This list of castles in England is not a list of every building and site that has "castle" as part of its name, nor does it list only buildings that conform to a strict definition of a castle as a medieval fortified residence.[1] It is not a list of every castle ever built in England, many of which have vanished without trace, but is primarily a list of buildings and remains that have survived. In almost every case the buildings that survive are either ruined, or have been altered over the centuries. For several reasons, whether a given site is that of a medieval castle has not been taken to be a sufficient criterion for determining whether or not that site should be included in the list.
Castles that have vanished or whose remains are barely visible are not listed, except for some important or well-known buildings and sites. Fortifications from before the medieval period are not listed, nor are architectural follies. In other respects it is difficult to identify clear and consistent boundaries between two sets of buildings, comprising those that indisputably belong in a list of castles and those that do not. The criteria adopted for inclusion in the list include such factors as: how much survives from the medieval period; how strongly fortified the building was; how castle-like the surviving building is; whether the building has been given the title of "castle"; how certain it is that a medieval castle stood on the site, or that the surviving remains are those of a medieval castle; how well-known or interesting the building is; and whether including or excluding a building helps make the list, in some measure, more consistent.
In order to establish a list that is as far as possible comprehensive as well as consistent, it is necessary to establish its boundaries. Before the list itself, a discussion of its scope includes lengthy lists of buildings excluded from the main lists for various reasons. The Castellarium Anglicanum, an authoritative index of castles in England and Wales published in 1983, lists over 1,500 castle sites in England.[2] Many of these castles have vanished or left almost no trace. The present list includes more than 800 medieval castles of which there are visible remains, with over 300 having substantial surviving stone or brick remains.
History
A castle is a type of fortified structure, developed in Europe during the Middle Ages. The first castles appeared in France in the 10th century,[3] and in England during the 11th century. A few castles are known to have been built in England before the Normans invaded in 1066;[4] a great many were built in the years following, the principal mechanism by means of which the Normans were able to consolidate their control over the country.[5] Whilst a few important castles, such as the White Tower in the Tower of London, were built of stone, most early castles were motte-and-bailey castles of earthwork and timber, which could be constructed quickly. Some were later rebuilt in stone,[6] but there are a great many castle sites in England where all that is visible today are traces of earthworks.[7]
Castles continued to be built in England for several hundred years, reaching a peak of military sophistication in the late 13th century.[8] The two principal elements in their construction were the great tower or keep, such as the White Tower, and the fortified enclosure, such as is provided by the outer wall of the Tower of London. During the 14th century, largely as a result of the decline of feudalism,[9] the construction of strong castles began to decline, in favour of more lightly fortified structures often described as fortified manor houses.[10] In the far north of England, where conditions remained unsettled, fortified buildings continued to be built as late as the 16th century, not only by the rich and powerful but by any with adequate means, as defence not against great armies, but against the notorious Border Reivers. Many took the form of the pele tower, a smaller, more modest version of the castle keep,[11] and many of these still survive, often incorporated in later buildings.
Castles differed from earlier fortifications in that they were generally private fortified residences. Typically, a castle was the residence of a feudal lord, providing the owner with a secure base from which to control his lands,[12] and also a symbol of wealth and power. Earlier fortified structures, such as the Saxon burh or the Iron Agehillfort, provided public or communal defences,[13] as did medieval town or city walls. The many Roman forts of which ruins survive in Britain differed in being wholly military in nature; they were camps or strongholds of the Roman army. The Romans also built town or city walls in England, which can still be seen, for instance at Silchester.
By the 16th century the role of fortifications had changed once more with the development of artillery capable of breaching even thick stone walls. In the reign of Henry VIII, fears of invasion[14] led to the building of a series of new fortresses along the south coast of England,[15] known as the Device Forts or Henrician Castles. These were designed to use and to defend against artillery, and since they were not private residences, but national fortifications, they do not possess what architectural historians have come to see as the defining characteristics of a castle.[16] Nonetheless, they are visibly castle-like, being compact, with battlemented walls, squat turrets and sometimes a keep; and they were the last generation of fortresses in England to be known as castles, long before architectural historians began to argue that they should not be.[17] One of them, Pendennis Castle, was one of the last Royalist strongholds to fall to the Parliamentarians during the English Civil War—starvation forcing surrender after a siege of five months.[18]
As the role of the castle as a fortress declined in the later medieval period, its role as a residence increasingly became the more important. Castles such as Herstmonceux were built with fortifications seemingly designed more for show than for strength,[19] implying a further evolution in the role and concept of the castle, becoming less a means of enforcing power but instead a symbol of its possession, a castle becoming a grand residence proclaiming the status of its owner. Once fortifications had become altogether redundant, it became increasingly rare in England for new buildings to be described as castles, in contrast to France, where country houses continued to be known as châteaux.
Once no longer needed as fortresses, castles – if they were not abandoned – were, over the centuries, adapted and modernised to make them more suitable for continued use as residences:[20] large windows were inserted in defensive walls, as at Lumley; outer walls were demolished or lowered to open up views from within, as at Raby; new residential ranges were built to improve and extend accommodation, as at Windsor. Some castles were restored after falling into ruin, like Bamburgh;[21] others, like Belvoir, were demolished and rebuilt, retaining little or none of the original structure.[22] In the 18th and 19th centuries especially, many castles underwent "improvements" by architects such as Anthony Salvin, and in this period a fashion developed for entirely new houses to be built in the style of castles, and to be known as castles.[23][24] Amongst these was Peckforton Castle, built by Salvin: a building so authentic in its recreation of a medieval castle that it has been described as possibly the last serious fortified home built in Britain.[25]
Scope and exclusions
No list of castles in England is ever likely to be complete, because there will never be complete agreement in every case as to whether the remains of a building are those of a castle, whether a given place is the site of a castle, or whether a surviving building should be considered to be a castle.[26]
In the post-medieval period, the distinction between true castles and later mock castles is blurred by the extent to which medieval castles were adapted and rebuilt. At Greystoke a new castle was built incorporating a medieval pele tower;[30] at Thurland a new castle was built from the ruins of the old;[31] at Belvoir the old castle was demolished and a new one built.[22] The building of mock castles might be seen as the logical conclusion of a process already apparent in castles such as Herstmonceux or Tattershall, where the castle-like aspect of the building was becoming more for show than for strength.[19]
However carefully the criteria for including a building or site on this list are set out, borderline cases are inevitable. Many buildings known to incorporate northern pele towers in their fabric, but are no longer castle-like—such as the Red Lion Tower in Haltwhistle—have been excluded. On the other hand, Corby Castle, in which a pele tower survives wholly encased in a later building,[33] is included because it is known as a castle, and by implication continued to fulfil the role of one, at least in part. Kimbolton Castle is included as the site of a medieval castle, and because the present mansion has a castellated aspect in deference to the medieval castle it replaced.
Key
Bedfordshire
Castles of which only earthworks, fragments or nothing remains include:[2]
BLB – British Listed Buildings website (retrieved March 2011; last accessed 5 October 2012)
PSC – Pastscape website (retrieved September 2011; last accessed 5 October 2012)
^Brown (1962), p.16.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av awKing (1983).
^Brown (1962), p.24.
^Brown (1962), p.43.
^Brown (1962), p.50.
^Brown (1962), p.84
^Higham & Barker (1992), pp.194–198.
^Brown (1962), p.95.
^Brown (1962), p.221.
^Brown (1962), p.129.
^Brown (1962), p.131.
^Brown (1962), p.172.
^Brown (1962), p.15.
^Elton (1991), p.154.
^Harrington (2007), p.8.
^Brown (1962), p.128.
^Harrington (2007), p.2.
^ a b"Pendennis Castle" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^ a bBrown (1962), p.146.
^Creighton & Higham (2003), p.64.
^ a b"Bamburgh Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^ a b c"Belvoir Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^Thompson (1987), pp.161–163.
^Impey & Parnell (2000), pp.118–121.
^ a b"Peckforton Castle" Archived 2011-07-10 at the Wayback Machine BLB.
^Renn (1984) pp.277–278. See King (1988), p.173 for how some people criticised the inclusion of Henry VIII's artillery forts in King's index of castles, Castellarium Anglicanum.
^ a b"PastScape - information on England's archaeology and architecture". pastscape.org.uk. Archived from the original on 26 April 2015. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
^ a b"Portchester Castle" Archived 2015-06-26 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^ a b"Gatehouse; a Comprehensive Listing of the Medieval Fortifications of England and Wales". gatehouse-gazetteer.info. Archived from the original on 16 October 2017. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
^"Greystoke Castle " Archived 2012-10-08 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^ a b"Thurland Castle" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^ a b c"British Listed Buildings". britishlistedbuildings.co.uk. Archived from the original on 4 March 2018. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
^ a b"Corby Castle " Archived 2011-08-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Bedford Castle" Archived 2012-10-08 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Someries Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Donnington Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Windsor Castle" Archived 2012-01-27 at the Wayback Machine BLB.
^"Boarstall Tower" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Buckden Palace" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Elton Hall" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Kimbolton Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Kirtling Tower" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Longthorpe Tower" Archived 2011-10-02 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Northborough Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Woodcroft Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Beeston Castle" Archived 2012-03-10 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Chester Castle" Archived 2012-03-10 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Delves Hall" Archived 2012-02-25 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Halton Castle" Archived 2012-03-10 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Auckland Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Barnard Castle" Archived 2012-10-02 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Bowes Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Brancepeth Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Durham Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Lambton Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Lumley Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Mortham Tower" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Raby Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Lambton Castle" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Scargill Castle" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Walworth Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Witton Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Caerhays Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Carn Brea Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Ince Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Launceston Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Pengersick Castle" Archived 2012-09-27 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Place House" Archived 2012-10-04 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Restormel Castle" Archived 2012-09-29 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"St. Catherine's Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"St. Mawes Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"St. Michael's Mount" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Tintagel Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Trematon Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Appleby Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Armathwaite Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Arnside Tower" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Askerton Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Beetham Hall" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Bewcastle Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Bewley Castle" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Blencow Hall" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Brackenburgh Old Tower" Archived 2012-10-03 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Brackenhill Tower" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Branthwaite Hall" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Brough Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Brougham Castle" Archived 2015-09-24 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Brougham Hall" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Broughton Tower" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Burneside Hall" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Carlisle Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Catterlen Hall" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Clifton Hall" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Cockermouth Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Dacre Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Dalston Hall" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Dalton Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Drawdykes Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Drumburgh Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Egremont Castle Listing".
^"Gleaston Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Greystoke Castle" Archived 2012-10-08 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Harbybrow Tower" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Hayton Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Hazelslack Tower" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Howgill Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Hutton-in-the-Forest" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Hutton John" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Ingmire Hall" Archived 2012-10-04 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Isel Hall" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Kendal Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Kentmere Hall" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Kirkandrews Tower" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Linstock Castle" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Lowther Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Middleton Hall" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Millom Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Muncaster Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Naworth Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Newbiggin Hall" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Pendragon Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Penrith Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Piel Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Prior's Tower" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Rose Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Scaleby Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Sizergh Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Toppin Castle" Archived 2012-01-18 at the Wayback Machine BLB.
^"Ubarrow Hall" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Wharton Hall" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Whitehall, Allhallows" Archived 2012-01-19 at the Wayback Machine BLB.
^Emery (1996), p.256.
^"Workington Hall" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Wray Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Wraysholme Tower" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Yanwath Hall" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Bolsover Castle" Archived 2015-06-30 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Codnor Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Elvaston Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Haddon Hall" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Mackworth Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Peveril Castle" Archived 2012-09-24 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Riber Castle" Archived 2010-09-27 at the Wayback Machine BLB.
^"Wingfield Manor" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^Higham (1988), p.143.
^"Affeton Castle" Archived 2012-01-18 at the Wayback Machine BLB.
^"Berry Pomeroy Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Bickleigh Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Compton Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Dartmouth Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Castle Drogo" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Gidleigh Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Hemyock Castle" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Kingswear Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Lydford Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Marisco Castle" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Okehampton Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Plympton Castle" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Powderham Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Rougemont Castle" Archived 2015-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Salcombe Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Tiverton Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Totnes Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Watermouth Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Brownsea Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Christchurch Castle" Archived 2012-09-29 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Corfe Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Lulworth Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Pennsylvania Castle" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Portland Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
^"Rufus Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
Emery, Anthony (1996) Greater Medieval Houses of England and Wales, 1300-1500: Volume 1, Northern England Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-49723-7
Harrington, Peter (2007) The Castles of Henry VIII Oxford: Osprey. ISBN 978-1-84603-130-4.
Higham, Robert (1988), "Devon castles: An annotated list", Proceedings of the Devon Archaeological Society, 35: 142–149
Higham, Robert; Barker, Philip (1992) Timber Castles London: Batsford. ISBN 978-0-7134-2189-7.
King, D.J. Cathcart (1983) Castellarium Anglicanum: An Index and Bibliography of the Castles in England, Wales and the Islands London: Kraus International Publications ISBN 978-0-527-50110-5.
King, D.J. Cathcart (1988) The Castle in England and Wales: An Interpretative History London: Croom Helm. ISBN 978-0-918400-08-6.