stringtranslate.com

Etapas del desarrollo infantil

Las etapas del desarrollo infantil son los hitos teóricos del desarrollo infantil , algunos de los cuales se afirman en las teorías nativistas . Este artículo analiza las etapas de desarrollo infantil más aceptadas. Existe una amplia variación en términos de lo que se considera "normal", causada por variaciones en factores genéticos, cognitivos, físicos, familiares, culturales, nutricionales, educativos y ambientales. Muchos niños alcanzan algunos o la mayoría de estos hitos en momentos diferentes a los normales. [1]

El desarrollo holístico considera al niño en su conjunto, como una persona completa: física, emocional, intelectual, social, moral, cultural y espiritualmente. Aprender sobre el desarrollo infantil implica estudiar patrones de crecimiento y desarrollo, a partir de los cuales se construyen pautas para el desarrollo "normal". Las normas de desarrollo a veces se denominan hitos: definen el patrón de desarrollo reconocido que se espera que sigan los niños. Cada niño se desarrolla de una manera única; sin embargo, el uso de normas ayuda a comprender estos patrones generales de desarrollo y, al mismo tiempo, reconocer la amplia variación entre individuos.

Una forma de identificar los trastornos generalizados del desarrollo es si los bebés no alcanzan los hitos del desarrollo a tiempo o no logran alcanzarlos en absoluto. [2]

Tabla de hitos

Esquema aproximado de los períodos de desarrollo en el desarrollo humano postnatal hasta lo que generalmente se considera la edad adulta. No hay definiciones unánimes universalmente, por lo que varían considerablemente, pero generalmente se encuentran dentro de los intervalos difuminados en los flancos de los períodos.

Infancia

Recién nacido

Desarrollo físico

Desarrollo motor

Habilidades de comunicación

Desarrollo emocional

Habilidades cognitivas

Un mes de edad

Desarrollo físico

Desarrollo motor

Habilidades de comunicación

Desarrollo social

Desarrollo emocional

Habilidades cognitivas

Desarrollo sensorial

Dos meses de edad

Desarrollo físico

Desarrollo motor

Habilidades de comunicación

Desarrollo social

Desarrollo emocional

Habilidades cognitivas

Tres meses de edad

Desarrollo físico

Desarrollo social

Cuatro meses de edad

Desarrollo físico

Desarrollo motor

Habilidades de comunicación

Desarrollo social

Desarrollo del lenguaje

Desarrollo emocional

Habilidades cognitivas

Seis meses de edad

Desarrollo físico

Desarrollo motor

Habilidades de comunicación

Desarrollo social

Desarrollo del lenguaje

Desarrollo emocional

Habilidades cognitivas

Siete meses de edad

Desarrollo físico

Desarrollo motor

Desarrollo sensorial

Desarrollo del lenguaje

Habilidades cognitivas

8–12 meses

Físico

Desarrollo motor

Primera infancia

Niño pequeño (12 a 24 meses)

Físico

Desarrollo motor

Desarrollo cognitivo

Idioma

Social [37]

Desarrollo de la marcha [38]

Dos años de edad

Físico

Desarrollo motor

Cognitivo

Idioma

Social y emocional

Tres años de edad

Físico

Desarrollo motor

Desarrollo cognitivo

Niño de cuatro años

Desarrollo físico

Desarrollo motor

Cognitivo

Language

Social development

Middle childhood

Five-year-old

Physical

Motor development

Cognitive

Language development

Social development

Six-year-old

Physical

Motor development

Language

Social and emotional

Seven-year-old

Motor development

Writing grips

Language

Social and emotional

Eight-year-old

Motor development

Language skills

Social and emotional

Preteen/late childhood years

Nine-year-old

Motor skills

Language skills

Social skills

Ten-year-old

Motor skills

Language skills

Social skills

Eleven-year-old

Motor skills

Language skills

Social and emotional development

Adolescence

Twelve years old

Language skills

Capable of categorizing information to make better sense of it. Reads adult books and magazines on subjects of interest. Capable of proofreading homework for spelling, grammar, and logic.

Social skills

Overall disposition is pleasant and upbeat. Can become extremely excited over subjects of interest or accomplishments. Strongly prone to peer pressure and following trends. More stable friendships with fewer melodramatics than at 11. May begin to have sexual attraction to/interest in peers.

Thirteen years old

Fourteen years old

Fifteen years old

Sixteen years old

Seventeen years old

See also

References

  1. ^ "Child Developmental Milestones by Age". Gold Learners. Archived from the original on 27 December 2017.
  2. ^ "Developmental Milestones by Age". Autism Speaks. Retrieved 15 January 2016.
  3. ^ Seminars in child and adolescent psychiatry (second edition). Ed. Simon G. Gowers. Royal College of Psychiatrists (2005) ISBN 1-904671-13-6
  4. ^ a b Berk, Laura E. (2012). Young children: Prenatal through middle childhood. Allyn & Bacon. ISBN 978-0205011094.
  5. ^ Overview of motor, speech, vision and hearing development Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Kids Count (blog), 2012, accessed 25 March 2014
  6. ^ a b Choices, NHS. "Birth to five timeline - Health tools - NHS Choices". www.nhs.uk. Archived from the original on 22 August 2009.
  7. ^ "When Do Babies Start Rolling Over?". Nested Bean. Retrieved 12 January 2023.
  8. ^ a b Jim McMorran; Damian Crowther; Stew McMorran; Steve Youngmin; Ian Wacogne; Jon Pleat; Clive Prince. "Hand regard – General Practice Notebook". Gpnotebook.co.uk. Retrieved 28 April 2013.
  9. ^ Early Development Archived 29 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Texas School for the Blind and Visually Impaired, tsbvi.edu
  10. ^ CDC (11 August 2021). "What developmental milestones is your 9-month-old reaching?". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 27 October 2021.
  11. ^ CDC (11 August 2021). "What developmental milestones is your 1-year-old reaching?". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 27 October 2021.
  12. ^ CDC (11 August 2021). "What developmental milestones is your 18-month-old reaching?". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 27 October 2021.
  13. ^ CDC (27 July 2021). "What developmental milestones is your 2-year-old reaching?". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 27 October 2021.
  14. ^ a b Ages & stages of child development: Newborn to school age (Report). PsycEXTRA Database Record. 2006. doi:10.1037/e423492008-001.
  15. ^ CDC (27 July 2021). "What developmental milestones is your 3-year-old reaching?". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 27 October 2021.
  16. ^ CDC (10 August 2021). "What developmental milestones is your 5-year-old reaching?". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 27 October 2021.
  17. ^ a b c "Your Newborn's Growth (for Parents) - Nemours KidsHealth". KidsHealth.org. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
  18. ^ a b "Pulse: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Your Child's Development: 3-5 Days (for Parents) - Nemours KidsHealth". kidshealth.org. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
  20. ^ "Your Baby's Growth: 1 Month (for Parents) - Nemours KidsHealth". kidshealth.org. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Your Child's Development: 1 Month (for Parents) - Nemours KidsHealth". kidshealth.org. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Developmental Milestones: 1 Month". healthychildren.org. 1 June 2009. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  23. ^ "Your Baby's Growth: 2 Months (for Parents) - Nemours KidsHealth". kidshealth.org. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  24. ^ a b c d e f g "Your Child's Development: 2 Months (for Parents) - Nemours KidsHealth". kidshealth.org. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  25. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Important Milestones: Your Baby By Two Months". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 11 August 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2021.
  26. ^ "Your Baby's Growth: 3 Months (for Parents) - Nemours KidsHealth". kidshealth.org. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  27. ^ a b "Developmental Milestones: 3 Months". healthychildren.org. 1 June 2009. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  28. ^ "Your Baby's Growth: 4 Months (for Parents) - Nemours KidsHealth". kidshealth.org. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  29. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "Your Child's Development: 4 Months (for Parents) - Nemours KidsHealth". kidshealth.org. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  30. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Important Milestones: Your Baby By Four Months". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  31. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s "Your Child's Development: 6 Months (for Parents)". kidshealth.org. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
  32. ^ Sigmundsson, Hermundur; Lorås, Håvard W; Haga, Monika (2017). "Exploring Task-Specific Independent Standing in 3- to 5-Month-Old Infants". Frontiers in Psychology. 8: 657. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00657. ISSN 1664-1078. PMC 5408080. PMID 28503161.
  33. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Important Milestones: Your Baby By Six Months". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 11 August 2021. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
  34. ^ "Your Baby's Growth: 7 Months (for Parents) - Nemours KidsHealth". kidshealth.org. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  35. ^ a b c d e f g "Developmental Milestones: 7 Months". healthychildren.org. 7 June 2009. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  36. ^ Baby Milestones Slideshow: Your Child's First Year of Development at webMD. Retrieved May 2013
  37. ^ Trawick-Smith, J (2013) Early childhood development: a multicultural perspective. (6th Edition) USA: Pearson.
  38. ^ Bertsch, C., Unger, H., Winkelmann, W., & Rosenbaum, D. (2004). Evaluation of early walking patterns from plantar pressure distribution measurements. First year results of 42 children. Gait & Posture, 19(3), 235. doi:10.1016/S0966-6362(03)00064-X
  39. ^ Parten, M. (1932). "Social participation among pre-school children". The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. 27 (3): 243–269. doi:10.1037/h0074524.
  40. ^ Ruben, K. H., Fein, G. G., & Vandenberg, B. (1983). "Play", pp. 693–744 in E. M. Hetherington (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 4. Socialization, personality, and social development (4th ed.). New York: Wiley, ISBN 0471090654.
  41. ^ Harding, J. (2013) Child development: an illustrated handbook. Oxon: Hodder Education.
  42. ^ Hobart, C. Frankel, J. and Walker, M. (2009). A practical guide to child observation and assessment. (4th Edition.) Cheltenham: Stanley Thornes Publishers
  43. ^ Child development. Early Years Matters, Bury, UK (last accessed 12 March)
  44. ^ a b c d e f "Sexual Development and Behavior in Children" (PDF). National Child Traumatic Stress Network (NCTSN).
  45. ^ Jovanovic, B; Schwarzer, G (2017). "La influencia de los hábitos de agarre y la orientación a objetos en la planificación motora en niños y adultos". Psicobiología del desarrollo . 59 (8): 949–957. doi :10.1002/dev.21573. PMID  29071707. S2CID  23941550.

Lectura adicional