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Cinereous tit

The cinereous tit (Parus cinereus) is a species of bird in the tit family Paridae. This species is made up of several populations that were earlier treated as subspecies of the great tit (Parus major). These birds are grey backed with white undersides. The great tit in the new sense is distinguishable by the greenish-back and yellowish underside.[2][3] The distribution of this species extends from parts of West Asia across South Asia and into Southeast Asia. The Japanese tit was formerly treated as a separate species but is now lumped together with the cinereous tit.

Taxonomy

The cinereous tit was formally described in 1818 by the French ornithologist Louis Vieillot under the binomial name Parus cinereus. He specified the type location as Batavia, now Jakarta, on the Indonesian island of Java.[4] The cinereous tit was formerly considered as conspecific with the great tit (Parus major).[5][6]

Twenty subspecies are recognised:[6]

The final eight subspecies on the above list (beginning with P. c. minor) were formerly treated as a separate species, the Japanese tit (Parus minor). The Japanese tit was lumped with cinereous tit based on molecular phylogenetic studies that found it is was more appropriate to consider the Parus major complex as comprising two species, the cinereous tit and the great tit, rather than three.[6][7][8][9]

Description

Head pattern
Cinereous tit in Kadigarh National Park, Bhaluka, Mymensingh District, Bangladesh.

Like others in the genus, it has a broad black ventral line and has no crest. This tit is part of a confusing group of species but is distinct in having a grey-back, black hood, white cheek patch and a white wing-bar. The underparts are white with the black central stripe running along the length. The female has a narrower ventral line and is slightly duller.[10] The upper tail coverts are ashy while the tail is black with the central 4 pairs of feathers ashy on the outer webs and all but the central pair are tipped white. The fifth pair is white with a black rachis and a band of black on the inner web. The outermost pair of tail feathers are all white with a black shaft. The undertail coverts are black towards the centre but white on the sides.[11]

Several of the subspecies formerly placed within Parus major are now placed in this species (all of which have a grey rather than greenish back[2][11][12] as adults, although young birds show some green on the back and yellowish on the underside[13] ). These geographically separated populations show differences mainly in the shade of grey, the extent of white on the tail feathers and in size, although the variation in size is mainly clinal.[14][15]

Behaviour and ecology

A bird using its feet to hold food

These birds are usually seen in pairs or small groups that sometimes join mixed-species foraging flocks.[16] They forage mainly by gleaning, capturing insects (mainly caterpillars, bugs and beetles) that are disturbed and will also feeding on buds and fruits.[17] They sometimes use their feet to hold insects which are then torn with their beak. They may also wedge hard seeds in a bark crevice before hammering them with their beak (noted in ssp. caschmirensis).[18])

The calls are a whistling titiweesi...titiweesi... witsi-seesee or other variants repeated three of four times followed by a break. The calling is particularly persistent during the breeding season. In playback experiments, the churring alarm calls of the European Parus major and Asian species are responded to by each other but the songs of the European species do not elicit much response in P. c. mahrattarum.[19] About 4 to 6 eggs form the normal clutch (9 recorded in caschmirensis with one case of two nests side by side[20]). The breeding season is summer and but dates vary across their range. Some birds may raise more than one brood. In southern India and Sri Lanka the breeding season is February to May (mainly before the Monsoons) but nests have also been seen from September to November. The nests are placed in hollows in trees or in a wall or mud-bank with a narrow entrance hole and the floor of the cavity is lined with moss, hair and feathers. They sometimes make use of the old nest of a woodpecker or barbet.[21] Both parents take part in incubation and hissing from within the nest when threatened.[18] They may also roost in cavities such as those in cut bamboo.[22]

A species of flea Ceratophyllus gallinae has been recorded in their nests from India.[23][24]

References

  1. ^ Eck S; J Martens (2006). "Systematic notes on Asian birds. 49. A preliminary review of the Aegithalidae, Remizidae and Paridae". Zoologische Mededelingen. 80–5. Archived from the original on 2012-02-24. Retrieved 2010-01-12.
  2. ^ a b Packert, Martin; Jochen Martens; Siegfried Eck; Alexander A Nazarenko; Olga P. Valchuk; Bernd Petri; Michael Veith (2005). "The great tit (Parus major) – a misclassified ring species". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 86 (2): 153–174. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2005.00529.x.
  3. ^ Kvist, Laura; Jochen Martens; Hiroyoshi Higuchi; Alexander A Nazarenko; Olga P Valchuk & Markku Orell (2003). "Evolution and genetic structure of the great tit (Parus major) complex". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 270 (1523): 1447–1454. doi:10.1098/rspb.2002.2321. PMC 1691391. PMID 12965008.
  4. ^ Vieillot, Louis Pierre (1818). Nouveau dictionnaire d'histoire naturelle, appliquée aux arts, à l'agriculture, à l'économie rurale et domestique, à la médecine, etc (in French). Vol. 20 (Nouvelle édition ed.). Paris: Deterville. p. 316.
  5. ^ Paynter, Raymond A. Jr, ed. (1986). Check-list of Birds of the World. Vol. 12. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 107.
  6. ^ a b c Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (August 2024). "Waxwings and their allies, tits & penduline tits". IOC World Bird List Version 14.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 7 October 2024.
  7. ^ Päckert, Martin; Martens, Jochen (2008). "Taxonomic pitfalls in tits – comments on the Paridae chapter of the Handbook of the Birds of the World". Ibis. 150 (4): 829–831. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2008.00871.x.
  8. ^ Zhao, N.; Dai, C.; Wang, W.; Zhang, R.; Qu, Y.; Song, G.; Chen, K.; Yang, X.; Zou, F.; Lei, F. (2012). "Pleistocene climate changes shaped the divergence and demography of Asian populations of the great tit Parus major: Evidence from phylogeographic analysis and ecological niche models". Journal of Avian Biology. 43: 297–310. doi:10.2307/23259207.
  9. ^ Song, G.; Zhang, R.; Machado-Stredel, F.; Alström, P.; Johansson, U.S.; Irestedt, M.; Mays Jr., H.L.; McKay, B.D.; Nishiumi, I.; Cheng, Y.; Qu, Y.; Ericson, P.G.P.; Fjeldså, J.; Peterson, A.T.; Lei, F. (2020). "Great journey of Great Tits (Parus major group): Origin, diversification and historical demographics of a broadly distributed bird lineage". Journal of Biogeography. 47 (7): 1585–1598. doi:10.1111/jbi.13863.
  10. ^ Rasmussen, PC; JC Anderton (2005). Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide. Volume 2. Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions. p. 527.
  11. ^ a b Blanford WT (1889). The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Birds. Volume 1. Taylor and Francis, London. pp. 73–79.
  12. ^ Packert, Martin; Jochen Martens (2008). "Taxonomic pitfalls in tits – comments on the Paridae chapter of the Handbook of the Birds of the World" (PDF). Ibis. 154 (4): 829–831. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2008.00871.x. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-22. Retrieved 2010-06-29.
  13. ^ Baker, ECS (1924). The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Birds. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Taylor and Francis, London. pp. 74–78.
  14. ^ Hartert, Ernst (1905). "Miscellanea Ornithologica; Critical, nomenclatorial, and other notes, mostly on Palaearctic birds and their allies. Part II". Novitates Zoologicae. 12: 497–503.
  15. ^ Baker, ECS (1920). "Handlist of the birds of the Indian Empire". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 27 (2): 228–247.
  16. ^ Whistler, Hugh (1949). Popular handbook of Indian birds (4th ed.). Gurney and Jackson, London. pp. 18–20. ISBN 1-4067-4576-6.
  17. ^ Mason CW, Lefroy HM (1912). Food of birds in India. Memoirs of the Department of Agriculture in India, Entomology Series 3. Imperial Department of Agriculture in India. pp. 1–367.
  18. ^ a b Ali, S; S D Ripley (1998). Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan. Vol. 9 (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 168–175. ISBN 0-19-562063-1.
  19. ^ Sasvári, Lajos (1980). "Different responsiveness of Indian and European Great Tit (Parus major mahrattarum; P. m. major) to acoustic stimuli". Journal of Ornithology. 121 (4): 391–396. doi:10.1007/BF01643334.
  20. ^ Whistler, H (1923). "Double nest of the Kashmir Great Tit Parus major kashmiriensis". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 29 (3): 837.
  21. ^ Hume, AO (1889). The nests and eggs of Indian birds. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). R H Porter, London. pp. 31–34.
  22. ^ George, J (1965). "Grey Tit roosting in a bamboo stump". Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 5 (5): 8.
  23. ^ Hicks, Ellis A (1959). Checklist and bibliography on the occurrence of insects in birds' nests. Iowa State College Press, Ames. p. 506.
  24. ^ Bacot, A (1914). "A study of the bionomics of the common rat fleas and other species associated with human habitations, with special reference to the influence of temperature and humidity at various periods of the life history of the insect". Journal of Hygiene - Plague Supplement 3, 8th report on plague investigations in India: 447–654.

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