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Lista de plantas venenosas

Australia, 1907: Los ganaderos examinan 700 cabezas de ganado que murieron durante la noche a causa de plantas venenosas.

Las plantas que producen toxinas y/o causan irritación al contacto se denominan plantas venenosas . [1] Las toxinas de las plantas venenosas afectan a los herbívoros y les disuaden de consumir las plantas. Las plantas no pueden moverse para escapar de sus depredadores, por lo que deben tener otros medios para protegerse de los animales herbívoros. Algunas plantas tienen defensas físicas como espinas, espinas y espinas , pero, con diferencia, el tipo de protección más común es la química. [2]

A lo largo de milenios, a través del proceso de selección natural , las plantas han desarrollado los medios para producir una amplia y complicada gama de compuestos químicos para disuadir a los herbívoros. El tanino , por ejemplo, es un compuesto defensivo que surgió relativamente temprano en la historia evolutiva de las plantas, mientras que moléculas más complejas como los poliacetilenos se encuentran en grupos de plantas más jóvenes como las Asterales . Muchos de los compuestos de defensa de las plantas conocidos defienden principalmente contra el consumo de insectos , aunque otros animales, incluidos los humanos, que consumen dichas plantas también pueden experimentar efectos negativos, que van desde una leve molestia hasta la muerte.

Muchos de estos compuestos venenosos también tienen importantes beneficios medicinales . [3] Las variedades de defensas fitoquímicas en las plantas son tan numerosas que muchas preguntas sobre ellas siguen sin respuesta, entre ellas:

  1. ¿Qué plantas tienen qué tipos de defensa?
  2. ¿Contra qué herbívoros, específicamente, se defienden las plantas?
  3. ¿Qué estructuras químicas y mecanismos de toxicidad están implicados en los compuestos que proporcionan defensa?
  4. ¿Cuáles son los posibles usos médicos de estos compuestos?

Estas y otras preguntas constituyen un área activa de investigación en la botánica moderna , con importantes implicaciones para la comprensión de la evolución de las plantas y la ciencia médica.

A continuación se muestra una lista extensa, aunque incompleta, de plantas que contienen una o más partes venenosas que representan un riesgo grave de enfermedad, lesión o muerte para humanos o animales domésticos. Existe una superposición significativa entre las plantas consideradas venenosas y aquellas con propiedades psicotrópicas , algunas de las cuales son lo suficientemente tóxicas como para presentar graves riesgos para la salud en dosis recreativas. Existe una distinción entre plantas que son venenosas porque producen naturalmente fitoquímicos peligrosos y aquellas que pueden volverse peligrosas por otras razones, incluidas, entre otras, infecciones por parásitos bacterianos, virales o fúngicos; la absorción de compuestos tóxicos a través de suelos o aguas subterráneas contaminados; y/o los procesos ordinarios de descomposición después de la muerte de la planta; esta lista trata exclusivamente de plantas que producen fitoquímicos. Muchas plantas, como el maní , producen compuestos que sólo son peligrosos para las personas que han desarrollado una reacción alérgica a ellos y, con algunas excepciones, esas plantas no se incluyen aquí (consulte la lista de alérgenos ). A pesar de la gran variedad de plantas consideradas venenosas, las muertes humanas causadas por plantas venenosas (especialmente las resultantes de la ingestión accidental) son raras en el mundo desarrollado. [4]

Plantas venenosas que son alimento.

Muchas plantas comúnmente utilizadas como alimento poseen partes tóxicas, son tóxicas a menos que se procesen o son tóxicas en determinadas etapas de sus vidas. Algunos solo representan una amenaza grave para ciertos animales (como gatos, perros o ganado ) o ciertos tipos de personas (como bebés, ancianos o personas inmunodeprimidas). La mayoría de estas plantas alimenticias son seguras para que el adulto promedio las coma en cantidades modestas. Ejemplos notables incluyen:

Otras plantas venenosas

Muchas otras plantas que no se usan comúnmente en alimentos o bebidas también son venenosas, y se debe tener cuidado para evitar entrar en contacto con ellas o ingerirlas accidentalmente. Algunas de ellas son plantas ornamentales populares o se cultivan para fines distintos al consumo.

See also

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Bibliography

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