Cairns birdwing (Ornithoptera euphorion ): Australia's largest endemic butterflyAustralia has more than 400 species of butterfly , the majority of which are continental species , and more than a dozen endemic species from remote islands administered by various Australian territorial governments. The largest butterflies in the world are endemic to the Australasian realm . They are the birdwings —Ornithoptera and other genera —of the tribe Troidini of the swallowtail butterfly family, Papilionidae.[1]
Papilionidae: swallowtails Family : Papilionidae (swallowtails ) – 18+2 species [*2 non-continental species]
Papilioninae
subfamily : Papilioninae tribe : Leptocircini (formerly Graphiini)genus : Protographium P. l. leosthenes (Doubleday, 1846) [2] P. l. geimbia (Tindale, 1927) [3] genus : Graphium (swordtails)G. m. macleayanus (Leach, 1814) [5] G. m. moggana (Couchman, 1965) [6] G. e. lycaon (C. & R. Felder, 1865) [8] G. e. nyctimus (Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914) [9] G. e. lycanoides (Rothschild, 1895) [10] tribe : Papilionini (fluted swallowtails)genus : Papilio (Linnaeus, 1758) [7] P. a. aegeus (Donovan, 1805) [13] P. a. ormenus (Guérin-Méneville, 1830) [14] P. f. canopus (Westwood, 1842) [17] P. f. capaneus (Westwood, 1843) [18] P. f. indicatus (Butler, 1876) [19] tribe : Troidini (Aristolochia -eating swallowtails)genus : Cressida C. c. cressida (Fabricius, 1775) [21] genus : Ornithoptera (birdwings )O. p. poseidon (Doubleday, 1847) [2] [23] O. p. pronomus (Gray, 1853) [22] O. p. macalpinei (Moulds, 1974) [24] genus : Pachliopta
Pieridae: whites and yellows
family : Pieridae (whites and yellows) – 35+2+1 species [†1 introduced species ]
Pierinae: whites subfamily : Pierinae (whites )tribe : Elodinini genus : Elodina (pearl-whites)Southern pearl-white, Elodina angulipennis (H. Lucas, 1852) [26] Cape York pearl-white, Elodina claudia (de Baar & Hancock, 1993) [27] Narrow-winged pearl-white, Elodina padusa (Hewitson, 1853) [28] Striated pearl-white, Elodina parthia (Hewitson, 1853) [28] Delicate pearl-white, Elodina perdita (Miskin, 1889) [29] Glistening pearl-white, Elodina queenslandica (de Baar & Hancock, 1993) [27] Small pearl-white, Elodina walkeri (Butler, 1898) [30] tribe : Leptosiaini genus : Leptosia Black-spotted white, Leptosia nina (Fabricius, 1793) [31] – pictured right tribe : Pierini genus : Appias (albatrosses)Orange albatross, Appias ada (Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914) [9] A. a. caria (Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914) [9] White or common albatross, Appias albina (Boisduval, 1836) [32] – pictured right A. a. albina (Boisduval, 1836) [32] Blue albatross, Appias celestina (Boisduval, 1832) [15] Grey albatross, Appias melania (Fabricius, 1775) [21] Yellow albatross, Appias paulina (Cramer, 1777) [4] A. p. ega (Boisduval, 1836) [32] genus : Pieris †Small cabbage white, Pieris rapae (Linnaeus, 1758) [7] [†introduced species] – pictured right genus : Belenois (formerly Anaphaeis )B. j. peristhene (Boisduval, 1859) [20] B. j. teutonia (Fabricius, 1775) [21] genus : Cepora C. p. scyllara (W. S. Macleay, 1826) [12] genus : Delias (Jezebels)D. a. argenthona (Fabricius, 1793) [31] D. a. inferna (Butler, 1871) [34] D. e. nigidius (Miskin, 1884) [36] D. e. tindalii (Joicey & Talbot, 1926) [37] D. m. mysis (Fabricius, 1775) [21] D. m. aestiva (Butler, 1897) [38] D. m. onca (Fruhstorfer, 1910) [39] D. n. nysa (Fabricius, 1775) [21] D. n. nivira (Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914) [9]
Coliadinae: yellows
subfamily : Coliadinae (yellows)genus : Catopsilia (migrants or emigrants)C. p. crokera (W. S. Macleay, 1826) [12] C. s. etesia (Hewitson, 1867) [40] Yellow migrant, Catopsilia gorgophone (Boisduval, 1836) [32] C. g. gorgophone (Boisduval, 1836) [32] genus : Eurema (grass-yellows)E. b. australis (Wallace, 1867) [35] E. b. zoraide (C. & R. Felder, 1865) [8] E. l. sana (Butler, 1877) [11] E. s. smilax (Donovan, 1805) [13] Broad-margined grass-yellow, Eurema puella (Boisduval, 1832) [15] E. p. papuan (Butler, 1898) [30] E. p. virgo (Wallace, 1867) [35] Scalloped grass-yellow, Eurema alitha (C. & R. Felder, 1832) [41] Large grass-yellow, Eurema hecabe (Linnaeus, 1758) [7] – pictured right E. h. hecabe (Linnaeus, 1758) [7] E. h. phoebus (Butler, 1886) [42]
Riodinidae: metalmarks Harlequin metalmark family : Riodinidae (metalmarks) – 1 species
Nemeobiinae subfamily : Nemeobiinae genus : Praetaxila P. s. punctaria (Fruhstorfer, 1914) [44]
Lycaenidae: gossamer-winged blues and coppers family : Lycaenidae (gossamer-winged blues and coppers) – 142+7 species
Miletinae: harvesters Moth butterfly subfamily : Miletinae (harvesters)tribe : Liphyrini genus : Liphyra L. b. major (Rothschild, 1898) [46]
Theclinae: hairstreaks
subfamily : Theclinae (hairstreaks)tribe : Luciini genus : Lucia genus : Paralucia P. p. lucida (Crosby, 1951) [49] genus : Pseudodipsas Bright forest-blue, Pseudodipsas cephenes (Hewitson, 1874) [51] Dark forest-blue, Pseudodipsas eone (C. & R. Felder, 1865) [52] P. e. iole (Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914) [9] genus : Acrodipsas (ant-blues)Black-veined ant-blue, Acrodipsas arcana (Miller & Edwards, 1978) [53] Golden ant-blue, Acrodipsas aurata (Sands, 1997) [54] Bronze ant-blue, Acrodipsas brisbanensis (Miskin, 1884) [36] Copper ant-blue, Acrodipsas cuprea (Sands, 1965) [55] Decima ant-blue, Acrodipsas decima Miller and Lane, 2004 Black ant-blue, Acrodipsas hirtipes (Sands, 1980) [56] Mangrove or Illidge's ant-blue, Acrodipsas illidgei (Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914) [9] – pictured right Grey ant-blue, Acrodipsas melania (Sands, 1980) [56] – pictured right Brown ant-blue, Acrodipsas mortoni (Sands, Miller & Kerr, 1997) [57] Small ant-blue, Acrodipsas myrmecophila (Waterhouse & Lyell, 1913) [58] genus : Hypochrysops (jewels)Copper jewel, Hypochrysops apelles (Fabricius, 1775) [21] H. a. apelles (Fabricius, 1775) [21] Apollo jewel, Hypochrysops apollo (Miskin, 1891) [59] H. a. apollo (Miskin, 1891) [59] H. a. phoebus (Waterhouse, 1928) [60] Yellow jewel, Hypochrysops byzos (Boisduval, 1832) [15] – pictured right Splendid jewel, Hypochrysops cleon (Grose-Smith, 1900) [61] Cyane jewel, Hypochrysops cyane (Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914) [9] Moonlight jewel, Hypochrysops delicia (Hewitson, 1875) [62] H. d. delicia (Hewitson, 1875) [62] H. d. duaringae (Waterhouse, 1903) [63] Silky jewel, Hypochrysops digglesii (Hewitson, 1874) [51] Amethyst jewel, Hypochrysops elgneri (Waterhouse & Lyell, 1909) [64] H. e. elgneri (Waterhouse & Lyell, 1909) [64] H. e. barnardi (Waterhouse, 1934) [65] H. h. nebulosis (Sands, 1986) [67] Fiery jewel, Hypochrysops ignita (Leach, 1814) [5] H. i. ignita (Leach, 1814) [5] H. i. chrysonotus (Grose-Smith, 1899) [68] H. i. erythina (Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914) [9] H. i. oliffi (Miskin, 1889) [5] Coral jewel, Hypochrysops miskini (Waterhouse, 1903) [63] H. m. miskini (Waterhouse, 1903) [63] H. n. narcissus (Fabricius, 1775) [21] H. n. sabirus (Fruhstorfer, 1908) [69] Bulloak jewel, Hypochrysops piceata (Kerr, Macqueen & Sands, 1969) [70] Royal jewel, Hypochrysops polycletus (Linnaeus, 1758) [7] H. p. rovena (Druce, 1891) [71] Peacock jewel, Hypochrysops pythias (C. & R. Felder, 1865) [8] H. p. euclides (Miskin, 1889) [29] Green-banded jewel, Hypochrysops theon (C. & R. Felder, 1865) [8] H. t. medocus (Fruhstorfer, 1908) [69] H. t. cretatus (Sands, 1986) [67] genus : Philiris (moonbeams)Azure moonbeam, Philiris azule (Wind & Clench, 1947) [72] Large moonbeam, Philiris diana (Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914) [9] P. d. diana (Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914) [9] P. d. papuanus (Wind & Clench, 1947) [72] P. f. kurandae (Waterhouse, 1903) [63] Purple moonbeam, Philiris innotatus (Miskin, 1874) [74] Blue moonbeam, Philiris nitens (Grose-Smith, 1898) [75] P. n. nitens (Grose-Smith, 1898) [75] P. n. lucina (Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914) [9] Sapphire moonbeam, Philiris sappheira (Sands, 1980) [56] White-margined moonbeam, Philiris ziska (Grose-Smith, 1898) [75] tribe : Arhopalini genus : Arhopala (oak-blues)A. m. amphis (Waterhouse, 1942) [77] A. w. wildei (Miskin, 1891) [59] tribe : Ogyrinigenus : Ogyris (azures)Dark purple azure, Ogyris abrota (Westwood, 1851) [78] Sapphire azure, Ogyris aenone (Waterhouse, 1902) [79] Satin azure, Ogyris amaryllis (Hewitson, 1862) [80] Bright purple azure, Ogyris barnardi (Miskin, 1890) [76] Southern purple azure, Ogyris genoveva (Hewitson, 1853) [28] Golden azure, Ogyris ianthis (Waterhouse, 1900) [81] Large bronze azure, Ogyris idmo (Hewitson, 1862) [80] Orange-tipped azure, Ogyris iphis (Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914) [9] Broad-margined azure, Ogyris olane (Hewitson, 1862) [80] Silky azure, Ogyris oroetes (Hewitson, 1862) [80] Small bronze azure, Ogyris otanes (C. & R. Felder, 1865) [8] Arid bronze azure, Ogyris subterrestris (Field, 1999) [82] Northern purple azure, Ogyris zosine (Hewitson, 1853) [28] tribe : Zesiini (hairstreaks)genus : Jalmenus Inland hairstreak, Jalmenus aridus (Graham & Moulds, 1988) [83] Turquoise hairstreak, Jalmenus clementi (Druce, 1902) [84] Emerald hairstreak, Jalmenus daemeli (Semper, 1879) [85] Northern hairstreak, Jalmenus eichhorni (Staudinger, 1888) [86] Imperial hairstreak, Jalmenus evagoras (Donovan, 1805) [13] Amethyst hairstreak, Jalmenus icilius (Hewitson, 1865) [87] Jalmenus eubulus Miskin, 1876 [66] Stencilled hairstreak, Jalmenus ictinus (Hewitson, 1865) [87] Varied hairstreak, Jalmenus inous (Hewitson, 1865) [87] J. i. inous (Hewitson, 1865) [87] J. i. notocrucifer (Johnson, Hay & Bollam, 1992) [88] genus : Pseudalmenus P. c. chlorinda (Blanchard, 1948) [48] P. c. conara (Couchman, 1965) [6] P. c. zephyrus (Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914) [9] P. c. myrsilus (Westwood, 1851) [78] P. c. chloris (Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914) [9] P. c. barringtonensis (Waterhouse, 1928) [60] tribe : Hypolycaenini genus : Hypolycaena H. d. turneri (Waterhouse, 1903) [63] H. p. phorbas (Fabricius, 1793) [31] H. p. ingura (Tindale, 1923) [90] tribe : Deudorigini
genus : Deudorix D. e. dido (Waterhouse, 1934) [65] D. e. diovis (Hewitson, 1863) [92] Bright cornelian, Deudorix diovis (Hewitson, 1863) [92] Orange-lobed flash, Deudorix epirus (C. Felder, 1860) [93] D. e. agimar (Fruhstorfer, 1908) [69] White-spotted flash, Deudorix democles (Miskin, 1884) [36] D. d. democles (Miskin, 1884) [36] D. s. dalyensis (le Souëf & Tindale, 1970) [94] genus : Rapala Indigo flash, Rapala varuna (Horsfield, 1829) [95] – pictured right R. v. simsoni (Miskin, 1874) [74] genus : Bindahara B. p. yurgama (Couchman, 1965) [6]
Polyommatinae: blues subfamily : Polyommatinae (blues)tribe : Candalidini genus : Candalides (pencil– and dusky-blues)C. h. helenita (Semper, 1879) [85] C. m. margarita (Semper, 1879) [85] C. c. consimilis (Waterhouse, 1942) [77] C. c. goodingi (Tindale, 1965) [97] C. c. toza (Kerr, 1967) [98] C. c. cyprotus (Olliff, 1886) [99] C. c. pallescens (Tite, 1963) [100] C. h. hyacinthina (Semper, 1879) [85] C. h. simplexa (Tepper, 1882) [101] C. h. gilesi (Williams & Bollam, 2001) [102] C. e. erinus (Fabricius, 1775) [21] C. h. heathi (Cox, 1873) [104] C. h. alpina (Waterhouse, 1928) [60] C. h. doddi (Burns, 1948) [106] Golden-rayed blue, Candalides noelkeri (Braby & Douglas, 2004) [107] genus : Nesolycaena (opals)Dark opal, Nesolycaena medicia (Miskin, 1891) [59] Satin opal, Nesolycaena albosericea (Braby, 1996) [108] Spotted opal, Nesolycaena urumelia (Tindale, 1922) [109] Kimberley spotted opal, Nesolycaena caesia (d'Apice & Miller, 1992) [110] tribe : Lycaenesthenigenus : Anthene (ciliate-blues)A. s. affinis (Waterhouse & RE Turner, 1905) [112] A. l. godeffroyi (Semper, 1879) [85] tribe : Polyommatini genus : Petrelaea Mauve line-blue, Petrelaea tombugensis (Röber, 1886) [111] genus : Nacaduba N. b. berenice (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869) [113] N. k. parma (Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914) [9] N. k. felsina (Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914) [9] N. b. biocellata (C. & R. Felder, 1865) [8] N. c. calauria (C. Felder, 1860) [93] genus : Erysichton E. l. lineata (Murray, 1874) [114] E. p. tasmanicus (Miskin, 1890) [76] genus : Danis D. d. serapis (Miskin, 1891) [59] D. d. syrius (Miskin, 1890) [76] genus : Nothodanis *Dark green-banded blue, Nothodanis schaeffera (Eschscholtz, 1821) [115] [*native to Murray Island ] genus : Psychonotis P. c. taygetus (C. & R. Felder, 1865) [8] genus : Prosotas P. d. dubiosa (Semper, 1879) [85] Short-tailed line-blue, Prosotas felderi (Murray, 1874) [114] Long-tailed line-blue, Prosotas nora (Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914) [9] P. n. auletes (Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914) [9] genus : Catopyrops C. a. mysia (Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914) [9] C. f. halys (Waterhouse, 1934) [65] C. f. estrella (Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914) [9] genus : Ionolyce I. h. hyllus (Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914) [9] genus : Theclinesthes Bitter-bush blue, Theclinesthes albocincta (Waterhouse, 1903) [63] Western bitter-bush blue, Theclinesthes hesperia (Sibatani & Grund, 1978) [116] T. h. hesperia (Sibatani & Grund, 1978) [116] T. h. littoralis (Sibatani & Grund, 1978) [116] T. m. miskini (T. P. Lucas, 1889) [117] T. m. eucalypti (Sibatani & Grund, 1978) [116] T. m. arnoldi (Fruhstorfer, 1916) [118] T. o. onycha (Hewitson, 1865) [87] T. o. capricornia (Sibatani & Grund, 1978) [116] T. s. serpentata (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869) [113] T. s. lavara (Couchman, 1954) [119] Samphire blue, Theclinesthes sulpitius (Miskin, 1890) [76] genus : Sahulana genus : Neolucia (heath-blues)Fringed heath-blue, Neolucia agricola (Westwood, 1851) [78] N. a. agricola (Westwood, 1851) [78] N. a. insulana (Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914) [9] N. a. occidens (Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914) [9] Montane heath-blue, Neolucia hobartensis (Miskin, 1890) [76] N. h. hobartensis (Miskin, 1890) [76] N. h. monticola (Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914) [9] Dull heath-blue, Neolucia mathewi (Miskin, 1890) [76] genus : Jamides (ceruleans)J. a. coelestis (Miskin, 1891) [59] J. c. claudia (Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914) [9] genus : Catochrysops (pea-blues)Cobalt pea-blue, Catochrysops amasea (Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914) [9] C. a. amasea (Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914) [9] C. p. platissa (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869) [113] C. p. papuana (Tite, 1959) [121] genus : Lampides genus : Leptotes (synonyms Tarucus and Syntarucus )L. p. pseudocassius (Murray, 1873) [123] genus : Zizeeria genus : Zizina Z. l. labradus (Godart, 1824) [125] Z. l. labdalon (Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914) [9] genus : Famegana Black-spotted grass-blue, Famegana alsulus (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869) [113] F. a. alsulus (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869) [113] genus : Zizula Z. h. attenuata (T. P. Lucas, 1890) [127] genus : Everes E. l. australis (Couchman, 1962) [128] genus : Pithecops Pied blue, Pithecops dionisius (Boisduval, 1832) [15] P. d. dionisius (Boisduval, 1832) [15] genus : Neopithecops Devil's blue, Neopithecops lucifer (Röber, 1886) [111] N. l. heria (Fruhstorfer, 1919) [129] genus : Megisba Small pied blue, Megisba strongyle (C. Felder, 1860) [93] M. s. nigra (Miskin, 1890) [76] genus : Udara Delicate blue, Udara tenella (Miskin, 1891) [59] genus : Euchrysops E. c. cnidus (Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914) [9] genus : Freyeria F. p. putli (Kollar, 1844) [131]
Nymphalidae: brush– or four-footed family : Nymphalidae (brush– or four-footed) – 81+6 species
Morphinae subfamily : Morphinae tribe : Amathusiini genus Taenaris T. a. jamesi (Butler, 1876) [19]
Satyrinae
subfamily : Satyrinae tribe : Biinisubtribe : Melanititigenus : Melanitis M. l. bankia (Fabricius, 1775) [21] *Banded evening brown, Melanitis amabilis (Boisduval, 1832) [15] [*native to Darnley Island ] *Papuan evening brown, Melanitis constantia (Cramer, 1777) [4] [*native to Murray Island ] tribe : Elymniini subtribe : Elymniitigenus : Elymnias E. a. australiana (Fruhstorfer, 1900) [133] subtribe : MycalesitiO. m. moira (Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914) [9] M. p. perseus (Fabricius, 1775) [21] Cedar bush-brown, Mycalesis sirius (Fabricius, 1775) [21] M. s. sirius (Fabricius, 1775) [21] M. t. terminus (Fabricius, 1775) [21] tribe : Satyrini subtribe : Ypthimitigenus : Ypthima Dusky knight, Ypthima arctoa (Fabricius, 1775) [21] Y. a. arctoa (Fabricius, 1775) [21] subtribe : Hypocystitigenus : Hypocysta H. a. angustata (Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914) [9] genus : Nesoxenica – endemic to Tasmania N. l. leprea (Hewitson, 1864) [136] N. l. elia (Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914) [9] genus : Argynnina genus : Oreixenica Oreixenica correae (Olliff, 1890) [137] Oreixenica kershawi (Miskin, 1876) [66] Oreixenica lathoniella (Westwood, 1851) [78] Oreixenica latialis (Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914) [9] Oreixenica orichora (Meyrick, 1885) [138] Oreixenica ptunarra (Couchman, 1953) [139] genus : Geitoneura genus : Heteronympha Banks' brown, Heteronympha banksii (Leach, 1814) [5] – pictured right Heteronympha cordace (Geyer, 1832) [140] Heteronympha merope (Fabricius, 1775) [21] Heteronympha mirifica (Butler, 1866) [141] Heteronympha paradelpha (Lower, 1893) [142] Heteronympha penelope (Waterhouse, 1937) [143] Heteronympha solandri (Waterhouse, 1904) [144] genus : Tisiphone
Charaxinae: leafwings Tailed emperor subfamily : Charaxinae (leafwings)genus : Charaxes genus : Polyura Polyura pyrrhus sempronius (Fabricius, 1793) [31]
Apaturinae subfamily : Apaturinae genus : Apaturina A. e. papuana (Ribbe, 1884) [148]
Heliconiinae: longwings
subfamily : Heliconiinae (longwings)tribe : Acraeini genus : Acraea A. a. andromacha (Fabricius, 1775) [21] tribe : Heliconiini genus : Cethosia C. c. chrysippe (Fabricius, 1775) [21] C. p. paksha (Fruhstorfer, 1905) [149] tribe : Vagrantini genus : Vindula V. a. ada (Butler, 1874) [150] genus : Cupha Bordered rustic, Cupha prosope (Fabricius, 1775) [21] C. p. prosope (Fabricius, 1775) [21] genus : Vagrans V. e. propinqua (Miskin, 1884) [36] genus : Phalanta P. p. araca (Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914) [9] tribe : Argynnini genus : Argynnis A. h. inconstans Butler, 1873 [151]
Nymphalinae
subfamily : Nymphalinae genus : Doleschallia D. b. australis (C. & R. Felder, 1867) [152] genus : Hypolimnas H. a. lamina (Fruhstorfer, 1903) [153] H. a. darwinensis (Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914) [9] H. a. albula (Wallace, 1869) [154] H. b. bolina (Linnaeus, 1758) [7] H. b. nerina (Fabricius, 1775) [21] genus : Yoma Yoma sabina parva (Butler, 1876) [19] genus : Junonia Northern argus, Junonia erigone (Cramer, 1775) [4] Junonia hedonia zelima (Fabricius, 1775) [21] Junonia orithya albicincta (Butler, 1875) [135] Junonia villida calybe (Godart, 1819) [156] genus : Vanessa genus : Mynes M. g. guerini (Wallace, 1869) [154]
Biblidinae White-banded plane subfamily : Biblidinae (planes)genus : Pantoporia Orange plane, Pantoporia consimilis (Boisduval, 1832) [15] P. c. consimilis (Boisduval, 1832) [15] P. v. moorei (W. J. Macleay, 1866) [158] genus : Neptis Yellow-eyed plane, Neptis praslini (Boisduval, 1832) [15] N. p. staudingereana (de Nicéville, 1898) [159] genus : Phaedyma P. s. shepherdi (Moore, 1858) [91] genus : Lexias
Libytheinae Purple beak subfamily : Libytheinae genus : Libythea L. g. genia (Waterhouse, 1938) [160] L. g. nicevillei (Olliff, 1891) [161]
Danainae: milkweed butterflies
subfamily : Danainae (milkweed butterflies )tribe : Danaini (tigers and crows)genus Tirumala T. h. hamata (W. S. Macleay, 1826) [12] genus Danaus D. a. affinis (Fabricius, 1775) [21] D. a. alexis (Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914) [9] D. a. gelanor (Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914) [9] conspecific with:[162] D. philene (Stoll, 1782) [4] D. g. alexis (Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914) [9] D. c. petilia (Stoll, 1790) [163] D. c. cratippus (C. Felder, 1860) [93] genus Euploea E. a. eichhorni (Staudinger, 1884) [164] E. a. enastri (Fenner, 1991) [165] E. a. monilifera (Moore, 1883) [166] Common crow, Euploea core (Cramer, 1780) [4] – pictured right E. c. corinna (W. S. Macleay, 1826) [12] E. a. violetta (Butler, 1876) [19] Bates' crow, Euploea batesii (C. & R. Felder, 1865) [8] E. b. resarta (Butler, 1876) [19] E. c. macleari (Butler, 1887) [167] E. d. darchia (W. S. Macleay, 1826) [12] E. d. niveata (Butler, 1875) [135] Orange-flash crow, Euploea leucostictos (Gmelin, 1790) [168] Two-brand crow, Euploea sylvester (Fabricius, 1793) [31] – pictured right E. s. sylvester (Fabricius, 1793) [31] E. s. pelor (Doubleday, 1847) [23] E. t. tulliolus (Fabricius, 1793) [31] *Wide-brand crow, Euploea netscheri (Snellen, 1889) [169] [*native to Dauan Island ] tribe : Tellervini genus Tellervo Hamadryad, Tellervo zoilus (Fabricius, 1775) [21] Cairns hamadryad, Tellervo zoilus zoilus (Fabricius, 1775) [21] Cape York hamadryad, Tellervo zoilus gelo (Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914) [9]
Hesperiidae: skippers family : Hesperiidae (skippers )[170] – 121+1 species
Pyrginae: spread-winged skippers subfamily : Pyrginae (spread-winged skippers ) (Burmeister, 1878) [171] genus : dusk-flats, Chaetocneme (C. Felder, 1860) [93] C. c. sphinterifera (Fruhstorfer, 1910) [39] genus : Euschemon (Doubleday, 1846) [2] Euschemon rafflesia E. r. rafflesia (W. S. Macleay, 1826) [12] E. r. alba (Mabille, 1903) [174] genus : Exometoeca genus : Netrocoryne N. r. repanda (C. & R. Felder, 1867) [152] N. r. expansa (Waterhouse, 1932) [176] genus : Tagiades T. j. janetta (Butler, 1870) [177]
Coeliadinae: awls, awlets and policemen subfamily : Coeliadinae (awls, awlets and policemen)genus : Allora genus : Badamia genus : Hasora H. d. mastusia (Fruhstorfer, 1911) [180] H. c. chromus (Cramer, 1780) [4] H. k. haslia (Swinhoe, 1899) [182]
Trapezitinae: Australian skippers subfamily : Trapezitinae (Australian skippers)Blue-flash skipper, Rachelia extrusus (C. & R. Felder, 1867) [152] Two-spotted grass-skipper, Pasma tasmanicus (Miskin, 1889) [29] Barred skipper, Dispar compacta (Butler, 1882) [183] Herimosa albovenata (Waterhouse, 1903) [63] Anisyntoides argenteoornatus (Hewitson, 1868) [184] Proeidosa polysema (Lower, 1908) [185] Pseudoborbo bevani (Moore, 1878) [186] genus : Antipodia genus : Croitana genus : Herimosa (Atkins, 1994) ;[188] previously Anisynta (Lower, 1911) [189] A. c. cynone (Hewitson, 1874) [51] A. c. gunneda (Couchman, 1954) [119] genus : Hesperilla Hesperilla chrysotricha (Meyrick & Lower, 1902) [173] Hesperilla crypsargyra (Meyrick, 1888) [175] Hesperilla crypsigramma (Meyrick & Lower, 1902) [173] Hesperilla donnysa (Hewitson, 1868) [184] Hesperilla flavescens (Waterhouse, 1903) [63] Hesperilla furva (Sands & Kerr, 1973) [193] Hesperilla idothea (Miskin, 1889) [29] Hesperilla malindeva (Lower, 1911) [189] Hesperilla mastersi (Waterhouse, 1903) [63] Hesperilla ornata (Leach, 1814) [5] Hesperilla picta (Leach, 1814) [5] Hesperilla sarnia (Atkins, 1978) [194] Hesperilla sexguttata (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869) [113] genus : Mesodina genus : Motasingha genus : Neohesperilla genus : Oreisplanus genus : Signeta genus : Toxidia genus : Trapezites Silver-spotted ochre, Trapezites argenteoornatus (Hewitson, 1868) [184] Speckled ochre, Trapezites atkinsi (A. A. E. Williams, M. R. Williams & R. W. Hay, 1998) [202] Orange ochre, Trapezites eliena (Hewitson, 1868) [184] Ornate ochre, Trapezites genevieveae (Atkins, 1997) [203] Small orange ochre, Trapezites heteromacula (Meyrick & Lower, 1902) [173] Silver-studded ochre, Trapezites iacchoides (Waterhouse, 1903) [63] Brown ochre, Trapezites iacchus (Fabricius, 1775) [21] Yellow ochre, Trapezites lutea (Tepper, 1882) [101] Bronze ochre, Trapezites macqueeni (Kerr & Sands, 1970) [204] Northern silver ochre, Trapezites maheta (Hewitson, 1877) [205] Black-ringed ochre, Trapezites petalia (Hewitson, 1868) [184] Heath ochre, Trapezites phigalia (Hewitson, 1868) [184] Montane ochre, Trapezites phigalioides (Waterhouse, 1903) [63] Southern silver ochre, Trapezites praxedus (Plötz, 1884) [191] Sciron ochre, Trapezites sciron (Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914) [9] Splendid ochre, Trapezites symmomus (Hübner, 1823) [206] Sandstone ochre, Trapezites taori (Atkins, 1997) [203] Laterite ochre, Trapezites waterhouse (Mayo & Atkins, 1992) [207]
Hesperinae: grass skippers subfamily : Hesperinae (grass skippers )genus : Notocrypta N. w. proserpina (Butler, 1883) [200] genus : Taractrocera T. i. ilia (Waterhouse, 1903) [63] genus : Ocybadistes O. a. ardea (Bethune-Baker, 1906) [209] O. a. heterobathra (Lower, 1908) [185] genus : Suniana genus : Arrhenes A. d. iris (Waterhouse, 1903) [63] A. m. affinis (Waterhouse & Lyell, 1912) [192] genus : Telicota T. a. krefftii (W. J. Macleay, 1866) [158] T. c. argeus (Plötz, 1883) [215] T. m. mesoptis (Lower, 1911) [189] genus : Cephrenes C. a. sperthias (C. Felder, 1862) [96] genus : Sabera genus : Pelopidas genus : Parnara genus : Borbo B. i. lavinia (Waterhouse, 1932) [176] B. i. tetragaphus (Mabille, 1891) [201]
Remote islands species Christmas Island Australia has 8,222 islands within her maritime borders. This is small in comparison with her northern neighbour Indonesia , with about 18,300 islands (high geological activity is constantly adding and removing Indonesian islands). The British Isles include more than 6,000 islands over a much smaller area. The Greek islands include about as many islands depending on the minimum size to take into account, but in an even smaller area.
Christmas Island (105°E) Christmas swallowtail, Papilio memnon (Linnaeus, 1758) [7] Striped albatross, Appias olferna (Swinhoe, 1890) [33] Christmas emperor, Polyura andrewsi (Butler, 1900) [147] King cerulean, Jamides bochus (Stoll, 1782) [4] Lesser grass-blue, Zizina otis (Fabricius, 1787) [126] Papuan grass-yellow, Eurema blanda (Boisduval, 1836) [32] (also on Darnley Island) Eurema alitha (C. & R. Felder, 1832) Euploea climena macleari (Butler, 1887) Badamia exclamationis (Fabricius, 1775) Borbo cinnara (Wallace, 1866) Catochrysops panormus exiguusCatopsilia pomona (Fabricius, 1775) Junonia villida Hasora chromus (Cramer, 1780) Hypolimnas anomala (Wallace, 1869) Hypolimnas bolina nerina (Fabricius, 1775) Hypolimnas misippus Lampides boeticus (Linnaeus, 1767) Nacaduba kurava (Moore, 1858) [220]
Torres Strait islands (142–144°E) Torres Strait islands Dauan Island (Dauan, 142.5°E) Violet line-blue, Nacaduba calauria (C. Felder, 1860) [93] (also on Murray Island) White-brand crow, Euploea netscheri (Snellen, 1889) [169] Gracile line-blue, Prosotas gracilis (Röber, 1886) [111] Saibai Island (Saibai, 142.7°E)Yorke Island (Masig, 143.4°E)Darnley Island (Erub, 143.7°E)Papuan grass-yellow, Eurema blanda (Boisduval, 1836) [32] (also on Christmas Island) Papuan snow flat, Tagiades nestus (C. Felder, 1860) [93] Banded evening brown, Melanitis amabilis (Boisduval, 1832) [15] Papuan cerulean, Jamides nemophila (Butler, 1876) [19] Bold line-blue, Nacaduba pactolus (C. Felder, 1860) [93] (also on Murray Island) Silky owl, Taenaris catops (Westwood, 1851) [78] (also on Saibai Island) Murray Island (Mer, 144.0°E)Papuan evening brown, Melanitis constantia (Cramer, 1777) [4] Dark green-banded blue, Nothodanis schaeffera (Eschscholtz, 1821) [115] Violet line-blue, Nacaduba calauria (C. Felder, 1860) [93] (also on Dauan Island) Spotted crow eggfly, Hypolimnas antilope (Cramer, 1777) [4] (also on Yorke Island)
Norfolk Island (168°E)
Glossary
Major collections
Museums outside of Australia with significant Australian butterfly collections UK British Museum : 25,000 Australian butterflies; includes specimens collected by Joseph Banks , Walter Rothschild and Cajetan and Rudolf Felder .UK Hope Entomology Collections, Oxford University Museum of Natural History : 1,600 Australian butterflies.RF Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle , Paris: 10,000 Australian butterflies; includes specimens collected by Hans Fruhstorfer .BRD de:Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Karlsruhe: 5,000–10,000 Australian butterflies.USA Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz Museum of Comparative Zoology , Harvard University : substantial Australian butterfly holdings, though numbers have not been estimated; includes specimens collected by RG Wind and Harry Kendon Clench .
See also collections butterfly lists Australian animal lists
Notes and references ^ Collins, N. Mark; Morris, Michael G. (1985). Threatened Swallowtail Butterflies of the World: The IUCN Red Data Book. Gland & Cambridge: IUCN. ISBN 978-2-88032-603-6 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library. ^ a b c d Edward Doubleday , John Obadiah Westwood and William Chapman Hewitson . The Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera: comprising their generic characters, a notice of their habits and transformations, and a catalogue of the species of each genus . London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans , 1846–52.^ Norman Barnett Tindale , "A new butterfly of the genus Papilio from Arnhem Land", Records of the South Australian Museum 3 (1927): 103–134.^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Pieter Cramer and Caspar Stoll , Uitlandische Kapellen: voorkomende in de drei Waereld-Deelen Asia, Africa en America, by een verzameld en bescreeven (in Dutch) , Papilions Exotiques des trois parties du monde l'Asie, l'Afrique et l'Amerique (in French) , 34 issues in 4 volumes, (Amsterdam: Steven Jacobus Baalde, and Utrecht: Bartholomeus Wild, [1775]–1782).^ a b c d e f g h William Elford Leach , Zoological Miscellany , (London: British Museum ), 1814.^ a b c Leonard Edgar Couchman, 1965. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Caroli Linnæi , Systema Naturæ : per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis , tomus I, editio decima reformata, (Holmiæ : Laurentii Salvii, 1758), pp. 458ff. (in Latin) ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Cajetan and Rudolf Felder (1865).^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as Gustavus Athol Waterhouse and George Lyell (1914), The Butterflies of Australia: a monograph of the Australian Rhopalocera introducing a complete scheme of structural classification, and giving descriptions and illustrations of all the butterflies found in Australia, including a number now recorded for the first time , (Sydney, Angus & Robertson ). 239 pp.^ Walter Rothschild , 1895.^ a b c Arthur Gardiner Butler , 1877.^ a b c d e f g h i j k William Sharp Macleay , "Annulosa, catalogue of insects, collected by Captain King, RN", Appendix B in Phillip Parker King , Narrative of a Survey of the Intertropical and Western Coasts of Australia , (London: John Murray , 1826): pp. 438–469.^ a b c d e f g h i j Edward Donovan , An Epitome of the Natural History of the Insects of New Holland, New Zealand, New Guinea, Otaheite, and other Islands in the Indian, Southern, and Pacific Oceans: including the figures and descriptions of one hundred and fifty-three species of the more splendid, beautiful, and interesting insects, hitherto discovered in those countries, and which for the most part have not appeared in the works of any preceding author , (London: Francis, Charles & John Rivington , 1805).^ a b c Félix Édouard Guérin-Méneville , 1830.^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Jean Baptiste Alphonse de Chauffour de Boisduval , 1832.^ Goeze, 1779. ^ John Obadiah Westwood , 1842.^ John Obadiah Westwood , 1843.^ a b c d e f g Arthur Gardiner Butler , 1876.^ a b c Jean Baptiste Alphonse de Chauffour de Boisduval , 1859.^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar Johan Christian Fabricius , Systema Entomologiae: Sistens insectorum—classes, ordines, genera, species; Adiectis—synonymis, locis, descriptionibus, observationibus , Officina Libraria Kortii, (Flensburgi et Lipsiae , 1775).^ a b c Gray, 1853. ^ a b c Edward Doubleday , 1847.^ Max S. Moulds, 1974. ^ a b Carl Linnaeus , 1763.^ Hippolyte Lucas (1852), "Description de nouvelles espèces de Lépidoptères appartenant aux collections entomologiques du Musée de Paris", Revue et Magasin de Zoologie Pure et Appliquée (2)4 (7): 324–343 [326].^ a b M. de Baar and DL Hancock (1993), "The Australian species of Elodina C. & R. Felder (Lepidoptera: Pieridae), Australian Entomological Magazine 20 (1): 25–43.
M. de Baar and DL Hancock (1993), "Further Notes on the Australian Species of Elodina C. & R. Felder (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)", Entomological Society of Queensland News Bulletin 21 (8): 131–135. ^ a b c d William Chapman Hewitson , 1853.^ a b c d e f William Henry Miskin , 1889.^ a b Arthur Gardiner Butler , 1898.^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Johannes Christophorus Fabricius , Entomologia Systematica: Secundum—classes, ordines, genera, species; Adjectis—synonimis, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus , emendata et aucta, tomus II et III, (Hafniae : Christian Gottlieb Proft, filius et socii, 1793). (in Latin) ^ a b c d e f g h Jean Baptiste Alphonse de Chauffour de Boisduval , 1836.^ a b Swinhoe (1890). ^ Arthur Gardiner Butler , 1871.^ a b c Alfred Russel Wallace , "On the Pieridae of the Indian and Australian regions", Transactions of the Entomological Society of London [3rd series] 4 (1867): 301–406. Plates 6–9, p. 328.^ a b c d e William Henry Miskin , 1884.^ Joicey & Talbot, 1926. ^ Arthur Gardiner Butler , 1897.^ a b Hans Fruhstorfer (1910).^ a b c William Chapman Hewitson , 1867.^ Cajetan and Rudolf Felder (1832).^ Arthur Gardiner Butler , 1886.^ William Chapman Hewitson , 1861.^ a b Fruhstorfer, Hans . "Die Indo-Australischen Tagfalter". [Family Erycinidae]. Pages 767–798 in Adalbert Seitz (ed.), Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde: eine systematische Bearbeitung der bis jetzt bekannten Gross-Schmetterlinge . Volume 9 . Stuttgart: Alfred Kernen, 1914. 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Beal).^ a b c Gustavus Athol Waterhouse , 1928.^ Grose-Smith, 1900. ^ a b William Chapman Hewitson , 1875.^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Gustavus Athol Waterhouse , 1903.^ a b Gustavus Athol Waterhouse and George Lyell (1909).^ a b c Gustavus Athol Waterhouse , 1934.^ a b c William Henry Miskin , 1876.^ a b Don PA Sands, 1986. ^ Grose-Smith, 1899. ^ a b c Hans Fruhstorfer (1908).^ JFR Kerr, Jack Macqueen & Don PA Sands, 1969. ^ a b Herbert H Druce , 1891.^ a b RG Wind and Harry Kendon Clench, 1947. ^ Grose-Smith & Kirby, 1897. ^ a b William Henry Miskin , 1874.^ a b c Grose-Smith, 1898. ^ a b c d e f g h i William Henry Miskin , 1890.^ a b c Gustavus Athol Waterhouse , 1942.^ a b c d e f g h i j John Obadiah Westwood , 1851.^ Gustavus Athol Waterhouse , 1902.^ a b c d William Chapman Hewitson , 1862.^ Gustavus Athol Waterhouse , 1900.^ Field (1999). ^ Graham & Moulds, 1988. ^ Herbert H Druce , 1902.^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Georg Semper , 1879.^ Staudinger (1888). ^ a b c d e f William Chapman Hewitson , 1865.^ Johnson, RW Hay & Bollam, 1992. ^ JFR Kerr & Jack Macqueen, 1967. ^ Norman Barnett Tindale , 1923.^ a b c d Moore, 1858. ^ a b c William Chapman Hewitson , 1863.^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Cajetan Felder (1860).^ JC le Souef & Norman Barnett Tindale , 1970. ^ Horsfield, 1829. ^ a b c Cajetan Felder (1862).^ Norman Barnett Tindale , 1965.^ JFR Kerr, 1967. ^ a b Arthur Sydney Olliff, 1886. ^ Tite, 1963. ^ a b c d JGO Tepper (1882). ^ Williams & Bollam, 2001. ^ ED Ewdards & Kerr, 1978. ^ a b c Cox, 1873. ^ Jacob Hübner , 1817.^ Burns, 1948. ^ Michael F. Braby & Fabian Douglas (2004), "The taxonomy, ecology and conservation status of the Golden-rayed Blue: a threatened butterfly endemic to western Victoria", Australia Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 81 (2): 275–299. ^ Michael F. Braby, 1996. ^ Norman Barnett Tindale , 1922.^ John WC d'Apice and CG Miller (1992), "The genus Nesolycaena Waterhouse and Turner (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) with a description of a new species", Australian Entomological Magazine 19 (3): 75–80 [75]. ^ a b c d e Röber, 1886. ^ Gustavus Athol Waterhouse and Turner (1905).^ a b c d e f g h i Herrich-Schäffer, 1869. ^ a b c Murray, 1874. ^ a b Eschscholtz, 1821. ^ a b c d e Sibatani & Grund, 1978. ^ a b c Thomas Pennington Lucas (1889).^ Hans Fruhstorfer (1916).^ a b Leonard Edgar Couchman, 1954. ^ Mathew, 1889. ^ Tite, 1959. ^ Carl Linnaeus , 1767.^ Murray, 1873. ^ Moore, 1865. ^ a b c d Godart, 1824. ^ a b Johan Christian Fabricius , 1787.^ Thomas Pennington Lucas (1890).^ Leonard Edgar Couchman, 1962. ^ Hans Fruhstorfer (1919).^ Johan Christian Fabricius , 1798.^ a b Kollar, 1844. ^ Snellen, 1860. ^ Hans Fruhstorfer (1900).^ Jacob Hübner , 1831.^ a b c d Arthur Gardiner Butler , 1875.^ a b William Chapman Hewitson , 1864.^ a b c Arthur Sydney Olliff, 1890. ^ Edward Meyrick , 1885.^ Leonard Edgar Couchman, 1953. ^ Geyer, 1832. ^ Arthur Gardiner Butler , 1866.^ Oswald Bertram Lower , 1893.^ Gustavus Athol Waterhouse , 1937.^ Gustavus Athol Waterhouse , 1904.^ Arthur Sydney Olliff, 1888. ^ Arthur Gardiner Butler , 1865.^ a b Arthur Gardiner Butler , 1900.^ Ribbe, 1884. ^ Hans Fruhstorfer (1905).^ Arthur Gardiner Butler , 1874.^ Arthur Gardiner Butler , 1873.^ a b c d Cajetan and Rudolf Felder (1867).^ Hans Fruhstorfer (1903).^ a b c Wallace, 1869. ^ Carolus Linnaeus (1764), Museum S:ae Rae M:tis Ludovicae Ulricae Reginae Suecorum, Gothorum, Vandalorumque ... in quo animalia rariora, exotica, imprimis insecta et conchilia describuntur et determinantur (Holmiae , Laurentii Salvii). (in Latin) ^ a b c Godart, 1819. ^ McCoy, 1868. ^ a b William John Macleay , 1866.^ de Nicéville, 1898. ^ Gustavus Athol Waterhouse , 1938.^ Arthur Sydney Olliff, 1891. ^ JA Edgar (1982), "Pyrrolizidine alkaloids sequestered by Solomon Island Danaine butterflies: the feeding preferences of the Danainae and Ithomiinae", Journal of the Zoological Society of London 196 : 385–399 [393]. ^ Stoll (1790). ^ Staudinger (1884). ^ Fenner (1991). ^ Moore, 1883. ^ Arthur Gardiner Butler , 1887.^ Johann Friedrich Gmelin , 1790.^ a b Snellen, 1889. ^ a b Pierre André Latreille , 1809.^ Karl Hermann Konrad Burmeister , 1878.^ Félix Édouard Guérin-Méneville , 1831.^ a b c d e f Edward Meyrick & Lower, 1902.^ Jules Paul Mabille , 1903.^ a b c d Edward Meyrick , 1888.^ a b Gustavus Athol Waterhouse , 1932.^ a b Arthur Gardiner Butler , 1870.^ a b Walter Rothschild , 1915.^ Cajetan and Rudolf Felder (1859).^ a b Hans Fruhstorfer (1911).^ Jules Paul Mabille , 1876.^ Swinhoe (1899). ^ a b Arthur Gardiner Butler , 1882.^ a b c d e f g h William Chapman Hewitson , 1868.^ a b c d e Oswald Bertram Lower , 1908.^ Moore, 1878. ^ a b ED Edwards, 1979. ^ A. Atkins, "A new genus Herimosa (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Trapezitinae) and its relationship to the Proeidosa group of endemic Australian skippers", Australian Entomologist 21 (1994): 143–152. ^ a b c d e f g h i Oswald Bertram Lower , 1911.^ Gustavus Athol Waterhouse , 1940.^ a b c d Carl Plötz , 1884.^ a b Gustavus Athol Waterhouse and George Lyell (1912).^ Don PA Sands & JFR Kerr, 1973. ^ Andrew F. Atkins, 1978. ^ Edward Meyrick , 1901.^ ED Edwards, 1987. ^ ED Edwards & Graham, 1995. ^ William Chapman Hewitson , 1902.^ a b WF Kirby, 1893. ^ a b Arthur Gardiner Butler , 1883.^ a b Jules Paul Mabille , 1891.^ A. A. E. Williams, M. R. Williams & R. W. Hay 1998. ^ a b Andrew F. Atkins, 1997. ^ JFR Kerr & Don PA Sands, 1970. ^ William Chapman Hewitson , 1877.^ Jacob Hübner , 1823.^ Mayo & Atkins, 1992. ^ Carl Plötz , 1882.^ a b George Thomas Bethune-Baker , 1906.^ Pierre André Latreille , 1824.^ Lambkin & Donaldson, 1994. ^ Heron, 1894. ^ Rosenstock, 1885. ^ Carl Plötz , 1885.^ a b c Carl Plötz , 1883.^ William Chapman Hewitson , 1886.^ Evans, 1866. ^ Wallace, 1866. ^ Jules Paul Mabille , 1883.^ Christmas Island National Park
Bibliography Braby, Michael F. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution . 2 volumes. Melbourne: CSIRO Publishing , 2000. [Reviewed in Australian Journal of Entomology 40 (2001): 202–204.] Braby, Michael F. The Complete Guide to Butterflies of Australia . Corrected edition. Collingwood, Victoria : CSIRO Publishing , 2005. Common, Ian FB and Doug F Waterhouse. Butterflies of Australia . 2nd edition. Sydney: Angus & Robertson , 1981. Edwards, ED, A. Wells, WWK Houston, J Newland and L Regan. Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea, Papilionoidea . Zoological Catalogue of Australia 31.6 . CSIRO Publishing , 2001. Kitching, Roger L. (ed.). Biology of Australian Butterflies . Monographs on Australian Lepidoptera 6 . CSIRO Publishing , 1997.
Taxonomic authorities Doubleday, Edward , John Obadiah Westwood and William Chapman Hewitson . The Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera: Comprising Their Generic Characters, A Notice of Their Habits and Transformations, and A Catalogue of the Species of Each Genus . London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans , 1846–52.Felder, Cajetan Freiherr von . 1860.Felder, Cajetan Freiherr von and Rudolf Felder . "Reise der Österreichischen Fregatte Novara in den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859". Zoologischer Thiel 2 (1867): xx–xx. Illustrations by sk:Alois Friedrich Rogenhofer are here [1] at Wikicommons Fruhstorfer, Hans . "Die Indo-Australischen Tagfalter". [Family Erycinidae]. Pages 767–798 in Adalbert Seitz (ed.), Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde: eine systematische Bearbeitung der bis jetzt bekannten Gross-Schmetterlinge . Volume 9 . Stuttgart: Alfred Kernen, 1914. (in German) Guérin-Méneville, Félix Édouard . 1831.Hewitson, William Chapman . Illustrations of New Species of Exotic Butterflies: Selected chiefly from the collections of W. Wilson Saunders and William C. Hewitson . 5 volumes. London: John Van Voorst , 1851, 1862–1871, 1878.Hewitson, William Chapman . Illustrations of diurnal Lepidoptera . Part I. Lycænidae. London: John Van Voorst , 1867. [First published 1863, reprinted with additions until 1878.]Latreille, Pierre André . 1809.Linnaeus, Carl . Systema Naturae . 10th edition. 1758. Page 458ff.Macleay, William John .Macleay, William Sharp . "Annulosa, catalogue of insects, collected by Captain King, RN". Appendix B, pp. 438–469 in Phillip Parker King . Narrative of a Survey of the Intertropical and Western Coasts of Australia . London: John Murray , 1826.Miskin, William Henry Meyrick, Edward . 1888.Meyrick, Edward and OB Lower. "Revision of the Australian Hesperiadae". Transactions and Proceedings and Report of the Royal Society of South Australia 35 (1902): 112–172. ISSN 1324-177X (1877–1958)Olliff, Arthur Sidney. Tindale, Norman Barnett . "A new butterfly of the genus Papilio from Arnhem Land". Records of the South Australian Museum 3 (1927): 103–134. ISSN 0376-2750Tindale, Norman Barnett. "A new butterfly of the Ogyris ." South Australian Naturalist (1952). ISSN 0038-2965 Tindale, Norman Barnett. "New Rhopalocera and a list of species from the Grampian Mountains, Western Victoria." Records of the South Australian Museum (1953). Waterhouse, Gustavus Athol . What Butterfly is That? A Guide to the Butterflies of Australia . 8 volumes. Sydney: Angus and Robertson , 1932. [Reviewed in Nature (1933).]Westwood, John Obadiah .
External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Butterflies.
Sri Lanka Wild Life Information Database GART / GloBIS – de:Globales Artregister Tagfalter (GART) / Global Butterfly Information System (GloBIS) edited by Christoph L. Häuser, Joachim Holstein, Axel Steiner Butterflies and Moths of the World: Generic Names and their Type-species – Natural History Museum Australian Insect Common Names – Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO, Australia) Ditrysia – Tree of Life Web Project AustralianButterflies.com – official website of the Australian Butterfly Sanctuary , Kuranda The Transactions of the Entomological Society of New South Wales. Volumes 1–2 (1863–73). Passos, Cyril F dos. "The dates and authorships of some names proposed by Cramer and Stoll in De Uitlandsche Kapellen voorkomende in de drie waereld-deelen Asia, Africa en America , and by Stoll alone in Aanhangsel van het werk, De Uitlandsche Kapellen, ..., door den Heere Pieter Cramer [1775]–1791", The Lepidopterists' News (1958): 195–198. ISSN 0457-5628