List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (1970–1979)
The Padma Bhushan is the third-highest civilian award of the Republic of India.[1] Instituted on 2January 1954, the award is given for "distinguished service of a high order", without distinction of race, occupation, position, or sex.[2] The recipients receive a Sanad, a certificate signed by the President of India and a circular-shaped medallion with no monetary association. The recipients are announced every year on Republic Day (26January) and registered in The Gazette of India—a publication used for official government notices and released weekly by the Department of Publication, under the Ministry of Urban Development.[3] The conferral of the award is not considered official without its publication in the Gazette. The name of recipient, whose award have been revoked or restored, both of which require the authority of the President, is archived and they are required to surrender their medal when their name is struck from the register;[4] none of the conferments of Padma Bhushan during 1970–1979 have been revoked or restored. The recommendations are received from all the state and the union territory governments, as well as from Ministries of the Government of India, the Bharat Ratna and the Padma Vibhushan awardees, the Institutes of Excellence, the Ministers, the Chief Ministers and the Governors of State, and the Members of Parliament including private individuals.[3]
When instituted in 1954, the Padma Bhushan was classified as "Dusra Varg" (Class II) under the three-tier Padma Vibhushan awards, which were preceded by the Bharat Ratna in hierarchy. On 15January 1955, the Padma Vibhushan was reclassified into three different awards as the Padma Vibhushan, the Padma Bhushan and the Padma Shri.[3] The criteria included "distinguished service of a high order in any field including service rendered by Government servants", but excluded those working with the public sector undertakings with the exception of doctors and scientists. The 1954 statutes did not allow posthumous awards; this was subsequently modified in the January 1955 statute.[4] The design was also changed to the form that is currently in use; it portrays a circular-shaped toned bronze medallion 1+3⁄4 inches (44 mm) in diameter and 1⁄8 inch (3.2 mm) thick. The centrally placed pattern made of outer lines of a square of 1+3⁄16-inch (30 mm) side is embossed with a knob carved within each of the outer angles of the pattern. A raised circular space of diameter 1+1⁄16 inches (27 mm) is placed at the centre of the decoration. A centrally located lotus flower is embossed on the obverse side of the medal and the text "Padma" is placed above and the text "Bhushan" is placed below the lotus written in Devanagari script. The State Emblem of India is displayed in the centre of the reverse side, together with the national motto of India, "Satyameva Jayate" (Truth alone triumphs) in Devanagari script, which is inscribed on the lower edge. The rim, the edges and all embossing on either side is of standard gold with the text "Padma Bhushan" of gold gilt. The medal is suspended by a pink riband 1+1⁄4 inches (32 mm) in width with a broad white stripe in the middle.[3][4] It is ranked fifth in the order of precedence of wearing of medals and decorations of the Indian civilian and military awards.[a]
As the result of the 6th general election held in March 1977, Morarji Desai was sworn in as the Prime Minister of India on 24March 1977 replacing the Indira Gandhi led government of the Indian National Congress. On 31July, the newly formed government retracted all the civilian awards including the Padma Bhushan deeming them "worthless and politicized".[6] After the 7th general election of 1980 Gandhi was again sworn in as the Prime Minister and all civilian awards were reinstated on 25January 1980. Consequently, this award was not presented in 1978 and 1979.[7]
A total of 205 awards were presented in the 1970s – twenty-eight in 1970, followed by forty-one in 1971, fifty in 1972, seventeen in 1973, twenty-one in 1974, fifteen in 1975, sixteen in 1976 and seventeen in 1977. The Padma Bhushan in the 1970s was also conferred upon eight foreign recipients – four from the United States, two from Italy, and one each from Belgium and the United Kingdom. Individuals from nine different fields were awarded, which includes forty-eight from literature and education, forty-three from civil services, thirty-four artists, twenty-six from science and engineering, twenty-one from social work, seventeen from medicine, twelve from trade and industry, three from public affairs, and one sportsperson. Novelist Khushwant Singh, who accepted the award in 1974 in the field of literature and education, returned it in 1984 as a notion of protest against the Operation Blue Star.[8]
^Pothan Joseph died on 2 November 1972, at the age of 80.
^Begum Akhtar died on 30 October 1974, at the age of 60.[21]
References
^"PV Sindhu recommended for Padma Bhushan, India's third highest civilian award, by sports ministry". Firstpost. 25 September 2017. Archived from the original on 26 December 2017. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
^Lal, Shavax A. (1954). "The Gazette of India—Extraordinary—Part I" (PDF). The Gazette of India. The President's Secretariat (published 2 January 1954): 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 May 2014. Retrieved 31 March 2018. The President is pleased to institute an award to be designated 'Padma Vibhushan' in three classes, namely: 'Pahela Varg', 'Dusra Varg' and 'Tisra Varg'
^ a b c d"Padma Awards Scheme" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs (India). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 February 2018. Retrieved 28 September 2015.
^ a b cAyyar, N. M. (1955). "The Gazette of India—Extraordinary—Part I" (PDF). The Gazette of India. The President's Secretariat (published 15 January 1955): 8. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 May 2014. Retrieved 31 March 2018. All persons upon whom the decoration of 'Padma Vibhushan' ('Dusra Varg') was conferred under the Regulations issued with Notification No. 2-Pres./54, dated the 2nd January, 1954, shall, for all purposes of these regulations, be deemed to be persons on whom the decoration of Padma Bhushan has been conferred by the President.
^"Wearing of Medals: Precedence Of Medals". Indian Army. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 22 November 2015.
^Mukul, Akshaya (20 January 2008). "The great Bharat Ratna race". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 26 August 2015. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
^Bhattacherje, S. B. (2009). Encyclopaedia of Indian Events & Dates. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. A248, A253. ISBN 978-81-207-4074-7. Archived from the original on 7 July 2014.
^"Those who said no to top awards". The Times of India. 20 January 2008. Archived from the original on 29 March 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
"NEA National Heritage Fellowships: Kamala Lakshmi Narayanan". National Endowment for the Arts. Archived from the original on 31 May 2016. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
^Bassett, Ross (2016). The Technological Indian. Harvard University Press. p. 272. ISBN 978-0-674-50471-4.
^Rajan, Anjana (26 July 2009). "Her legacy will live on". The Hindu. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
^Ganesh, Deepa (22 July 2009). "The matriarch of the Kirana Gharana". The Hindu. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
^Krishna, TM (2013). A Southern Music. HarperCollins Publishers India. p. 209. ISBN 978-93-5029-822-0.
Ramaswamy, Vijaya (2007). Historical Dictionary of the Tamils. Scarecrow Press. p. 311. ISBN 978-0-8108-6445-0. Archived from the original on 12 March 2018.
^Mathai, Kamini (17 July 2009). "The end of the trinity". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 16 September 2015. Retrieved 6 June 2016.
^Datta, Amaresh (1987). Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature. Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 978-81-260-1803-1.
^"Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellow". New Delhi: Sangeet Natak Akademi. Archived from the original on 1 January 2017. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
"Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellow: Mallikarjun Mansur". New Delhi: Sangeet Natak Akademi. Archived from the original on 9 September 2017. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
^"Yash Pal: Awarded the Marconi Prize in 1980". Marconi Society. Archived from the original on 9 June 2016. Retrieved 6 June 2016.
The Shaping of Indian Science: 1982–2003. Universities Press. 2003. p. 1724. ISBN 978-81-7371-434-4. Archived from the original on 12 March 2018.
^"Former Chairmen: Prof. Udupi Ramachandra Rao (1984–1994)". Indian Space Research Organisation. Archived from the original on 8 March 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
^Zhou, Lulu (6 December 2005). "Scientists Question Nobel". The Harvard Crimson. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 6 June 2016.
"When the Nobels are handed out, some get left out". Seed (magazine). 9 December 2005. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 6 June 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ a b c"Padma Awards Directory (1954–2014)" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs (India). 21 May 2014. pp. 37–72. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 October 2015. Retrieved 22 March 2016.
^"Google doodle celebrates 103rd birth anniversary of renowned singer Begum Akhtar". India Today. 7 October 2017. Archived from the original on 26 March 2018. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
External links
Official website
"Awards and medals". Ministry of Home Affairs (India). 5 February 2016. Archived from the original on 9 February 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2016.