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List of heads of state of Argentina

Argentina has had many different types of heads of state, as well as many different types of government. During pre-Columbian times, most of the territories that today form Argentina were inhabited by Amerindian peoples without any centralized government, with the exception of the Inca subjects of the Northwest and Cuyo regions. During the Spanish colonization of the Americas, the King of Spain retained the ultimate authority over the territories conquered in the New World, appointing viceroys for local government. The territories that would later become Argentina were first part of the Viceroyalty of Peru and then the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. The May Revolution started the Argentine War of Independence by replacing the viceroy Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros with the first national government. It was the Primera Junta, a junta of several members, which would grow into the Junta Grande with the incorporation of provincial deputies. The size of the juntas gave room to internal political disputes among their members, so they were replaced by the First and Second Triumvirate, of three members. The Assembly of the Year XIII created a new executive authority, with attributions similar to that of a head of state, called the Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata. A second Assembly, the Congress of Tucumán, declared independence in 1816 and promulgated the Argentine Constitution of 1819. However, this constitution was repealed during armed conflicts between the central government and the Federal League Provinces. This started a period known as the Anarchy of the Year XX, when Argentina lacked any type of head of state.

There was a new attempt to organize a central government in 1826. A new congress wrote a new constitution and elected Bernardino Rivadavia as President in the process.[2] Rivadavia was the first President of Argentina. However, he resigned shortly after and the 1826 Constitution was repealed. The Argentine provinces then organized themselves as a confederation without a central head of state. In this organization, the governors of Buenos Aires province took some duties such as the payment of external debt or the administration of the foreign relations in the name of all provinces.[3] Those governors were appointed by the Buenos Aires legislature, with the only exception of Juan Lavalle. Juan Manuel de Rosas kept the governor office for seventeen consecutive years until Justo José de Urquiza defeated him at the 1852 Battle of Caseros. Urquiza then called for a new Constitutional Assembly and promulgated the Argentine Constitution of 1853, which is the current Constitution of Argentina through amendments. In 1854, Urquiza became the first President of modern Argentina, acting both as head of government and head of state.[4] However, the Buenos Aires Province had rejected the Constitution and became an independent state until the aftermath of the 1859 Battle of Cepeda, although the internecine conflict continued. Only after the subsequent Battle of Pavón in 1861, the former bonaerense leader Bartolomé Mitre became the first president of a unified Argentine Republic.[5]

The succession line of constitutional presidents run uninterrupted until 1930, when José Félix Uriburu took government through a civic-military coup d'état. For many decades, there was an alternance between legitimate presidents and others that took government through illegitimate means. Those means included coups d'état, but also proscriptions of major political parties[6] and electoral fraud.[6][7] The last coup d'état occurred in 1976 and resulted in the National Reorganization Process, which ended in 1983. The retrospective recognition as presidents or heads of state of any de facto ruler that exercised its authority outside the Constitutional mandate is a controversial and relevant issue in Argentine politics.[8][9][10] However, their government actions were recognized as valid following the de facto government doctrine that used to legitimize them.[11] This doctrine was rejected by the 1994 amendment and would not be applicable for potential future coups. The current head of state is President Javier Milei, who took office on 10 December 2023.

Affiliation keys

United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (1810–1831)

Junta presidents (1810–1811)

Triumvirates (1811–1814)

Supreme Directors (1814–1820)

Governors of Buenos Aires Province managing international relations (1820–1826)

Between 1820 and 1826, the United Provinces functioned as a loose alliance of autonomous provinces put together by pacts and treaties (see Treaty of Pilar, Treaty of Benegas, Quadrilateral Treaty), but lacking any actual central government until the 1825 Constitutional Congress.

First presidential government (1826–1827)

Governors of Buenos Aires Province managing international relations (1827–1831)

Argentine Confederation (1831–1861)

Governors managing international relations (1831–1852)

Provisional Director of the Argentine Confederation (1852–1854)

Presidents of the Confederation (1854–1861)

Argentine Republic (1861–present)

Presidents (1861–present)

Timeline of head of states of Argentina by individual

Javier MileiAlberto FernándezMauricio MacriCristina Fernández de KirchnerNéstor KirchnerEduardo DuhaldeEduardo CamañoAdolfo Rodríguez SaáFernando de la RúaCarlos MenemRaúl AlfonsínReynaldo BignoneAlfredo Oscar Saint-JeanLeopoldo GaltieriCarlos Alberto LacosteHoracio Tomás LiendoRoberto Eduardo ViolaOrlando Ramón AgostiEmilio Eduardo MasseraJorge Rafael VidelaÍtalo LúderIsabel PerónRaúl Alberto LastiriHéctor José CámporaRoberto LevingstonCarlos Alberto ReyAlejandro LanussePedro Alberto José GnaviJuan Carlos OnganíaAdolfo Teodoro ÁlvarezBenigno Ignacio VarelaPascual PistariniArturo Umberto IlliaJosé María GuidoArturo FrondiziPedro Eugenio AramburuEduardo LonardiJuan PerónEdelmiro Julián FarrellPedro Pablo RamírezArturo RawsonRamón CastilloRoberto María OrtizAgustín Pedro JustoJosé Félix UriburuEnrique MartínezMarcelo Torcuato de AlvearHipólito YrigoyenVictorino de la PlazaRoque Sáenz PeñaJosé Figueroa AlcortaManuel QuintanaLuis Sáenz PeñaCarlos PellegriniMiguel Juárez CelmanJulio Argentino RocaNicolás AvellanedaDomingo Faustino SarmientoJosé Evaristo UriburuLucas González (politician)Marcelino UgarteGuillermo RawsonMarcos PazBartolomé MitreJuan Esteban PederneraSantiago DerquiJusto José de UrquizaManuel Vicente MazaJuan Manuel de RosasJuan José ViamonteJuan LavalleVicente López y PlanesBernardino RivadaviaJuan Gregorio de Las HerasMartín RodríguezManuel DorregoMiguel Estanislao SolerIldefonso Ramos MexíaJuan Ramón González BalcarceJuan Pedro AguirreAntonio González de BalcarceIgnacio Álvarez ThomasJosé RondeauMatías de IrigoyenJosé de San MartínCarlos María de AlvearJuan LarreaJosé Julián PérezGervasio Antonio de PosadasAntonio Álvarez JonteNicolás Rodríguez PeñaJuan Martín de PueyrredónJuan José PasoManuel de SarrateaFeliciano ChiclanaDomingo MatheuCornelio Saavedra

Timeline of head of states of Argentina by affiliation

↓Argentina Centennial
Roca
Roca
│
1810
│
1820
│
1830
│
1840
│
1850
│
1860
│
1870
│
1880
│
1890
│
1900
│
1910
↓Women's suffrage
↓Argentina Bicentennial
FdlR
NK
CFK
│
1910
│
1920
│
1930
│
1940
│
1950
│
1960
│
1970
│
1980
│
1990
│
2000
│
2010
CFK
AF
JM
│
2010
│
2020
│
2030
│
2040
│
2050
│
2060
│
2070
│
2080
│
2090
│
2100
│
2110

See also

References

  1. ^ "Datos Argentina".
  2. ^ a b c d Mendelevich, p. 28
  3. ^ Mendelevich, p. 33
  4. ^ Mendelevich, p. 24
  5. ^ Mendelevich, p. 46
  6. ^ a b c Mendelevich, p. 130—131
  7. ^ a b c d e f Mendelevich, p. 136
  8. ^ Braslavsky, Guido (25 September 2008). "Alfonsín vuelve a la Casa Rosada para inaugurar su propia estatua" [Alfonsín returns to the Casa Rosada to open his own statue] (in Spanish). Clarín (newspaper). Retrieved November 7, 2010.
  9. ^ "Quieren quitar los nombres de militares de las calles" [They want to removemilitary names from the streets] (in Spanish). El Argentino. 21 November 2008. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
  10. ^ Ginzberg, Victoria (19 January 2003). "Los protocolos y las decisiones políticas" [Protocols and political rulings] (in Spanish). Página/12. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
  11. ^ Groisman, Enrique. "Los gobiernos de facto en el derecho argentino" [De facto governments in Argentine law] (PDF) (in Spanish). Centro de estudios políticos y constitucionales. Retrieved November 7, 2010.[permanent dead link]
  12. ^ "Buenos Aires, diciembre 16 de 1829.- El primer comandante de Patricios, el primer presidente de un gobierno patrio, pudo sólo quedar olvidado en su fallecimiento por las circunstancias calamitosas en que el país se hallaba. Después que ellas han terminado, sería una ingratitud negar a ciudadano tan eminente el tributo de honor rendido a su mérito, y a una vida ilustrada con tantas virtudes, que supo consagrar entera al servicio de su patria. El gobierno, para cumplir un deber tan sagrado, acuerda y decreta: Artículo 1º: En el cementerio del Norte se levantará, por cuenta del gobierno, un monumento en que se depositarán los restos del brigadier general D. Cornelio Saavedra. Artículo 2º: Se archivará en la Biblioteca Pública un manuscrito autógrafo del mismo brigadier general, con arreglo a lo que previene el decreto de 6 de octubre de 1821. Artículo 3º: Comuníquese y publíquese. Rosas – Tomás Guido".
  13. ^ Rosa, vol. II, p.199-306
  14. ^ Rosa, vol. II, p. 306-319
  15. ^ Rosa, Vol. III, p. 75-114
  16. ^ Rosa, vol. III, p. 114-129
  17. ^ Rosa, vol. III, p. 143
  18. ^ Rosa, vol. III, p. 143-160
  19. ^ Rosa, vol. III, p. 160
  20. ^ Rosa, vol. III, p. 161-242
  21. ^ Rosa, vol. III, p. 242-253
  22. ^ Rosa, vol. V, p.73-97
  23. ^ Rosa, vol. IV, p.97-117
  24. ^ Rosa, vol. IV, p 127-129
  25. ^ a b Rosa, vol. IV, p. 129-171
  26. ^ Rosa. vol. IV, p. 186-196
  27. ^ Rosa, vol. IV, p. 198-204
  28. ^ Rosa, vol. IV, p. 206-213
  29. ^ Rosa, vol. IV p. 219 – vol. V p. 489
  30. ^ a b Mendelevich, p. 38-41
  31. ^ a b Mendelevich, p. 42-45
  32. ^ Diario de Sesiones de la Cámara de Diputados del Año 1862. Tomo Primero. Buenos Aires: La Tribuna. 1863. p. 43.
  33. ^ Armagnague, Juan Fernando (1986). Historia del derecho: presidencias de Mitre, Sarmiento y Avellaneda. Mendoza: Ediciones Jurídicas Cuyo S.R.L. p. 17. ISBN 950-9099-09-0.
  34. ^ Diario de Sesiones de la Cámara de Diputados del Año 1862. Tomo Primero. Buenos Aires: La Tribuna. 1863. p. 59.
  35. ^ a b c Mendelevich, p.46-52
  36. ^ Mendelevich, p. 53-56
  37. ^ a b Mendelevich, p. 57-65
  38. ^ a b Mendelevich, p. 66-72
  39. ^ Mendelevich, p. 73-79
  40. ^ a b Mendelevich, p. 80-88
  41. ^ a b Mendelevich, p. 89-101
  42. ^ a b Mendelevich, p. 102-112
  43. ^ Mendelevich, p. 113-125
  44. ^ Mendelevich, p. 126-129
  45. ^ Mendelevich, p. 130-135
  46. ^ Mendelevich, p. 136–155
  47. ^ Mendelevich, p. 145
  48. ^ Mendelevich, p. 156-176
  49. ^ a b Mendelevich, p. 177-186
  50. ^ a b Mendelevich, p. 187-195
  51. ^ Mendelevich, p. 193
  52. ^ a b c Mendelevich, p. 196-214
  53. ^ a b c Mendelevich, p. 215-228
  54. ^ Mendelevich, p. 223
  55. ^ Mendelevich, p. 229-235
  56. ^ a b c d Mendelevich, p. 236-241
  57. ^ Mendelevich, p. 242-245
  58. ^ Mendelevich, p. 247-252
  59. ^ Mendelevich, p. 253-262
  60. ^ "La crisis política y económica. Renunció De la Rúa: el peronista Puerta está a cargo del Poder Ejecutivo". La Nación. 21 December 2001.
  61. ^ a b Mendelevich, p. 263-277
  62. ^ "La crisis institucional. Eduardo Camaño asumió como presidente interino". La Nación. 31 December 2001.
  63. ^ Mendelevich, p. 278-282
  64. ^ Mendelevich, p. 283-292
  65. ^ a b c "La jueza Servini declaró que el mandato de Mauricio Macri comienza a las 0 horas del día 10 de diciembre". Agencia de Noticias del Poder Judicial. 9 December 2015.

Notes

  1. ^ Catamarca, Córdoba, Mendoza, Santa Fe, Salta, Santiago del Estero and Tucumán accept Mitre as the person in charge of the National Executive Power. Buenos Aires, San Juan and Jujuy only gave Mitre the authority to manage international relations, to convene the National Congress, and to rule on urgent internal business. Corrientes, La Rioja and San Luis only gave Mitre the authority to manage international relations and to convene the National Congress. Entre Ríos only gave Mitre the authority to convene the National Congress.

Bibliography

External links