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Lista de los tesoros de monedas en China

Una gran cantidad de monedas en efectivo de Wu Zhu (五銖) en exhibición en "Vida deslumbrante: hallazgos arqueológicos del marqués del estado de Haihun en la dinastía Han. Del 2 de marzo de 2016 al 2 de junio de 2016". (五色炫耀——南昌汉代海昏侯国考古成果展。2016年3月2日至6月2日，首都博物馆。) exposición en el Museo de la Capital , Beijing.

La lista de tesoros de monedas en China ( chino tradicional :中國錢幣窖藏清單; chino simplificado :中国钱币窖藏列表; pinyin : zhōng guó qián bì jiào cáng liè biǎo ) enumera importantes tesoros arqueológicos de monedas, otros tipos de monedas (por ejemplo, sycees ) u objetos relacionados con monedas descubiertos en China (la República Popular China en China continental , Hong Kong, Macao y el área libre de la República de China , por ejemplo, Taiwán ). La historia de la moneda china se remonta al período de Primaveras y Otoños (770-476 a. C.), y las primeras monedas tomaron la forma de imitaciones de las conchas de cauri que se usaban en intercambios ceremoniales. Durante el período de los Reinos Combatientes se introdujeron nuevas formas de moneda, como la moneda de pala , la moneda de cuchillo y las monedas redondas de aleación de cobre (lectura adicional: Monedas de la dinastía Zhou y Monedas chinas antiguas ). Después de la unificación de China bajo la dinastía Qin en 221 a. C., la moneda en efectivo Ban Liang (半兩) se convirtió en la moneda estándar, bajo la dinastía Han , las monedas en efectivo Wu Zhu (五銖) se convirtieron en la moneda principal de China hasta que fueron reemplazadas por el Kaiyuan Tongbao (開元通寳) durante la dinastía Tang , después de lo cual se utilizaron una gran cantidad de inscripciones en las monedas chinas. A fines del siglo XIX, China comenzó a producir sus propias monedas acuñadas a máquina .

En la cultura china, las monedas se utilizan a menudo como objetos funerarios y no es raro descubrir monedas en tumbas y sepulturas.

Ocasionalmente, también se encuentran monedas extranjeras en China, que fueron traídas allí a través de rutas comerciales internacionales como la Ruta de la Seda , el comercio exterior con países extranjeros y el colonialismo . Y debido al comercio con otros países, también se han encontrado grandes cantidades de monedas chinas en países vecinos como Japón , Corea , [1] y Vietnam , [2] [3] así como en lugares lejanos como la isla Elcho , [4] Kenia , [5] [6] y Yukón . [7]

En 2021 se publicó un artículo sobre una antigua casa de la moneda descubierta en un sitio arqueológico en la provincia de Henan . Mediante la datación por radiocarbono, se atribuyó que la moneda de pala encontrada allí se creó entre el 640 a. C. y no más tarde del 550 a. C., lo que la convierte posiblemente en la casa de la moneda más antigua conocida del mundo. [8] Esto significa que es posible que la primera moneda conocida haya sido inventada por los chinos y no por los lidios como se cree comúnmente. [8] [9]

Limpieza de monedas por arqueólogos chinos

Los arqueólogos chinos suelen desenterrarse en tumbas de monedas antiguas y otras formas de moneda histórica chinas, pero estas monedas de bronce desenterradas suelen estar muy corroídas porque han estado enterradas durante cientos o miles de años, lo que a veces significa que las inscripciones en ellas no se pueden leer. [10] Si bien los arqueólogos que trabajan en un sitio tienden a hacer todo muy lentamente y lo hacen de la manera más metódica posible para evitar dañar las reliquias culturales enterradas, este enfoque no se adopta con las monedas en efectivo porque a menudo son vitales para datar las tumbas o las ruinas. [10] Con las monedas en efectivo chinas antiguas, los arqueólogos tienden a estar menos preocupados por su preservación y las limpian para identificarlas. [10]

Para limpiar las monedas de bronce, los arqueólogos chinos simplemente las ponen en remojo en un ácido suave, como vinagre, durante un período de 2 o 3 días. Una vez realizado este proceso, se elimina la suciedad de la superficie y parte de la corrosión. [10] Luego, la persona que realiza la limpieza retira las monedas y raspa cualquier resto de corrosión en los caracteres chinos utilizando un palillo de dientes (común) . [10] Una vez realizado este proceso, generalmente se frotan las monedas desenterradas. [10]

Por el contrario, entre los coleccionistas de monedas se suele decir que no se deben limpiar las monedas porque el proceso de limpieza a menudo reduce el valor de mercado de la moneda o en algunos casos incluso la arruina. [10]

Debido a la alta frecuencia del descubrimiento de tesoros de monedas en China, los tesoros de monedas sin limpiar de otros países con frecuencia se envían a China para su limpieza y evaluación. [11] Por ejemplo, alguien descubrió un tesoro de un grupo de alrededor de 400 monedas diferentes de 8 reales en la frontera entre México y el país centroamericano de Guatemala . [11] Estas monedas de plata fueron producidas principalmente por la Casa de la Moneda de Guatemala con otras producidas por las Casas de la Moneda de México y Lima , todas las cuales contenían retratos de los reyes Carlos IV y Fernando VII . [11] Como estas monedas estaban demasiado sucias para ser consideradas "valiosas" por los coleccionistas de monedas, fueron enviadas a un comerciante de monedas en Jiangsu , República Popular de China. [11] Tales situaciones son comunes ya que los comerciantes de monedas chinos se han vuelto expertos en eliminar la corrosión de las monedas para que los expertos numismáticos las clasifiquen y luego las vendan en el mercado minorista. [11]

Siglo XIX

Década de 1950

Década de 1950 (China continental)

1953

1953 (China continental)

Década de 1960

Década de 1960 (China continental)

1960

1960 (China continental)

1969

1969 (Taiwán)

Década de 1970

Década de 1970 (China continental)

1972

1972 (China continental)

1974

1974 (China continental)

1976

1976 (China continental)

1977

1977 (China continental)

1979

1979 (China continental)

Década de 1980

1980

1980 (China continental)

1982

1982 (China continental)

1983

1983 (China continental)

1984

1984 (China continental)

1986

1986 (China continental)

1987

1987 (China continental)

Década de 1990

Década de 1990 (China continental)

1990

1990 (China continental)

1992

1992 (China continental)

1995

1995 (Taiwán)

1996

1996 (China continental)

1997

1997 (China continental)

1999

1999 (China continental)

Década de 2000

2000

2000 (China continental)

2000 (Hong Kong)

2002

2002 (China continental)

2003

2003 (China continental)

2005

2005 (China continental)

2006

2006 (China continental)

2007

2007 (China continental)

2008

2008 (China continental)

2009

2009 (China continental)

Década de 2010

2010

2010 (China continental)

2011

2011 (China continental)

2011 (Hong Kong)

2012

2012 (China continental)

2013

2013 (China continental)

2014

2014 (Taiwán)

2015

2015 (China continental)

2016

2016 (Mainland China)

2017

2017 (Mainland China)

2018

2018 (Mainland China)

2020s

2020

2020 (Mainland China)

2021

2021 (Mainland China)

2022

2022 (Mainland China)

2023

2023 (Taiwan)

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Both the Records of the Grand Historian and the Book of Han mention that the agency responsible for the production of the Bai Jin San Pin (白金三品) coins was the Shaofu (少府). Various English translations of Shaofu exist, these include "Privy Treasurer", "Minister Steward", "Chamberlain of the Palace Revenues", and "Superintendent of the Lesser Treasury" (further reading: "Translation of Han dynasty titles"). The Shaofu was the government agency that oversaw the management of the palace treasury, i.e., the private finances of the Han dynasty'd imperial clan.
  2. ^ This specimen of a spade coin—which look like shrunken versions of the gardening tool—was just shy of 6 inches in length and about 2.5 inches in width, the bronze spade coin weighed about 27 grams.

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