stringtranslate.com

International Security Assistance Force

The International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) was a multinational military mission in Afghanistan from 2001 to 2014. It was established by United Nations Security Council Resolution 1386 according to the Bonn Agreement, which outlined the establishment of a permanent Afghan government following the U.S. invasion in October 2001.[2][3] ISAF's primary goal was to train the Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF) and assist Afghanistan in rebuilding key government institutions; it gradually took part in the broader war in Afghanistan against the Taliban insurgency.

ISAF's initial mandate was to secure the Afghan capital of Kabul and its surrounding area against opposition forces to facilitate the formation of the Afghan Transitional Administration headed by Hamid Karzai.[4] In 2003, NATO took command of the mission at the request of the UN and Afghan government, marking its first deployment outside Europe and North America. Shortly thereafter, the UN Security Council expanded ISAF's mission to provide and maintain security beyond the capital region.[5] ISAF incrementally broadened its operations in four stages, and by 2006 took responsibility for the entire country; ISAF subsequently engaged in more intensive combat in southern and eastern Afghanistan.[6]

At its peak between 2010 and 2012, ISAF had 400 military bases throughout Afghanistan (compared to 300 for the ANSF)[7] and roughly 130,000 troops. A total of 42 countries contributed troops to ISAF, including all 30 members of NATO. Personnel contributions varied greatly throughout the mission: Initially, Canada was the largest contributor, though by 2010 the United States accounted for the majority of troops, followed by the United Kingdom, Turkey, Germany, France, and Italy; nations such as Georgia, Denmark, Norway, and Estonia were among the largest contributors per capita.[8] The intensity of the combat faced by participating countries varied greatly, with the U.S. sustaining the most casualties overall, while the British, Danish, Estonian, and Georgian forces suffered the most deaths for their size. The Canadian Armed Forces had the highest per-capita casualty rate among coalition members.

Under its ultimate aim of transitioning security responsibilities to Afghan forces, ISAF ceased combat operations and was disbanded in December 2014. Several troops remained to serve a supporting and advisory role as part of its successor organization, the Resolute Support Mission.

Jurisdiction

ISAF's military terminal at Kabul International Airport in September 2010

For almost two years, the ISAF mandate did not go beyond the boundaries of Kabul. According to General Norbert Van Heyst, such a deployment would require at least ten thousand additional soldiers. The responsibility for security throughout the whole of Afghanistan was to be given to the newly reconstituted Afghan National Army. However, on 13 October 2003, the Security Council voted unanimously to expand the ISAF mission beyond Kabul with Resolution 1510. Shortly thereafter, Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chrétien said that Canadian soldiers (nearly half the entire force at that time) would not deploy outside Kabul.

On 24 October 2003, the German Bundestag voted to send German troops to the region of Kunduz. Approximately 230 additional soldiers were deployed to that region, marking the first time that ISAF soldiers operated outside of Kabul. After the Afghan parliamentary election in September 2005 the Canadian base Camp Julien in Kabul closed, and the remaining Canadian assets were moved to Kandahar as part of Operation Enduring Freedom in preparation for a significant deployment in January 2006. On 31 July 2006, the NATO‑led International Security Assistance Force assumed command of the south of the country, ISAF Stage 3, and by 5 October, also of the east of Afghanistan, ISAF Stage 4.

ISAF was mandated by UN Security Council Resolutions 1386, 1413, 1444, 1510, 1563, 1623, 1659, 1707, 1776,[9] and 1917 (2010). The last of these extended the mandate of ISAF to 23 March 2011.

History

U.S. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld with Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General Richard B. Myers and joined by military representatives from 29 countries of the worldwide coalition on the war against terrorism, at The Pentagon on 11 March 2002
Geographic depiction of the four ISAF stages (January 2009)

The initial ISAF headquarters (AISAF) was based on 3rd UK Mechanised Division, led at the time by Major General John McColl. This force arrived in December 2001. Until ISAF expanded beyond Kabul, the force consisted of a roughly division-level headquarters and one brigade covering the capital, the Kabul Multinational Brigade. The brigade was composed of three battle groups and was in charge of the tactical command of deployed troops. ISAF headquarters served as the operational control center of the mission.

Eighteen countries were contributors to the force in February 2002, and it was expected to grow to 5,000 soldiers.[10] Turkey assumed command of ISAF in June 2002 (Major General Hilmi Akin Zorlu, chief of Turkish Army Plans and Policy).[11] During this period, the number of Turkish troops increased from about 100 to 1,300. In November 2002, ISAF consisted of 4,650 troops from over 20 countries. Around 1,200 German troops served in the force alongside 250 Dutch soldiers operating as part of a German-led battalion. Turkey relinquished command in February 2003 and assumed command for a second time in February 2005. Turkey's area of operations expanded into the rugged west of Afghanistan. The expansion of its zone of activities saw ISAF troops operating in 50 percent of Afghanistan, double its previous responsibility.[12]

On 10 February 2003, German Lieutenant General Norbert van Heyst took command of ISAF, with Brigadier General Bertholee of the Netherlands serving as Deputy. The mission HQ was formed from HQ I.  German/Dutch Corps (1GNC), including staff from the UK, Italy, Turkey, Norway, and others.[13] In March 2003, ISAF was composed of 4,700 troops from 28 countries. Service in ISAF by NATO personnel from 1 June 2003. onward earns the right to wear the NATO Medal if a service member meets a defined set of tour length requirements.

In Kabul on 7 June 2003, a taxi packed with explosives rammed a bus carrying German ISAF personnel, killing four soldiers and wounding 29 others; one Afghan bystander was killed and 10 Afghan bystanders were wounded. The 33 German soldiers, after months on duty in Kabul, were en route to the Kabul International Airport for their flight home to Germany. At the time, German soldiers made up more than 40 percent of ISAF troops.

ISAF command originally rotated among different nations every six months. However, there was tremendous difficulty securing new lead nations. To solve the problem, the command was turned over indefinitely to NATO on 11 August 2003.[13] This marked NATO's first deployment outside Europe or North America.

Stage 1: to the north – completed October 2004

Stage 2: to the west – completed September 2005

Stage 3: to the south – completed July 2006

Stage 4: ISAF takes responsibility for the entire country – completed October 2006

ISAF after Stage 4: October 2006 to 2014

Anaconda Strategy vs the insurgents as of 20 October 2010
SOF 90‑Day Accumulated effect (23 Sep 10).

Colombia had planned to deploy around 100 soldiers in spring 2009.[23][24] These forces were expected to be de-mining experts.[25][26] General Freddy Padilla de Leon announced to CBS News that operators of Colombia's Special Forces Brigade were scheduled to be deployed to Afghanistan in either August or September 2009.[27] However, the Colombians were not listed as part of the force as of June 2011.

Three NATO states announced withdrawal plans beginning in 2010. Canada in 2011,[28] Poland, in 2012,[29] and the United Kingdom in 2010.[30] Between 1 July 2014, and August, Regional Command Capital and Regional Command West were re-designated Train Advise and Assist Command Capital (TAAC Capital) and TAAC West.[31] The United States ended combat operations in Afghanistan in December 2014. Sizable advisory forces would remain to train and mentor Afghan National Security Forces, and NATO will continue operating under the Resolute Support Mission. ISAF Joint Command, in its final deployment provided by Headquarters XVIII Airborne Corps, ceased operations ahead of the end of the NATO combat mission on 8 December 2014.[32]

Security and reconstruction

From 2006, the insurgency by the Taliban intensified, especially in the southern Pashtun parts of the country, areas that were the Taliban's original power base in the mid‑1990s. After ISAF took over command of the south on 31 July 2006, British, Dutch, Canadian, and Danish ISAF soldiers in the provinces of Helmand, Uruzgan, and Kandahar came under almost daily attack. British commanders said that the fighting for them was the fiercest since the Korean War, 50 years previously. In an article, BBC reporter Alastair Leithead, embedded with the British forces, called it "Deployed to Afghanistan's hell."[33]

Because of the security situation in the south, ISAF commanders asked member countries to send more troops. On 19 October, the Dutch government decided to send more troops because of increasing attacks by suspected Taliban on their Task Force Uruzgan, making it difficult to complete the reconstruction work that they sought to accomplish.

Derogatory alternative acronyms for the ISAF were created by critics, including "I Saw Americans Fighting,"[34] "I Suck at Fighting," and "In Sandals and Flip Flops."[35]

ISAF and the illegal opium economy

Opium production levels for 2005–2007
Regional security risks of opium poppy cultivation in 2007–2008.

Before October 2008, ISAF had only served an indirect role in fighting the illegal opium economy in Afghanistan through shared intelligence with the Afghan government, protection of Afghan poppy crop eradication units, and helping in the coordination and the implementation of the country's counter-narcotics policy. For example, Dutch soldiers used military force to protect eradication units that came under attack.

Crop eradication often affects the poorest farmers who have no economic alternatives on which to fall back. Without alternatives, these farmers no longer can feed their families, causing anger, frustration, and social protest. Thus, being associated with this counterproductive drug policy, ISAF soldiers on the ground found it difficult to gain the support of the local population.[36]

Though problematic for NATO, this indirect role allowed NATO to avoid the opposition of the local population who depended on the poppy fields for their livelihood. In October 2008, NATO altered its position to curb the financing of insurgency by the Taliban. Drug laboratories and drug traders became the targets, and not the poppy fields themselves.[37] To satisfy France, Italy and Germany, the deal involved the participation in an anti-drug campaign only of willing NATO member countries; the campaign was to be short-lived and with the cooperation of the Afghans.[37]

On 10 October 2008, during a news conference, after an informal meeting of NATO Defense Ministers in Budapest, Hungary, NATO Spokesman James Appathurai said:[38]

... about counter-narcotics, based on the request of the Afghan government, consistent with the appropriate U.N. Security Council Resolutions, under the existing operational plan, ISAF can act in concert with the Afghans against facilities and facilitators supporting the insurgency, subject to the authorization of respective nations... The idea of a review is, indeed, envisioned for an upcoming meeting.

Military and civilian casualties

ISAF military casualties, and the civilian casualties caused by the war and Coalition/ISAF friendly fire, became a major political issue, both in Afghanistan and in the troop-contributing nations. Increasing civilian casualties threatened the stability of President Hamid Karzai's government. Consequently, effective from 2 July 2009, Coalition air and ground combat operations were ordered to take steps to minimize Afghan civilian casualties in accordance with a tactical directive issued by General Stanley A. McChrystal, USA, the commander of the International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan.[39]

Another issue over the years has been numerous 'insider' attacks involving Afghan soldiers opening fire on ISAF soldiers. While these diminished, in part due to the planned ending of combat operations on 31 December 2014, they continued to occur, albeit at a lower frequency. On 5 August 2014, a gunman believed to have been an Afghan soldier opened fire on several international soldiers, killing a U.S. general, Harold J. Greene, and wounding about 15 officers and soldiers, including a German brigadier general and several U.S. soldiers, at a training academy near Kabul.[40]

ISAF command structure as of 2011

Throughout the four different regional stages of ISAF, the number of Provincial Reconstruction Teams (PRTs) grew. The expansion of ISAF, to November 2006, to all provinces of the country brought the total number of PRTs to twenty-five. The twenty-fifth PRT, at Wardak, was established that month and was led by Turkey. Allied Joint Force Command Brunssum, at Brunssum, the Netherlands, was ISAF's superior NATO headquarters.[41] The headquarters of ISAF was located in Kabul. In October 2010, there were 6 Regional Commands, each with subordinate Task Forces and Provincial Reconstruction Teams. The lower strength numbers of the ISAF forces were as of 6 October 2008.[42] The numbers also reflected the situation in the country. The north and west were relatively calm, while ISAF and Afghan forces in the south and east came under almost daily attack. In December 2014 the force reportedly numbered 18,636 from 48 states.[43]

Kabul; Clockwise, Michael Mullen, David Petraeus, James Mattis, John Allen, Marvin L. Hill and German Army Gen. Wolf-Dieter Langheld [de] inside the ISAF headquarters in Kabul.

Camp Marmal in Mazar-i-Sharif, headquarters of Regional Command North.
Meeting of Italian and U.S. commanders at Regional Command West headquarters in Herat.
Tarin Kowt in Urozgan Province
Inside the Air traffic control tower at Bagram Airfield in Parwan Province

List of Commanders

The command of ISAF has rotated between officers of the participating nations. The first American took command in February 2007 and only Americans have commanded ISAF since that time.[57]

Contributing nations

Convoy of U.S. forces passing by in Kapisa Province.

All NATO member states have contributed troops to the ISAF, as well as some other partner states of the NATO alliance.

NATO states

A Bulgarian land forces up-armored M1114 patrol in Kabul, July 2009
Soldiers from the Canadian Grenadier Guards in Kandahar Province.
French units on duty with ISAF.
Norwegian soldiers in Faryab Province.
Polish forces in Afghanistan.
Romanian soldiers in southern Afghanistan in 2003.
Visiting politicians of Spain with soldiers of the Spanish army in 2010.
A Turkish general during a food distribution in Afghanistan.
United Kingdom's Royal Air Force Flight Lieutenant Luke Meldon explains the components of an Afghan Air Force (AAF) C-27 Spartan to five Thunder Lab students.

Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC) nations

U.S. President Barack Obama visiting wounded Georgian LTC Alexandre Tugushi.

Non-NATO and non-EAPC nations

An Australian Special Operations Task Group patrol in October 2009.

Financing

Resolution 1386 of the United Nations Security Council established that the expense of the ISAF operation must be borne by participating states. For this purpose, the resolution established a trust fund through which contributions could be channeled to the participating states or operations concerned and encouraged the participating states to contribute to such a fund.[136]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "NATO sets "irreversible" but risky course to end Afghan war". Reuters. 21 May 2012. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 22 May 2012.
  2. ^ United Nations Security Council Resolution 1386. S/RES/1386(2001) 31 May 2001. Retrieved 21 September 2007.
  3. ^ United Nations Security Council Document 1154. Annex I – International Security Force S/2001/1154 page 9. (2001) Retrieved 26 August 2008.
  4. ^ Official Documents System of the United Nations Archived 9 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  5. ^ "UNSC Resolution 1510, October 13, 2003" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 October 2010. Retrieved 5 July 2010.
  6. ^ NATO. "ISAF's mission in Afghanistan (2001–2014) (Archived)". NATO. Archived from the original on 27 August 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
  7. ^ Turse, Nick (11 February 2010). "The 700 Military Bases of Afghanistan". Foreign Police in Focus (FPIF). Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
  8. ^ ChartsBin. "Countries Currently Contributing Troops to ISAF". ChartsBin. Archived from the original on 25 August 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
  9. ^ Russia abstained from UNSCR 1776 due to the lack of clarity in the wording about ISAF's maritime interception component, which has not appeared in any of the Security Council's previous resolutions.United Nations Security Council Verbotim Report 5744. S/PV/5744 page 2. Mr. Churkin Russia 19 September 2007 at 17:20. Retrieved 21 September 2007.
  10. ^ ISAF in Afghanistan Archived 12 June 2002 at the Wayback Machine CDI, Terrorism Project – 14 February 2002.
  11. ^ "Korgeneral Hilmi Akın Zorlu Vefat Etti". Canlı Haber (in Turkish). 14 July 2014. Retrieved 23 April 2023.
  12. ^ "Turkey takes command of ISAF". ntv.com.tr. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2015.
  13. ^ a b "International Security Assistance Force – Overall Command". NATO Military Forces, Strategy, Structure and Operations Handbook, vol. 1, USA International Business Publications, 2009, pp. 22.
  14. ^ a b c d NATO's role in Afghanistan Archived 8 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine NATO ISAF missions – 3 September 2009.
  15. ^ a b "More Dutch troops for Afghanistan". BBC News. 3 February 2006. Archived from the original on 4 February 2006. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
  16. ^ "International Security Assistance Force". Archived from the original on 20 September 2006. Retrieved 5 July 2010.
  17. ^ "South Asia | Afghan conflict deaths quadruple". BBC News. 13 November 2006. Archived from the original on 2 December 2012. Retrieved 27 May 2012.
  18. ^ "Europe | Nato hails shift on Afghan combat". BBC News. 29 November 2006. Archived from the original on 11 November 2012. Retrieved 27 May 2012.
  19. ^ U.S. general in Afghanistan seen tough on Taliban Archived 24 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine REUTERS – 5 February 2007
  20. ^ "ISAF and Afghan Forces launch major operation in the South". Archived from the original on 13 March 2007. Retrieved 13 March 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) NATO Press release – 6 March 2007 and Nato in major anti-Taleban drive Archived 9 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine BBC – 6 March 2007
  21. ^ a b "Microsoft PowerPoint – JAN0912 – Updated ISAF Troops Placemat.ppt" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
  22. ^ "Petraeus takes command in Afghanistan". CBC News. 4 July 2010. Archived from the original on 7 January 2014. Retrieved 4 July 2010.
  23. ^ Humberto (26 May 2009). "Colombia sends troops to Afghanistan – first Latin American country". Monsters and Critics. Archived from the original on 23 December 2008. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
  24. ^ "Tropas colombianas reforzarán a las fuerzas españolas en Afganistán". Elespectador.Com. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
  25. ^ "Colombia to send demining experts to Afghanistan_English_Xinhua". News.xinhuanet.com. 28 August 2008. Archived from the original on 3 January 2009. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
  26. ^ "Colombia sends troops to Afghanistan". Thaindian.com. 7 August 2008. Archived from the original on 16 October 2012. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
  27. ^ "Colombia To Aid U.S. In Taliban Fight". CBS. 27 July 2009. Archived from the original on 29 July 2009. Retrieved 27 July 2009.
  28. ^ Canada PM: Troops Home From Afghanistan in 2011 [dead link]
  29. ^ Terence Neilan (1 August 2010). "Dutch Pullout From Afghanistan Leaves Some Nervous". Aolnews.com. Archived from the original on 27 November 2010. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
  30. ^ Patrick Wintour in Toronto (25 June 2010). "Afghanistan withdrawal before 2015, says David Cameron". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 15 September 2013. Retrieved 5 July 2010.
  31. ^ Morgan, Wesley. "Coalition Combat and Advisory Forces in Afghanistan: Afghanistan Order of Battle" (PDF). Institute for the Study of War. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 August 2022. Retrieved 26 September 2022.
  32. ^ "ISAF's mission in Afghanistan (2001-2014)". NATO.int. 19 August 2021. Archived from the original on 8 April 2022. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
  33. ^ Leithead, Alistair (5 August 2006). "Programmes | From Our Own Correspondent | Deployed to Afghanistan's 'Hell'". BBC News. Archived from the original on 11 January 2009. Retrieved 27 May 2012.
  34. ^ Killing the Cranes, by Edward Girardet, 2011, published by Chelsea Green
  35. ^ Hastings, Michael (22 June 2010). "The Runaway General". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 11 August 2012. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
  36. ^ The Washington Quarterly Archived 14 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine Poppies for Peace: Reforming Afghanistan's Opium Industry
  37. ^ a b "South Asia | Nato to attack Afghan opium labs". BBC News. 10 October 2008. Archived from the original on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 27 May 2012.
  38. ^ NATO, NATO Events: Informal Meeting of NATO Defence Ministers – Budapest Archived 12 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine, 9–10 October 2008, Retrieved on 10 October 2008
  39. ^ Jim Garamone (6 July 2009). "Directive Re-emphasizes Protecting Afghan Civilians". American Forces Press Service. U.S. Department of Defense. Archived from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 1 October 2012. and "Tactical Directive" (PDF). NATO/International Security Assistance Force. 6 July 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 July 2009. Retrieved 2 October 2012.
  40. ^ "American army officer killed, many wounded in Afghan insider attack". Afghanistan Sun. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 7 August 2014.
  41. ^ NATO OTAN [dead link] Allied Joint Force Command Brunssum – (ISAF)
  42. ^ "ISAF source" (PDF). Archived from the original on 28 June 2007. Retrieved 28 June 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) International Security Assistance Force
  43. ^ "International Security Assistance Force (ISAF): Key Facts and Figures" (PDF). Nato.int. 1 December 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 November 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2014.
  44. ^ "ISAF – International Security Assistance Force – Official Homepage". Nato.int. Archived from the original on 27 June 2010. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
  45. ^ Armstrong, John (20 July 2009). "Key indicates SAS will return to Afghanistan". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 29 March 2012. Retrieved 4 October 2011.
  46. ^ Romanos, Amelia (28 September 2011). "PM defends Afghan deployment". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 4 October 2011.
  47. ^ "Tutta la Taurinense in Afghanistan". Lastampa.It. Archived from the original on 4 April 2012. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
  48. ^ "Lithuanian Armed Forces – Central and South Asia region" (in Lithuanian). Kariuomene.kam.lt. Archived from the original on 29 June 2010. Retrieved 5 July 2010.
  49. ^ "Kandahar Provincial Reconstruction Team". Afghanistan.gc.ca. 17 June 2009. Archived from the original on 4 June 2010. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
  50. ^ "PRT - Oruzgan — Global Collaborative". www.globalcollab.org. Archived from the original on 6 January 2008. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
  51. ^ "PRT-Zabul helps reconnect Afghans, government". Army.mil. 9 September 2009. Archived from the original on 24 January 2023. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
  52. ^ See Minister of Defence, New Zealand to lead Provincial Reconstruction Team in Afghanistan Archived 29 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine, July 2003.
  53. ^ "US Plans New Command in Southern Afghanistan to Prepare for Major Offensive in Kandahar". Wwono.com. 4 March 2010. Retrieved 23 June 2010. [dead link]
  54. ^ Regional Command Southwest stands up Archived 6 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  55. ^ "Official Public Website Home Page – MEB-Afghanistan / TF Leatherneck". Mnfwest.usmc.mil. Archived from the original on 16 March 2010. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
  56. ^ "About us". Ukinafghanistan.fco.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 28 January 2010. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
  57. ^ About ISAF: History: ISAF Commanders Archived 3 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved 20 March 2012
  58. ^ Scott Tyson, Ann (12 May 2009). "Gen. David McKiernan Ousted as Top U.S. Commander in Afghanistan". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 4 February 2011. Retrieved 9 September 2017.
  59. ^ Department of Defense, "General McChrystal Resignation Letter" Archived 3 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine 26 August 2014
  60. ^ BBC News, "David Petraeus CIA scandal engulfs US Gen John Allen" Archived 17 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine, 13 November 2012 Last updated at 05:26 ET
  61. ^ "Shqipëria dërgoi kontingjentin e tetë në Afganistan". Koha. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 18 January 2011.
  62. ^ Auteur: vdy (9 September 2008). "Het Nieuwsblad – Belgische F‑16's in Afghanistan zijn operationeel". Nieuwsblad.be. Archived from the original on 11 June 2011. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
  63. ^ "Geen gevechtsoperaties F-16s in Afghanistan – België – Nieuws – Knack". Knack.be. Archived from the original on 28 December 2011. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
  64. ^ "Bulgaria could add up to 100 troops in Afghanistan: defense minister". Military-world.net. 23 December 2009. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 5 July 2010.
  65. ^ "Изпратихме още 165 военни на операция в Афганистан". DarikNews.bg. 14 July 2011. Archived from the original on 2 October 2011. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
  66. ^ Карев, М. (2021). Една от мисиите в афганистан. Авангард принт.
  67. ^ "405 Sqn Deploys to South West Asia ... | Articles | News & Events – News Room | 14 Wing Greenwood | Air Force | DND/CF". Airforce.forces.gc.ca. 5 June 2009. Archived from the original on 11 June 2011. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
  68. ^ "Emisije na zahtjev: Dnevnik". Hrt.hr. Archived from the original on 13 April 2010. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
  69. ^ "Hrvatska šalje još vojnika u Afghanistan". Ezadar.hr. 30 August 2011. Archived from the original on 4 July 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
  70. ^ "Croatia to host three NATO exercises in 2011". 9 March 2011. Archived from the original on 9 February 2011. Retrieved 13 February 2011.
  71. ^ "Operation Iraqi Freedom | Iraq | Fatalities By Nationality". iCasualties. Archived from the original on 28 May 2012. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
  72. ^ "Danmarks Radio – Danmark mister flesh soldater i Afghanistan". Dr.dk. 15 February 2009. Archived from the original on 19 February 2009. Retrieved 5 July 2010.
  73. ^ "France eyes sending troops to Afghan combat zone". Reuters. 26 February 2008. Archived from the original on 29 February 2012. Retrieved 27 May 2012.
  74. ^ "French army to deploy Tigers in second quarter". Flightglobal.com. Archived from the original on 30 January 2009. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
  75. ^ "Sarkozy Rules Out More French Troops For Afghanistan". Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty 2011. 1 April 2009. Archived from the original on 13 January 2012. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
  76. ^ "Flash Actu: Afghanistan : 250 soldats français de plus". Le Figaro. 4 July 2010. Archived from the original on 17 October 2012. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
  77. ^ "Le dispositif français pour l'Afghanistan" (in French). Defense.gouv.fr. 31 December 2011. Archived from the original on 1 May 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
  78. ^ AFP: France says Afghanistan troop pullout faster than expected
  79. ^ "43 tote Bundeswehr-Soldaten in Afganistan". Mitteldeutsche Zeitung. 14 August 2011. Archived from the original on 29 March 2012. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
  80. ^ "Grundlagen – Warum Bundeswehr?" (in German). Bundeswehr.de. Archived from the original on 28 October 2010. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
  81. ^ Siobhán Dowling (11 February 2010). "New Evaluation on Afghanistan Long Overdue". Der Spiegel. Archived from the original on 16 June 2010. Retrieved 9 August 2010.
  82. ^ "Germany Comes to Terms With Its New War". TIME World. 9 April 2010. Archived from the original on 12 April 2010. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  83. ^ "Οι Αφγανοί διερμηνείς του ελληνικού στρατού στα νύχια των Ταλιμπάν". Archived from the original on 23 August 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
  84. ^ "NATO allies offer 7,000 extra troops for Afghan war". Reuters. 5 December 2009. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2010.
  85. ^ "Iceland Crisis Response Unit – Afghanistan". Iceland Ministry for Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 6 September 2014.
  86. ^ "La Russa: "Afghanistan combattiamo da un anno ma Prodi ha taciuto" – Articolo – ilGiornale.it del 1 July 2008". Ilgiornale.it. Archived from the original on 3 August 2008. Retrieved 5 July 2010.
  87. ^ Willey, David (7 February 2009). "Italians 'to boost Afghan force'". BBC News. Archived from the original on 20 April 2010. Retrieved 2 April 2010.
  88. ^ Marquand, Robert (22 February 2010). "Dutch government collapse: Will other European troops now leave Afghanistan?". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on 28 March 2010. Retrieved 22 February 2010.
  89. ^ "Dutch troops end Afghanistan deployment". BBC. 1 August 2010. Archived from the original on 1 August 2010. Retrieved 1 August 2010.
  90. ^ Norwegian Government website: F-16s for ISAF in Afghanistan Archived 7 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  91. ^ Official Norwegian Defence Force website: New capacity Archived 16 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  92. ^ Official Norwegian Defence Force website: Helicopters important for the soldiers (in Norwegian) Archived 13 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  93. ^ "Norway to send troops to southern Afghanistan – People's Daily Online". English.people.com.cn. 26 February 2008. Archived from the original on 16 January 2009. Retrieved 5 July 2010.
  94. ^ The Norway Post: Norwegian explosives experts to Afghanistan [dead link]
  95. ^ Official Norwegian Defence Force website: New "Norwegian" camp Archived 23 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  96. ^ Aftenposten Newspaper: Taliban threaten more attacks in Afghanistan Archived 28 December 2004 at the Wayback Machine
  97. ^ Aftenposten Newspaper: Fallen soldier comes home Archived 18 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  98. ^ Aftenposten Newspaper: Norwegian fatality in Afghanistan Archived 11 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  99. ^ Aftenposten Newspaper: Soldier's body arrives home Archived 13 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  100. ^ BBC News: Four Norwegian soldiers killed in Afghanistan Archived 29 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  101. ^ "Romania To Send More Troops To Afghanistan; Germany Mulls Raising Number". Rferl.org. 22 January 2010. Archived from the original on 22 October 2010. Retrieved 5 July 2010.
  102. ^ "Pierderile romanesti din Afganistan si pierderile aliatilor". adevarul.ro. 10 May 2011. Archived from the original on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 15 December 2012.
  103. ^ "Ministry of Defence of Slovak Republic – ISAF mission, Afghanistan". Mod.gov.sk. 1 April 2012. Archived from the original on 11 July 2012. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
  104. ^ "Delegacija Ministrstva za obrambo in Slovenske vojske na obisku pri slovenskih vojakih v Afganistanu". Ministry of Defense (Slovenia). July 2011. Archived from the original on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 26 January 2013.
  105. ^ "Next week Slovenian soldiers start the training for new tasks in Afghanistan". Slovenskavojska.si. 24 December 2009. Archived from the original on 8 March 2012. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
  106. ^ "Ejército de Tierra español". Ejercito.mde.es. 1 December 2001. Archived from the original on 3 January 2010. Retrieved 5 July 2010.
  107. ^ "España concluye 13 años de misión en Afganistán, en la que han muerto 102 militares españoles – RTVE.es". RTVE.es. 16 October 2015. Archived from the original on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 16 September 2016.
  108. ^ Treviño Martínez, Rafael: "Afganistán: ¿qué está fallando?", Fuerza Terrestre n.39, March 2007
  109. ^ "Gordon Brown sparks anger by revealing SAS role in Afghanistan" The Telegraph. 30 November 2009
  110. ^ "Armenian Troops Due in Afghanistan Soon | Asbarez Armenian News". Asbarez.com. 6 November 2009. Archived from the original on 13 November 2009. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
  111. ^ BMLVS – Kommunikation – Referat WebAuftritt. "All missions from Austrian troops (German))". Bmlv.gv.at. Archived from the original on 24 May 2012. Retrieved 27 May 2012.
  112. ^ AzerNews (12 January 2015). "Azerbaijani peacekeepers sent to Afghanistan". AzerNews. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 17 December 2015.
  113. ^ "Amount of Finnish troops in Afghanistan almost doubled". Mil.fi. 28 June 2010. Archived from the original on 21 January 2010. Retrieved 5 July 2010.
  114. ^ Georgian Soldier Killed in Afghanistan, 23 September 2015
  115. ^ "Georgian Troops End Mission in Helmand". Civil Georgia. 17 July 2014. Archived from the original on 5 August 2014. Retrieved 31 July 2014.
  116. ^ "Georgian Soldier Succumbs to Injuries Suffered in Afghanistan". Civil Georgia. 8 June 2015. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 8 June 2015.
  117. ^ "28-Year-Old Georgian Officer Dies in Afghanistan – News Agency InterpressNews". New.interpressnews.ge. Retrieved 13 June 2011. [dead link]
  118. ^ Rubin, Alissa (7 June 2013). "Taliban Attack Kills 7 Georgian Soldiers in Afghanistan". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 16 June 2013. Retrieved 16 June 2013.
  119. ^ Georgian soldiers killed in Afghanistan attack Archived 6 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine BBC 13 May 2013
  120. ^ "Overseas Deployments". Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
  121. ^ "Participation in ISAF mission in Afghanistan". morm.gov.mk. Archived from the original on 10 August 2016. Retrieved 15 June 2016.
  122. ^ "Russia back to Afghanistan to help US & NATO Video". Archived from the original on 2 November 2010. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
  123. ^ "Last Swiss officers back from Afghanistan – swissinfo". Swissinfo.ch. Archived from the original on 26 May 2012. Retrieved 5 July 2010.
  124. ^ "ISAF official web site statistics". Archived from the original on 7 November 2012.
  125. ^ "Australian Defence Force personnel wounded and killed in action". Australian Operation in Afghanistan. Australian Department of Defence. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
  126. ^ "El Salvador zieht in den Krieg Archived 16 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine. amerika21. 1 September 2011. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
  127. ^ "DefenseLink News Article: Jordanian Military Helps Its Neighbors". Defenselink.mil. Archived from the original on 30 November 2009. Retrieved 5 July 2010.
  128. ^ "Malaysia becoming the 47th Contributor to ISAF Archived 16 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Atlantic Council. 2 August 2010. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
  129. ^ "Mongolia to send troops to Afghanistan". Reuters. 21 July 2009. Archived from the original on 14 February 2010. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
  130. ^ "Singapore Armed Forces Concludes Deployment in Afghanistan Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine". Ministry of Defence, Singapore. 25 June 2013. Retrieved 28 August 2013.
  131. ^ "Channelnewsasia.com". Channelnewsasia.com. 16 May 2007. Archived from the original on 8 December 2008. Retrieved 5 July 2010.
  132. ^ "South Korea confirms new troops for Afghanistan". BBC News. 8 December 2009. Archived from the original on 17 December 2009. Retrieved 5 July 2010.
  133. ^ "Taliban warns S Korea not to send more troops to Afghanistan". News.xinhuanet.com. 9 December 2009. Archived from the original on 31 January 2010. Retrieved 5 July 2010.
  134. ^ "Tonga sends troops to Afghanistan Archived 16 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Atlantic Council. 29 July 2010. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
  135. ^ "Afghan 'trust' in Arab troops". BBC News. 29 March 2008. Archived from the original on 11 January 2009. Retrieved 5 July 2010.
  136. ^ "Security Council resolution 1386 (2001) on the situation in Afghanistan". United Nations Security Council. 20 December 2001. S/RES/1386 (2001). Archived from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2013.

Further reading

Stene, Lillian K. "Rational beliefs- inconsistent practices, civil-military coordination in North Afghanistan." PhD thesis at the University of Stavanger no 230. September 2014

External links