authority to pass even those students who have failed their recovery exam, such as in the case of extenuating circumstances. These policies are all up to each individual school.
The High School GPA is only very rarely ever used for college entrance evaluation in Brazilian universities. Although some universities allow an International Baccalaureate or High School GPA to be used as an alternate evaluation method, admission to undergraduate programs (cursos de graduação) typically involves taking an entrance exam[91]. The largest such exam is the ENEM, a national standardized test that ranks high school students and whose score is used (through the SiSU system) for admission to over 100 public universities. Other (public and private) universities have their own exams, called vestibulares. Colloquially, the term also extends to the ENEM.
Due to the fact that admission to university seldom involves the student's GPA, and essentially always requires passing a vestibular exam (see below), students rarely, if ever, benefit from having a high GPA. Consequently, it is common practice for elementary and especially high school students to keep track of the running weighted average of their final grade as they complete each graded assignment or test. When their average reaches (or exceeds) their school's minimum passing grade, they may safely stop completing assignments. Some schools attempt to combat this practice by setting higher weights for tests and assignments that come later in the academic year, and some may expressly require students to take part in final exams for a minimum length of time regardless of their results in previous tests. Nevertheless, students who do particularly well in the first several assignments of the year often ignore final exams and either skip them entirely or merely sign in and wait out the minimum required time before leaving. Conversely, other schools may condone or even encourage this practice as a way of rewarding students for obtaining consistently good grades over the course of the year. In particular, for students in their final year of high school who have obtained consistently good grades throughout the year, studying for the vestibular is of the utmost importance, but taking a final exam for a subject where they have already obtained a passing grade is entirely irrelevant to their progression.
For example, consider a subject whose final average is composed of 3 tests (each with a weight of 1) plus 1 final exam (with a weight of 2) taught at a school where the minimum passing grade is 5.0 and which has no additional requirements:
In spite of the above practices, many schools do calculate a GPA from the mean scores obtained in each subject, generally weighted by the number of hours or credits for each subject[90].
In college, the minimum passing grade is also defined by each individual university, and is typically either 5.0, 6.0, or 7.0. During college, GPA is marginally more important than in high school because it is often used when considering a student for scholarships, undergraduate research fellowships, and exchange programs[93]. Many university transcripts indicate the student's GPA. However, admission to Master's programs (cursos de pós-graduação stricto sensu) typically give more importance to the student's research and their Undergraduate Thesis or Capstone Project (Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso, or "TCC"). As such, Undergraduate GPAs have a more administrative role rather than being used as a component of admission to a Master's program.[94]
Grades are assigned with a numeric scale from 1.0 to 7.0, including at least one decimal, with 4.0 as the lowest passing grade (equivalent to either 50%, 60% or even 70%, depending on the teacher). Everything under a 4.0 is considered a "red mark," which equates to failing. For the PSU, Prueba de Selección Universitaria (UST, University Selection Test), the scale goes from 150 to 850 points. The points follow a normal distribution, being 500 the average result. Depending on the university and the major, the student will need a minimum score to get accepted. The final score will depend on the points obtained in each test: Mathematics and Linguistics (both mandatory); Natural Sciences and History (only one of them mandatory) and the NEM score, Notas de Enseñanza Media (High School Grades which is the same as GPA) converted into the PSU Scale.
Numerical system from 1.0 to 7.0:
The most used grading systems are the numerical from 0 to 5 or from 0 to 10 and commonly are approved with 3 or 6, respectively. The letter system consists of E, S, B, A, I and is approved with A. The letter system is based on the numerical, meaning that the numerical system guides the letter one. While the universities only use the numerical system, with 3.0 being the passing grade, because it is more complex and students have more difficulty in approving a course.
Numerical system from 0 to 5:
Numerical system from 0 to 10:
It is noteworthy that most schools no longer implement the grades below 1,0 as a null performance because is believed that it might cause low self-esteem in students.
In Ecuador, the rating system is 10 out of 10, including two decimal places in both primary, secondary and university, the highest score is 10 and the lowest is 0. The minimum grade required to pass a year is 7, depending on how schools are organized. Since 2012 it enjoys complete autonomy in Ecuador, so that some establishments maintain supplementary examination for those with less than 7, and other approved intensive recovery, but if the grade obtained is lower than 5, students are automatically disqualified and disciplinary actions are taken. If a student got 10 out of 10 in 90% of subjects in the first period, he is promoted to a senior year, after taking an entrance examination. Notes and academic qualifications and groups them reasoning thus:
This system is still applied to universities, the "Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas (ESPE)" being the only exception, as they do not allow their students to take supplementary exams after every course.
The grades vary from 1 to 5, where 5 is the maximum grade achievable and 1 the lowest. The minimum for a pass is 2 (equivalent to 60%).
Grades range from 0 to 20, in an almost unique grading table. The passing grade is 11 in most schools and universities. In some preschool facilities, grades usually range from F to A+, following the American system, and in a few colleges, the passing grade is 10.
For most Peruvian universities the grading system is as follows:[95][96]
In Uruguay, high grades are very hard to achieve. In primary school, grades range in this order:
In secondary school, grades range from 1 to 12. 1 is the lowest and 12 is the highest. Passing an exam or course requires 6 out of 12 in high school or at a private university (although some subjects in secondary school require a grade of 7 or 8 to pass), and 3 out of 12 at a public university. In high school, a 6 corresponds to 50% on an exam or in a course while in a public university, a 3 corresponds to 60% in a course or exam. Grades of 10, 11, and 12 are considered excellent. Some private universities grade their students on a percentage basis, generally setting the passing benchmark between 60% and 70%.
Because of the acronym of the word "Sobresaliente" (Ste.), it is usually pronounced "Sote".
Grades in Venezuela may vary according to the education level, but normally the grading system is numerical, and ranges from 00 to 20, 00 being the lowest and 20 being the highest, and 10 being the pass mark, equivalent to a "D" in the United States. This system is not required, however, and several schools in Venezuela deviate from it by following a letter-grade system similar or identical to those in the United States.
As of 2022, a new grading system in Venezuela has been implemented which compares to other Spanish-speaking countries. The new grading system now ranges from 00 to 10, 00 being the lowest and 10 being the highest.
Shown here is the Venezuelan grading system in probable comparison with the United States grading system:
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)