Animals that are distinguished by a body cold and generally naked; stern and expressive countenance; harsh voice; mostly lurid color; filthy odor; a few are furnished with a horrid poison; all have cartilaginous bones, slow circulation, exquisite sight and hearing, large pulmonary vessels, lobate liver, oblong thick stomach, and cystic, hepatic, and pancreatic ducts: they are deficient in diaphragm, do not transpire (sweat), can live a long time without food, are tenatious of life, and have the power of reproducing parts which have been destroyed or lost; some undergo a metamorphosis; some cast (shed) their skin; some appear to live promiscuously on land or in the water, and some are torpid during the winter.
Linnaean characteristics[1]
Heart: 1 auricle, 1 ventricle. Cold, dark red blood
Lungs: breathes uncertainly
Jaw: incumbent
Penis: (frequently) double
Eggs: (usually) membranaceous
Organs of Sense: tongue, nostrils, eyes, ears
Covering: a naked skin
Supports: various, in some none. Creeps in warm places and hisses
Linnaeus often regarded reptiles within the amphibian class because living in Sweden, he often noticed that the local reptiles (examples include the common adder and grass snake) would hunt and be active in the water.
In the 10th edition of Systema Naturae, Linnaeus included several species of fishes (that do not belong the superclass Osteichthyes) into the amphibian class. It was not until later on that he would merge them into the Fish class and give them their own new order "Chondropterygious", defining them as species with cartilaginous gills.
Linnaeus divided the amphibians based upon the limb structures and the way they breathed.[2]
^Except for Rana marginata, the modern identities of all Linnaeus' names in Rana are taken from Kitchell & Dundee (1994).[2]
^The modern identities of all Linnaeus' Serpentes taxa (genera Crotalus, Boa (except Boa scytale), Coluber, Anguis, Amphisbaena and Caecilia) are taken from Kitchell & Dundee (1994).[2]
References
^ a bLinné, Carl von (1800). Gmelin's last edition of the celebrated Systema Naturæ of Linnæus. A general system of nature: through the three grand kingdoms of animals, vegetables, and minerals, systematically divided into their several classes, orders, genera, species, and varieties. Volume 1 translated from Johann Friedrich Gmelin by William Turton. London: Lackington, Allen, and Co. p. 638. ISBN 9780598643414.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an aoKenneth Kitchell Jr.; Harold A. Dundee (1994). "A trilogy on the herpetology of Linnaeus's Systema Naturae X" (PDF). Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service. 100: 1–61. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-11-11.
^ a b c d e f gAnders G. J. Rhodin; James F. Parham; Peter Paul van Dijk; John B. Iverson (2009). "Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist of Taxonomy and Synonymy, 2009 Update, with Conservation Status Summary" (PDF). In A. G. J. Rhodin; P. P. van Dijk; R. A. Sumure; K. A. Buhlmann; J. B. Iverson; R. A. Mittermeier (eds.). Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises. Chelonian Research Monographs. Vol. 5. pp. 000.39–000.41. doi:10.3854/crm.5.000.checklist.v2.2009. ISBN 978-0-9653540-9-7.
^Anders G. J. Rhodin; John L. Carr (2009). "A quarter millenium of uses and misuses of the turtle name Testudo scabra: identification of the type specimens of T. scabra Linnaeus 1758 (= Rhinoclemmys punctularia) and T. scripta Thunberg in Schoepff 1792 (= Trachemys scripta scripta)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 2226: 1–18. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2226.1.1.
^Marinus Steven Hoogmoed; Jean Lescure (1975). "An annotated checklist of the lizards of French Guinea, mainly based on two recent collections" (PDF). Zoologische Mededelingen. 49 (13): 141–171.
^Anthony P. Russell; Aaron M. Bauer (1991). "Anolis garmani". Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles (PDF).
^Trachycephalus typhonius in Darrel Frost (2017). Amphibian Species of the World 6.0, an Online Reference
^Lavilla; Langone; Caramaschi; Heyer & de Sá (2010). "The identification of Rana ocellata Linnaeus, 1758. Nomenclatural impact on the species currently known as Leptodactylus ocellatus (Leptodactylidae) and Osteopilus brunneus (Gosse, 1851) (Hylidae)". Zootaxa. 2346: 1–16. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2346.1.1. hdl:10088/9771.