stringtranslate.com

List of Australia-New Guinea species extinct in the Holocene

The Australian continent, also called Australia-New Guinea or Sahul
The thylacine (Thylacinus cynocephalus) is a large, carnivorous marsupial last seen in 1936.

This is a list of Australia-New Guinea species extinct in the Holocene that covers extinctions from the Holocene epoch, a geologic epoch that began about 11,650 years before present (about 9700 BCE)[a] and continues to the present day.[1]

The Australian continent is also called Australia-New Guinea or Sahul to avoid confusion with the country of Australia. The continent includes mainland Australia, Tasmania, the island of New Guinea, the Aru Islands, and other nearby islands. Australia-New Guinea is divided between three countries: Australia (mainland Australia and Tasmania), Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea), and Indonesia (Western New Guinea and the Aru Islands). Extinct animals from the rest of Indonesia are covered in List of Asian animals extinct in the Holocene. Species from the outlying islands of the country of Australia and the Bismarck Archipelago of Papua New Guinea are included below. The Solomon Islands archipelago, split between Papua New Guinea (Autonomous Region of Bougainville) and the country of Solomon Islands, is covered in List of Oceanian species extinct in the Holocene.

The fauna of Australia-New Guinea is very unique. Marsupials and monotremes also existed on other continents, but only in Australia-New Guinea did they out-compete the placental mammals and come to dominate. Aside from marine mammals, only two orders of placental mammals are native to Australia-New Guinea: rodents and bats. Dingoes and New Guinea singing dogs are considered feral dogs (Canis familiaris) introduced by humans.[2] The Christmas Island shrew is related to Asian shrews; no members of the order Eulipotyphla are native to Australia-New Guinea proper.

New Zealand species extinct in the Holocene are listed separately. The fauna of New Zealand is distinct from Australia-New Guinea. Birds, including numerous flightless birds, are the most important part of New Zealand's vertebrate fauna. Bats are New Zealand's only native land mammals.[3]

Numerous species have disappeared from Australia-New Guinea as part of the ongoing Holocene extinction, driven by human activity. Most Australian megafauna disappeared in the Late Pleistocene, considerably earlier than in other continental landmasses.[4] As a result, Australian Holocene extinctions generally are of modest size. Most extinctions occurred after the European settlement of Australia, which began with the First Fleet in 1788 CE.[5][6] However, the thylacine, Tasmanian devil, and Tasmanian nativehen were extirpated from mainland Australia thousands of years before European settlement, although they survived in Tasmania.[7][8][9] The Norfolk swamphen[10] and several New Guinea mammals also disappeared before European colonisation.

Mammals (class Mammalia)

Monotremes (order Monotremata)

Echidnas (family Tachyglossidae)

Locally extinct (disputed)

Carnivorous marsupials (order Dasyuromorphia)

Dog-like marsupials (family Thylacinidae)

Marsupial shrews (family Dasyuridae)

Locally extinct

Bandicoots and bilbies (order Peramelemorphia)

Bandicoots (family Peramelidae)

Bilbies (family Thylacomyidae)

Pig-footed bandicoots (family Chaeropodidae)

Order Diprotodontia

Brushtail possums and cuscuses (family Phalangeridae)

Possibly extinct

Trioks, striped possum, Leadbeater's possum, and wrist-winged gliders (family Petauridae)

Ring-tailed possums and allies (family Pseudocheiridae)

Macropods (family Macropodidae)

Bettongs, potoroos, and rat-kangaroos (family Potoroidae)

Rodents (order Rodentia)

Old World rats and mice (family Muridae)

Possibly extinct

True insectivores (order Eulipotyphla)

True shrews (family Soricidae)

Possibly extinct

Bats (order Chiroptera)

Megabats (family Pteropodidae)

Possibly extinct, megabats (family Pteropodidae)

Vesper bats (family Vespertilionidae)

Birds (class Aves)

Cassowaries and emus (order Casuariformes)

Cassowaries and emus (family Casuariidae)

Landfowl (order Galliformes)

Megapodes (family Megapodidae)

Locally extinct

Waterfowl (order Anseriformes)

Ducks, geese, and swans (family Anatidae)

Pigeons and doves (order Columbiformes)

Pigeons and doves (family Columbidae)

Rails and cranes (order Gruiformes)

Rails (family Rallidae)

Locally extinct, rails (family Rallidae)

Shorebirds (order Charadriiformes)

Sandpipers (family Scolopacidae)

Albatrosses and petrels (order Procellariiformes)

Petrels and shearwaters (family Procellariidae)

Boobies, cormorants, and allies (order Suliformes)

Cormorants and shags (family Phalacrocoracidae)

Hawks and relatives (order Accipitriformes)

Hawks, eagles, kites, harriers and Old World vultures (family Accipitridae)

Owls (order Strigiformes)

True owls (family Strigidae)

Barn-owls (family Tytonidae)

Parrots (order Psittaciformes)

Kea and kākā (family Nestoridae)

Cockatoos (family Cacatuidae)

Old World parrots (family Psittaculidae)

Perching birds (order Passeriformes)

Australasian wrens (family Maluridae)

Bristlebirds (family Dasyornithidae)

Australian warblers (family Acanthizidae)

Cuckooshrikes and allies (family Campephagidae)

Fantails and silktails (family Rhipiduridae)

Crows and relatives (family Corvidae)

Australasian robins (family Petroicidae)

White-eyes (family Zosteropidae)

Possibly extinct, white-eyes (family Zosteropidae)

Grassbirds and allies (family Locustellidae)

Possibly extinct

Thrushes (family Turdidae)

Starlings (family Sturnidae)

Reptiles (class Reptilia)

Squamates (order Squamata)

Common geckos (family Gekkonidae)

All extinct and extinct in the wild reptiles of Christmas Island, from left to right: Emoia nativitatis, Lepidodactylus listeri, Cryptoblepharus egeriae.
Extinct in the wild

Skinks (family Scincidae)

Extinct in the wild, skinks (family Scincidae)

Amphibians (class Amphibia)

Frogs (order Anura)

Australian ground frogs (family Myobatrachidae)

Treefrogs and allies (family Hylidae)

Data deficient, treefrogs and allies (family Hylidae)

Ray-finned fish (class Actinopterygii)

Anglerfish (order Lophiiformes)

Handfish (family Brachionichthyidae)

Data deficient

Galaxias (order Galaxiiformes)

Galaxias (family Galaxiidae)

Extinct in the wild

Insects (class Insecta)

Book lice, bark lice, and sucking lice (order Psocodea)

Chicken body lice (family Menoponidae)

Possibly extinct

Beetles (order Coleoptera)

Predaceous diving beetles (family Dytiscidae)

Snails and slugs (class Gastropoda)

Order Stylommatophora

Family Bothriembryontidae

Family Achatinellidae

Clitellates (class Clitellata)

Order Opisthopora

Family Megascolecidae

Plants (kingdom Plantae)

Plants listed as extinct by the federal government

Plants and animals are listed as extinct and the federal level under the auspices of the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. The Act lists all plants considered to have become extinct since the commencement of European settlement of Australia in 1788. There are 37 species currently listed as extinct under the Act.[94]

Of note, the species Pimelea spinescens subsp. pubiflora was presumed extinct after 1901, but a population was discovered in 2005.[95] The orchid Diuris bracteata was also considered extinct after its first collection in 1899, but it was thought to have been rediscovered in 1998. The later collections are now considered to be Diuris platichila.[96][97] The spiny everlasting (Acanthocladium dockeri) was reclassified as critically endangered in 2006 after it was rediscovered in 1999.[98] Bennett's Seaweed, declared extinct under the EPBC Act in 1999; was the first protist listed as extinct by the IUCN in 2004.[99]

Plants listed as extinct by the states and territories

Banksia integrifolia is common along the east coast of the Australian mainland, but has recently been declared extinct in Tasmania.

Each state and territory of Australia has legislation to record the extinction of plants and animals; organisms listed as extinct at the state level may differ from those listed under the EPBC Act.

Australian Capital Territory

Threatened species are listed under the Nature Conservation Act 2014 in the Australian Capital Territory.

New South Wales

There are 35 taxa "presumed extinct" as specified in Part 4 of Schedule 1 of the New South Wales Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995.[100] Species presumed extinct in New South Wales, but not listed under the EPBC Act include:

Rhaphidospora bonneyana, Glinus orygioides, Ptilotus extenuatus, Acanthocladium dockeri (listed by EPBC as extinct in SA, but not NSW), Blumea lacera, Senecio behrianus, Stemmacantha australis, Lepidium foliosum, Stenopetalum velutinum, Atriplex acutiloba, Maireana lanosa, Osteocarpum pentapterum, Hypolepis elegans, Codonocarpus pyramidalis, Haloragis stricta, Myriophyllum implicatum, Caladenia rosella, Thelymitra epipactoides, Comesperma scoparium, Grevillea nematophylla, Persoonia laxa, Pomaderris oraria, Aphanes pentamera, Knoxia sumatrensis, Micromelum minutum, Philotheca angustifolia, Dodonaea stenophylla, Tetratheca pilosa subsp. pilosa.

Although listed as extinct under the EPBC Act, Diurus bracteata is listed as endangered in New South Wales.

Northern Territory

Threatened species is the Northern Territory are listed under IUCN criteria by the Department of Natural Resources, Environment and the Arts.[101] As of 2006 there are no recorded plant extinctions in the Northern Territory.[102]

South Australia

Threatened species are listed under the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 in South Australia. 26 plant taxa are presumed extinct in South Australia, 2 of these are listed under the EPBC Act[103][104]

Queensland

Threatened species are listed under the Nature Conservation Act 1992 and the Nature Conservation (Wildlife) Regulation 2006 in Queensland, under this act some species are described as "presumed extinct". There are currently 27 species described as presumed extinct in Queensland,[105] those not listed under the EPBC Act include:

Acianthus ledwardii, Amphineuron immersum, Antrophyum austroqueenslandicum, Corchorus thozetii, Dimocarpus leichhardtii, Lindsaea pulchella var. blanda, Oldenlandia tenelliflora var. papuana, Rhaphidospora cavernarum, Tapeinosperma flueckigeri, Teucrium ajugaceum, Trichomanes exiguum, Wendlandia psychotrioides, Zieria sp. (Russell River S.Johnson in 1892).

It was reported[106] on 12 April 2008 that two of the plants, Rhaphidospora cavernarum and Teucrium ajugaceum have been rediscovered on Cape York between Cooktown and Lockhart River, and are now re-classified as "vulnerable".

Tasmania

There are 20 taxa classified as "presumed extinct" under schedule 3.2 of the Tasmanian Threatened Species Protection Act 1995. Only three of these species are listed as extinct under the EPBC Act.[107] The additional species listed as extinct under Tasmanian legislation are:

Ballantinia antipoda, Banksia integrifolia subsp. integrifolia, Botrychium australe, Caladenia cardiochila, Chenopodium erosum, Coopernookia barbata, Hibbertia obtusifolia, Lepilaena australis, Levenhookia dubia, Myriophyllum glomeratum, Podotheca angustifolia, Prostanthera cuneata, Punctelia subflava, Senecio macrocarpus, Thesium australe, Thynninorchis huntiana and Veronica notabilis.

Victoria

Threatened species in Victoria are identified under the auspices of the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act (1988); the act does not specify species presumed extinct. The Victorian Department of Sustainability and Environment maintain a list of species presumed extinct in Victoria;[108] they list 51 extinct taxa, those not listed under the EPBC Act include:

Acacia argyrophylla, Acacia havilandiorum, Acrotriche depressa, Actinotus bellidioides, Asplenium polyodon, Atriplex billardierei, Austrostipa tuckeri, Caladenia carnea var. subulata, Caladenia magnifica, Caladenia thysanochila, Calotis pubescens, Cardamine gunnii s.s., Centipeda pleiocephala, Cheiranthera alternifolia, Chionogentias gunniana, Convolvulus microsepalus, Cuscuta victoriana, Cyperus vaginatus, Digitaria diffusa, Dodonaea heteromorpha, Epilobium willisii, Euphrasia collina subsp. speciosa, Hibbertia incana s.s., Hypolepis elegans subsp. elegans, Leiocarpa tomentosa, Leionema microphyllum, Lemooria burkittii, Leptorhynchos scaber s.s., Phyllangium sulcatum, Picris barbarorum, Podolepis arachnoidea, Pomaderris obcordata, Prasophyllum colemaniae, Prasophyllum morganii, Prasophyllum sp. aff. odoratum, Prasophyllum suttonii s.s., Pterostylis sp. aff. biseta (Lara), Rutidosis helichrysoides, Senecio murrayanus, Senna form taxon 'artemisioides', Stemmacantha australis, Stenanthemum notiale subsp. notiale, Trema tomentosa var. viridis, Braithwaitea sulcata.

Western Australia

There are 14 taxa classified as "X: Declared Rare Flora - Presumed Extinct Taxa" under the Department of Environment and Conservation's Declared Rare and Priority Flora List, all of which have been gazetted as presumed extinct flora in Western Australia under the Wildlife Conservation Act 1950.[109][110] This list coincides with the federal EPBC Act list, except that it includes Leptomeria dielsiana, Ptilotus caespitulosus and Taraxacum cygnorum; and excludes Frankenia conferta (Silky Frankenia) and Calothamnus accedens.[94]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The source gives "11,700 calendar yr b2k (before CE 2000)". But "BP" means "before CE 1950". Therefore, the Holocene began 11,650 BP. Doing the math, that is c. 9700 BCE.

References

  1. ^ Walker, Mike; Johnsen, Sigfus; Rasmussen, Sune Olander; Popp, Trevor; Steffensen, Jorgen-Peder; Gibrard, Phil; Hoek, Wim; Lowe, John; Andrews, John; Bjo Rck, Svante; Cwynar, Les C.; Hughen, Konrad; Kersahw, Peter; Kromer, Bernd; Litt, Thomas; Lowe, David J.; Nakagawa, Takeshi; Newnham, Rewi; Schwander, Jakob (2009). "Formal definition and dating of the GSSP (Global Stratotype Section and Point) for the base of the Holocene using the Greenland NGRIP ice core, and selected auxiliary records" (PDF). Journal of Quaternary Science. 24 (1): 3–17. Bibcode:2009JQS....24....3W. doi:10.1002/jqs.1227. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  2. ^ Alvares, Francisco; Bogdanowicz, Wieslaw; Campbell, Liz A.D.; Godinho, Rachel; Hatlauf, Jennifer; Jhala, Yadvendradev V.; Kitchener, Andrew C.; Koepfli, Klaus-Peter; Krofel, Miha; Moehlman, Patricia D.; Senn, Helen; Sillero-Zubiri, Claudio; Viranta, Suvi; Werhahn, Geraldine (2019). "Old World Canis spp. with taxonomic ambiguity: Workshop conclusions and recommendations. CIBIO. Vairão, Portugal, 28th - 30th May 2019" (PDF). IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
  3. ^ "Bats/pekapeka". www.doc.govt.nz. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  4. ^ Martin, P. S. (2005). Twilight of the mammoths: Ice Age extinctions and the rewilding of America (Vol. 8). Univ of California Press.
  5. ^ "European discovery and the colonisation of Australia". Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Commonwealth of Australia. 11 January 2008. Archived from the original on 13 December 2017. Retrieved 24 April 2022. [The British] moved north to Port Jackson on 26 January 1788, landing at Camp Cove, known as 'cadi' to the Cadigal people. Governor Phillip carried instructions to establish the first British Colony in Australia. The First Fleet was underprepared for the task, and the soil around Sydney Cove was poor.
  6. ^ Egan, Ted (2003). The Land Downunder. Grice Chapman Publishing. pp. 25–26. ISBN 978-0-9545726-0-0.
  7. ^ a b c White, L.C. et al. (2018) High-quality fossil dates support a synchronous, Late Holocene extinction of devils and thylacines in mainland Australia. Biology Letters, 14(1), 20170642.
  8. ^ a b Marchant, S.; P. J. Higgins (1993). Handbook of Australian and, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds. Volume 2: Raptors to Lapwings. Melbourne: Oxford University Press.
  9. ^ a b Ford, Hugh A. (1989). Ecology of Birds: An Australian perspective. Chipping Norton, New South Wales: Surrey Beattie and Sons. ISBN 0-949324-19-1.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Hume, J.P. (2017) Extinct Birds. Bloomsbury Publishing, 560 pages.
  11. ^ Leary, T.; Seri, L.; Flannery, T.; Wright, D.; Hamilton, S.; Helgen, K.; Singadan, R.; Menzies, J.; Allison, A.; James, R.; Aplin, K.; Salas, L.; Dickman, C. (2016). "Zaglossus bruijnii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T23179A21964204. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T23179A21964204.en. Retrieved 3 November 2023.
  12. ^ a b c Helgen, Kristofer M.; Miguez, Roberto Portela; Kohen, James; Helgen, Lauren (28 December 2012). "Twentieth century occurrence of the Long-Beaked Echidna Zaglossus bruijnii in the Kimberley region of Australia". ZooKeys (255): 103–132. Bibcode:2012ZooK..255..103H. doi:10.3897/zookeys.255.3774. ISSN 1313-2970. PMC 3560862. PMID 23459668.
  13. ^ Burbidge, Andrew A. (21 December 2017). "Did Zaglossus bruijnii occur in the Kimberley region of Western Australia?". Australian Mammalogy. 40 (2): 315–318. doi:10.1071/AM17053. ISSN 1836-7402.
  14. ^ Sleightholme, Stephen R.; Gordon, Tammy J.; Campbell, Cameron R. (2020). "The Kaine capture – questioning the history of the last Thylacine in captivity". Australian Zoologist. 41: 1–11.
  15. ^ a b Burbidge, A.A.; Woinarski, J. (2016). "Thylacinus cynocephalus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T21866A21949291. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T21866A21949291.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  16. ^ Brook, Barry W.; Sleightholme, Stephen R.; Campbell, Cameron R.; Jarić, Ivan; Buettel, Jessie C. (15 June 2023). "Resolving when (and where) the Thylacine went extinct". Science of the Total Environment. 877: 162878. Bibcode:2023ScTEn.877p2878B. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162878. ISSN 0048-9697. PMID 36934937.
  17. ^ "The Thylacine Museum - Palaeontology: Prehistoric Range of the Thylacine (page 1)". www.naturalworlds.org. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
  18. ^ "The Thylacine Museum - History: Extinction vs. Survival: Alleged Mainland Thylacine Sightings (page 1)". www.naturalworlds.org. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
  19. ^ a b Louys, J.; Braje, T. J.; Chang, C.-H.; Cosgrove, R.; Fitzpatrick, S. M.; Fujita, M.; Hawkins, S.; Ingicco, T.; Kawamura, A.; MacPhee, R. D. E.; McDowell, M. C.; Meijer, H. J. M.; Piper, P. J.; Roberts, P.; Simmons, A. H.; van den Bergh, G.; van der Geer, A.; Kealy, S.; O'Connor, S. (2021). "No evidence for widespread island extinctions after Pleistocene hominin arrival". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 118 (20): e2023005118. Bibcode:2021PNAS..11823005L. doi:10.1073/pnas.2023005118. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 8157961. PMID 33941645.
  20. ^ "Tasmanian devils return to mainland Australia for first time in 3,000 years". Animals. 5 October 2020. Archived from the original on 6 October 2020. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
  21. ^ Burbidge, A.A.; Woinarski, J. (2016). "Perameles eremiana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T16570A21965953. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T16570A21965953.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  22. ^ a b Threatened Species Scientific Committee (2021). Listing Advice Perameles fasciata Liverpool Plains Striped Bandicoot. Canberra: Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment. http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/species/pubs/66652-listing-advice-02022021.pdf
  23. ^ a b c d Travouillon, Kenny; PHILLIPS, MATTHEW (7 February 2018). "Total evidence analysis of the phylogenetic relationships of bandicoots and bilbies (Marsupialia: Peramelemorphia): Reassessment of two species and description of a new species". Zootaxa. 4378 (2): 224–256. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4378.2.3. PMID 29690027.
  24. ^ a b Threatened Species Scientific Committee (2021). Listing Advice Perameles myosuros Marl. Canberra: Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment. https://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/species/pubs/89882-listing-advice-03032021.pdf
  25. ^ a b Threatened Species Scientific Committee (2021). Listing Advice Perameles notina South-eastern Striped Bandicoot. Canberra: Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment. https://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/species/pubs/89883-listing-advice-03032021.pdf
  26. ^ Threatened Species Scientific Committee (2021). Listing Advice Perameles papillon Nullarbor Barred Bandicoot. Canberra: Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment. http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/species/pubs/89865-listing-advice-03032021.pdf
  27. ^ Burbidge, A.A.; Woinarski, J. (2016). "Macrotis leucura". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T12651A21967376. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T12651A21967376.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  28. ^ a b c "New species of extinct pig-footed bandicoot described from Australia". nhm.ac.uk. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
  29. ^ Burbidge, A.A.; Woinarski, J. (2016). "Chaeropus ecaudatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T4322A21965168. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T4322A21965168.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  30. ^ Leary, T.; Seri, L.; Flannery, T.; Wright, D.; Hamilton, S.; Helgen, K.; Singadan, R.; Menzies, J.; Allison, A.; James, R.; Salas, L.; Dickman, C. (2016). "Phalanger matanim". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T16851A21950802. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T16851A21950802.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  31. ^ a b c d e Turvey, Sam (2009). Holocene extinctions. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-953509-5. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
  32. ^ "Lagostrophus fasciatus albipilis — Banded Hare-wallaby (mainland)". Environment.gov.au. Australian Government Department of Environment. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
  33. ^ "Mammal Species of the World - Browse: fasciatus". www.departments.bucknell.edu. Retrieved 27 April 2022.
  34. ^ Burbidge, A.A.; Woinarski, J. (2016). "Lagorchestes asomatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T11160A21954573. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T11160A21954573.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  35. ^ a b Burbidge, A.A.; Woinarski, J. (2016). "Lagorchestes hirsutus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T11162A21954429. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T11162A21954429.en. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
  36. ^ Tim Flannery; Peter Schouten (2001). A gap in nature. Atlantic Monthly Press. ISBN 9780871137975.
  37. ^ Burbidge, A.A.; Woinarski, J. (2016). "Lagorchestes leporides". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T11163A21954274. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T11163A21954274.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  38. ^ Burbidge, A.A.; Woinarski, J. (2018) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Macropus greyi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T12625A128952836. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T12625A21953169.en. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
  39. ^ Australian Government
  40. ^ Finlayson, H.H. (1961). On central Australian mammals. Part IV-The distribution and status of central Australian species. Records of the South Australian Museum. 14: 141–191.
  41. ^ Burbidge, A.A.; Woinarski, J. (2016). "Onychogalea lunata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T15331A21957917. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T15331A21957917.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  42. ^ Burbidge, A.A. & Zichy-Woinarski, J. (2016). "Bettongia anhydra". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T71510353A71510399. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T71510353A71510399.en. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
  43. ^ a b Government of Western Australia, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions (25 April 2022). "Woylie Fauna Profile" (PDF). www.dpaw.wa.gov.au. Retrieved 25 April 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  44. ^ Burbidge, A.A.; Woinarski, J. (2016). "Bettongia pusilla". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T136805A21960843. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T136805A21960843.en. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
  45. ^ Woinarski, J.; Burbidge, A.A. (2016). "Caloprymnus campestris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T3626A21961545. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T3626A21961545.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  46. ^ Burbidge, A.A.; Woinarski, J. (2016). "Potorous platyops". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T18103A21960570. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T18103A21960570.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  47. ^ Woinarski, J.; Burbidge, A.A. (2016). "Conilurus albipes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T5223A22450334. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T5223A22450334.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  48. ^ Woinarski, J.; Burbidge, A.A. (2016). "Conilurus capricornensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T75927841A75927844. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T75927841A75927844.en. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  49. ^ Woinarski, J.; Burbidge, A.A. (2016). "Leporillus apicalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T11633A22457421. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T11633A22457421.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  50. ^ Woinarski, J.; Burbidge, A.A. (2016). "Melomys rubicola". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T13132A195439637. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T13132A195439637.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  51. ^ "Barrier Reef rodent is first mammal declared extinct due to climate change". University of Queensland. Retrieved 21 February 2019.
  52. ^ Burbidge, A.A.; Woinarski, J. (2016). "Notomys amplus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T14861A22401450. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T14861A22401450.en. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
  53. ^ Burbidge, A.A.; Woinarski, J. (2016). "Notomys longicaudatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T14864A22401520. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T14864A22401520.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  54. ^ Burbidge, A.A.; Woinarski, J. (2016). "Notomys macrotis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T14865A22401041. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T14865A22401041.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  55. ^ Burbidge, A.A.; Woinarski, J. (2016). "Notomys mordax". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T14866A22401111. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T14866A22401111.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  56. ^ Burbidge, A.A. & Woinarski, J. (2016). "Notomys robustus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T45958541A45973101. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T45958541A45973101.en. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
  57. ^ Burbidge, A.A.; Woinarski, J. (2016). "Pseudomys glaucus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T18564A22399634. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T18564A22399634.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  58. ^ Lamoreux, J.; Woinarski, J.; Burbidge, A.A. (2016). "Rattus macleari". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T19344A22440729. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T19344A22440729.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  59. ^ a b Lamoreux, J.; Burbidge, A.A.; Woinarski, J. (2016). "Rattus nativitatis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T19351A22443478. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T19351A22443478.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  60. ^ Wright, D.; Leary, T. (2016). "Uromys emmae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T136470A22447368. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T136470A22447368.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  61. ^ Woinarski, J.; Burbidge, A.A.; Lumsden, L. (2016). "Crocidura trichura". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T136379A22304640. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T136379A22304640.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  62. ^ Tsang, S.M. (2020). "Pteropus brunneus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T18718A22078015. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T18718A22078015.en. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
  63. ^ Tsang, S.M. (2016). "Pteropus aruensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T136504A21974958. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T136504A21974958.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  64. ^ Lumsden, L.F.; Racey, P.A.; Hutson, A.M. (2017). "Pipistrellus murrayi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T136769A518894. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T136769A518894.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  65. ^ Lumsden, L.F.; Reardon, T.B. (2020). "Nyctophilus howensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T15006A22009211. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T15006A22009211.en.
  66. ^ Sutton, A., Mountain, M. J., Aplin, K., Bulmer, S., & Denham, T. (2009). Archaeozoological records for the highlands of New Guinea: A review of current evidence. Australian Archaeology, 69(1), 41-58.
  67. ^ Hawkins, S., & Worthy, T. H. (2019). Lapita colonisation and avian extinctions in Oceania. terra australis 52, 439.
  68. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Megapodius freycinet". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22678602A92780753. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22678602A92780753.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  69. ^ Stephen T. Garnett & Gabriel M. Crowley (2000). "New Zealand Pigeon (Norfolk Island)" (PDF). The Action Plan for Australian Birds 2000. Environment Australia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 May 2011. Retrieved 8 December 2008.
  70. ^ Forshaw, J. (2015) Pigeons and doves in Australia. Csiro Publishing, 360 pages.
  71. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Porphyrio albus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22692801A93370193. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22692801A93370193.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  72. ^ Ridpath, M. G.; P. J. Higgins (1964). The Tasmanian Native Hen. Hobart: CSIRO, Division of Wildlife Research.
  73. ^ Worthy, T. H., & Nguyen, J. M. (2020). An annotated checklist of the fossil birds of Australia. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 144(1), 66-108.
  74. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Nestor productus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22684834A93049105. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22684834A93049105.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  75. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Psephotellus pulcherrimus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22685156A93061054. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22685156A93061054.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  76. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Gerygone insularis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22704724A93982219. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22704724A93982219.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  77. ^ Schodde R, Mason IJ (1999). The Directory of Australian Birds: Passerines. A Taxonomic and Zoogeographic Atlas of the Biodiversity of Birds in Australia and its Territories. Collingwood, Australia: CSIRO Publishing. pp. x 851 pp. ISBN 0-643-06456-7.
  78. ^ a b BirdLife International (2023). "Aplonis fusca". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2023: e.T22710511A238884608. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T22710511A238884608.en. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
  79. ^ Cogger, H.; Mitchell, N.M.; Woinarski, J.C.Z. (2017). "Lepidodactylus listeri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T11559A83321765. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T11559A83321765.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  80. ^ Cogger, H; Woinarski, J (2017). "Emoia nativitatis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T178595A101749951. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T178595A101749951.en.
  81. ^ Woinarski, J.C.Z.; Cogger, H.; Mitchell, N.M.; Emery, J. (2017). "Cryptoblepharus egeriae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T102327291A102327566. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T102327291A102327566.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  82. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2022). "Rheobatrachus silus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T19475A78430533. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T19475A78430533.en.
  83. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2022). "Rheobatrachus vitellinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T19476A78430385. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T19476A78430385.en.
  84. ^ a b IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2022). "Taudactylus acutirostris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T21529A78447380. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T21529A78447380.en. Retrieved 21 December 2022.
  85. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2022). "Taudactylus diurnus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T21530A78447626. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T21530A78447626.en.
  86. ^ a b IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2022). "Litoria nyakalensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T12149A78434814. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T12149A78434814.en.
  87. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2022). "Litoria piperata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T12151A78435247. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T12151A78435247.en.
  88. ^ IUCN SSC Standards and Petitions Committee (2021). "Sympterichthys unipennis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T123423283A123424374. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T123423283A123424374.en.
  89. ^ "Australian Department of the Environment and Heritage (2006). "Galaxias pedderensis" in Species Profile and Threats Database, Department of the Environment and Heritage, Canberra". Deh.gov.au. 13 March 2012. Retrieved 6 July 2012.
  90. ^ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Rhantus papuanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T19462A8894739. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T19462A8894739.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  91. ^ Ponder, W.F. (1996). "Placostylus bivaricosus ssp. etheridgei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T17448A7078251. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T17448A7078251.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  92. ^ Gray, B. (2021) Extinct: Artistic impressions of our lost wildlife. Csiro Publishing, 136 pages.
  93. ^ Blakenmore, R.J. (2003). "Hypolimnus pedderensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2003: e.T41254A10424837. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2003.RLTS.T41254A10424837.en. Retrieved 27 April 2022.
  94. ^ a b "Species Profile and Threats Database - EPBC Act List of Threatened Flora". Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment. Retrieved 28 July 2021.
  95. ^ "Spiny Rice-flower" (PDF). Department of Environment and Sustainability, Victoria. Retrieved 17 January 2007.
  96. ^ "Diuris bracteata - profile". New South Wales Government Office of Environment and Heritage. Retrieved 28 July 2021.
  97. ^ "SPRAT profile Diuris bracteata". Australian Government Department of the Environment. Retrieved 27 July 2021.
  98. ^ Acanthocladium dockeri (Spiny Everlasting, Spiny Daisy) listing advice
  99. ^ IUCN. 2004. Extinctions in Recent Time Archived 2007-04-16 at the Wayback Machine
  100. ^ Government of New South Wales. Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 No 101
  101. ^ Department of Natural Resources, Environment and the Arts. Threatened species - Overview of the new threatened species list and the classification and listing processes Archived 2006-09-07 at the Wayback Machine
  102. ^ Department of Natural Resources, Environment and the Arts. Threatened Species List Archived 2007-05-18 at the Wayback Machine
  103. ^ South Australia Department for Environment and Heritage, Environment Reporting. No. of Extinct, Endangered and Vulnerable Species and Ecological Communities Archived 2007-07-13 at the Wayback Machine
  104. ^ South Australia Environment Protection Authority. 2003. South Australia State of the Environment Report 2003 - Biodiversity Archived 2007-09-01 at the Wayback Machine. ISBN 1-876562-61-7
  105. ^ NATURE CONSERVATION AND OTHER LEGISLATION AMENDMENT REGULATION (No. 1) 2000
  106. ^ 'Extinct' plants rediscovered - ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)
  107. ^ Department of Primary Industried and Water. Threatened Species List - Vascular Plants A-B, as of May 2010
  108. ^ Department of Sustainability and Environment (2005) Advisory List of Rare or Threatened Plants in Victoria - 2005. Victorian Department of Sustainability and Environment, East Melbourne, Victoria.
  109. ^ "Wildlife Conservation (Rare Flora) Notice 2006(2)" (PDF). Western Australian Government Gazette. Government of Western Australia. 1 December 2006. pp. 5311–5317. Retrieved 17 January 2007.
  110. ^ "Western Australian Flora Conservation Taxa". Western Australian Herbarium. Retrieved 17 January 2007.