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Relaciones exteriores de Pakistán

La República Islámica de Pakistán surgió como un país independiente a través de la partición de la India en agosto de 1947 y fue admitida como estado miembro de las Naciones Unidas en septiembre de 1947. Actualmente es el segundo país más grande del mundo musulmán en términos de población, y también es el único país de mayoría musulmana en posesión de armas nucleares . [1] [2] [3] De facto , el país comparte fronteras terrestres directas con India , Irán , Afganistán y China .

El país tiene amplias relaciones comerciales con la Unión Europea [4] y con varios países a nivel mundial. [5] A partir de 2023 , Pakistán no reconoce a otros dos estados miembros de las Naciones Unidas ( Armenia e Israel ) y sus vínculos con la India permanecen congelados desde 2019. [6] [7]

Desde una perspectiva geopolítica, la ubicación de Pakistán es estratégicamente importante, ya que está situado en la encrucijada de las principales rutas de tránsito marítimo y terrestre entre Oriente Medio y el sur de Asia , al tiempo que sirve como puente entre el mar Arábigo y las regiones ricas en energía de Asia central . [8] [9] Desde la partición de la India, el conflicto de Cachemira ha definido la relación entre India y Pakistán : los dos países reclaman las zonas de control del otro en Cachemira , pero están separados por un límite de alto el fuego conocido como la Línea de Control . [10] Pakistán tiene estrechos lazos bilaterales con China y el mundo musulmán, incluidos Turquía , Arabia Saudita y los países árabes del Golfo . [11] Como parte del Primer Mundo durante la Guerra Fría , Pakistán cooperó estrechamente con los Estados Unidos para combatir la influencia global de la Unión Soviética , [12] aunque esta relación luego se tensó en el transcurso de la Guerra contra el Terror . [13] Pakistán es un miembro activo de la Mancomunidad de Naciones , la Organización de Cooperación Islámica y la Organización de Cooperación de Shanghái .

Política exterior de Pakistán

La política exterior del Pakistán tiene por objeto “promover las normas internacionalmente reconocidas de las relaciones interestatales, es decir, el respeto de la soberanía y la integridad territorial de todos los Estados, la no injerencia en los asuntos internos de otros Estados, la no agresión y la solución pacífica de las controversias. Por ello, el Pakistán siempre ha procurado desarrollar relaciones amistosas y cordiales con todos los países del mundo”. [14]

La política exterior de Pakistán tiene como objetivo formalizar y definir sus interacciones con naciones extranjeras y estandarizar las interacciones con organizaciones, corporaciones y ciudadanos individuales. [15] [16] Respaldado por la economía semi-agrícola y semi-industrializada , Pakistán es la 47.ª mayor potencia económica (PIB nominal, 2021) y la 23.ª mayor potencia ( adquisitiva ) y el sexto ejército más grande del mundo, con un presupuesto de defensa de 11.400 millones de dólares (2018) [17] 4,0% de su PIB (2018). [18] El Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores de Pakistán es el funcionario encargado de la diplomacia de estado a estado, aunque el Primer Ministro mantiene una autoridad máxima sobre la política exterior. [15] La política exterior del estado incluye la definición del interés nacional , así como el interés económico y las estrategias elegidas tanto para salvaguardarlo como para lograr sus objetivos políticos. [15] [14] Tras las elecciones generales celebradas en mayo de 2013 , Tariq Fatimi y NSA Sartaj Aziz fueron designados asesores del Primer Ministro en políticas exteriores y estratégicas. [19] Después de la destitución del gobierno de Nawaz Sharif en julio de 2017, Khawaja Muhammad Asif ocupó la cartera de ministro de Asuntos Exteriores bajo el liderazgo de Shahid Khaqan Abbasi . [20] [21] Después de la victoria de Imran Khan Niazi en las elecciones generales de Pakistán de 2018 , Shah Mehmood Qureshi fue nombrado Ministro de Asuntos Exteriores. [22] Posteriormente, Bilawal Bhutto Zardari se convirtió en ministro de Asuntos Exteriores después de la crisis política , un cargo que anteriormente ocuparon su abuelo, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto , y Hina Rabbani Khar .

Maestro JinnahLa visión de

En 1947, Muhammad Ali Jinnah , fundador del estado de Pakistán, describió claramente los principios y objetivos de la política exterior de Pakistán en un mensaje transmitido por radio, que aparece de forma destacada en una cita en la página de inicio del sitio web del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores de Pakistán: "La base de nuestra política exterior es la amistad con todas las naciones del mundo". [23]

El 15 de agosto de 1947, al describir la política exterior de Pakistán, Quaid-e-Azam observó:

"Nuestro objetivo debe ser la paz interior y la paz exterior. Queremos vivir en paz y mantener relaciones cordiales y amistosas con nuestros vecinos más cercanos y con el mundo en general. No tenemos intenciones agresivas contra nadie. Respaldamos la Carta de las Naciones Unidas y gustosamente haremos nuestra contribución a la paz y la prosperidad del mundo." [24]

Panorama histórico

Desde su independencia en 1947 , la política exterior de Pakistán ha abarcado relaciones difíciles con la vecina Unión Soviética (URSS), que mantuvo una estrecha interacción militar e ideológica con los países vecinos como Afganistán (en el oeste ) y la India (en el este ). [25] Durante la mayor parte de 1947-1991, la URSS apoyó a la República de la India , sobre la que libró tres guerras en el conflicto de Cachemira . [25] Durante la década de 1960, las relaciones de Pakistán con Afganistán y su vecino también han sido extremadamente difíciles debido a la disputa de este último sobre la Línea Durand . [26] [27] Las relaciones exteriores con Irán , Turquía , [28] Arabia Saudita [29] y China [30] siguen siendo importantes y se basan en la amplia cooperación en seguridad nacional e intereses económicos en el Golfo Pérsico y amplias relaciones bilaterales con los Estados Unidos y otros países occidentales. Con la creciente influencia de la URSS en la región, Pakistán consolidó estrechas relaciones de seguridad con China en Asia y Polonia , Reino Unido y Alemania en Europa durante la mayor parte de la Guerra Fría . Pakistán ha tenido una relación fluctuante con los Estados Unidos , [31] Pakistán jugó un papel crucial en el establecimiento de las relaciones entre Estados Unidos y China en la década de 1970, mediando entre Henry Kissenger y Mao Zedong. [32] [33] [34] Al mismo tiempo, también ayudó a establecer relaciones con otros países del este de Asia. [34]

En los últimos años, los lazos de Pakistán con Rusia se han alejado de las hostilidades de la era de la Guerra Fría, [35] y el enfriamiento de las relaciones entre Pakistán y los EE. UU. ha empujado aún más al país hacia Rusia y China. [36] [37] El primer ministro Imran Khan visitó Moscú para reunirse con el presidente Vladimir Putin mientras Rusia lanzaba la invasión de Ucrania . [38] [39] Anteriormente ha criticado la " guerra contra el terrorismo " de Estados Unidos. [40] Después de la caída del gobierno de coalición liderado por Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) en 2022, [41] la aparición de múltiples crisis ha exacerbado la inestabilidad de su política exterior. [42]

Relaciones entre Pakistán y China

China ha desempeñado un papel importante en el desarrollo, la economía y la seguridad de Pakistán, con una relación que comenzó en 1951, cuando Pakistán fue uno de los primeros países en romper lazos diplomáticos con la República de China (en la isla de Taiwán ) y reconoció a la República Popular China (RPC) en China continental como único representante. Desde entonces, ambos países han otorgado considerable importancia al mantenimiento de una relación especial extremadamente estrecha y de apoyo [43] [44] y los dos países han intercambiado regularmente visitas de alto nivel que han dado como resultado una variedad de acuerdos. La RPC ha brindado asistencia económica, militar y técnica a Pakistán, y cada país considera al otro un aliado estratégico cercano. [45] [46] Desde la llegada del siglo XXI, Pakistán y China han fortalecido sus relaciones a través del comercio bilateral, acuerdos militares y apoyándose mutuamente en cuestiones clave. La intensificación de la rivalidad estratégica entre Estados Unidos y China ha puesto a Pakistán en una situación extremadamente difícil para mantener vínculos con ambos estados. [42] Bilawal Bhutto Zardari acusó que el informe de la Oficina de Derechos Humanos de la ONU sobre Xinjiang fue “sacado de contexto”, [47] y Pakistán apoya las actividades de China en pro del desarrollo socioeconómico, la armonía, la paz y la estabilidad. [48]

Una piedra angular del éxito de la Iniciativa del Cinturón y la Ruta de China (BRI, por sus siglas en inglés) es el Corredor Económico China-Pakistán (CPEC, por sus siglas en inglés). El CPEC contiene iniciativas por un valor total de 62 mil millones de dólares, como infraestructura, energía, zonas económicas y el desarrollo del puerto de Gwadar. Un portavoz chino dijo en 2022 que “el vínculo de amistad y asistencia mutua entre los pueblos chino y paquistaní es más fuerte que el oro, y la amistad férrea de los dos países está profundamente arraigada en el pueblo y cuenta con una fuerte vitalidad”. [49]

Mundo musulmán

Después de la Independencia, Pakistán persiguió vigorosamente las relaciones bilaterales con otros países musulmanes [50] e hizo una apuesta incondicional por el liderazgo del mundo musulmán , o al menos por el liderazgo en el logro de su unidad. [51] Los hermanos Ali habían tratado de proyectar a Pakistán como el líder natural del mundo islámico, en gran parte debido a su gran mano de obra y fuerza militar. [52] Un líder de alto rango de la Liga Musulmana , Khaliquzzaman , declaró que Pakistán uniría a todos los países musulmanes en Islamistán , una entidad panislámica. [53] Tales desarrollos (junto con la creación de Pakistán) no obtuvieron la aprobación estadounidense y el Primer Ministro británico Clement Attlee expresó la opinión internacional en ese momento al afirmar que deseaba que India y Pakistán se reunificaran. [54] Dado que la mayor parte del mundo árabe estaba experimentando un despertar nacionalista en ese momento, había poco atractivo para las aspiraciones panislámicas de Pakistán. [55] Algunos países árabes vieron el proyecto “Islamistán” como un intento paquistaní de dominar otros estados musulmanes. [56]

Pakistán defendió vigorosamente el derecho a la autodeterminación de los musulmanes en todo el mundo. Los esfuerzos de Pakistán en favor de los movimientos independentistas de Indonesia , Libia , Argelia , Túnez , Egipto , Marruecos , Somalia , Azerbaiyán y Eritrea fueron significativos e inicialmente llevaron a estrechar los lazos entre estos países y Pakistán. [57] Sin embargo, Pakistán también planeó un ataque a la ciudad afgana de Jalalabad durante la guerra civil afgana para establecer allí un gobierno islámico. Pakistán había deseado fomentar una " revolución islámica " que trascendiera las fronteras nacionales y abarcara Pakistán, Afganistán y Asia Central. [58]

Por otra parte, las relaciones de Pakistán con Irán han sido tensas a veces debido a tensiones sectarias. [59] Irán y Arabia Saudita utilizaron a Pakistán como campo de batalla para su guerra sectaria por delegación y en la década de 1990, el apoyo de Pakistán a la organización sunita talibán en Afganistán se convirtió en un problema para el Irán liderado por chiítas que se oponía a un Afganistán controlado por los talibanes. [60] Las tensiones entre Irán y Pakistán se intensificaron en 1998, cuando Irán acusó a Pakistán de crímenes de guerra cuando aviones de guerra paquistaníes bombardearon el último bastión chií de Afganistán en apoyo de los talibanes. [61] [62] Aunque Irán estableció posteriormente vínculos con el restablecido gobierno talibán en Afganistán, [63] la insurgencia en Baluchistán ha aumentado la fricción en las relaciones entre Irán y Pakistán. [64] En la década de 1960, los problemas sobre la Línea Durand se intensificaron con Afganistán, lo que llevó a hostilidades abiertas en la década de 1970. Después de que los talibanes tomaron el poder en 2021, los enfrentamientos fronterizos entre Pakistán y Afganistán aumentaron drásticamente. [63]

Alianzas importantes

En 1947, después de obtener la independencia del Reino Unido, Pakistán todavía tenía estrechos vínculos con el país. El Primer Ministro Liaquat Ali Khan también realizó una visita de estado histórica y amistosa a los Estados Unidos , y mantuvo reuniones con el Presidente Harry Truman y los oficiales militares estadounidenses con el propósito de la ayuda militar [65] en 1951. Ideológicamente, el Primer Ministro Ali Khan se oponía al comunismo ; y su gobierno estaba luchando con cuestiones relacionadas con los asuntos de elevación de la economía nacional y protección de los intereses de la seguridad nacional . [65] En 1954-56, los Estados Unidos y Pakistán firmaron el Acuerdo de Asistencia de Defensa Mutua que vio el envío del Grupo Asesor de Asistencia Militar para proporcionar entrenamiento militar a las Fuerzas Armadas de Pakistán en 1955-56. [65]

En 1955, Pakistán se unió a las alianzas CENTO y SEATO . [65] Además, en 1956, cuando Pakistán se declaró una república, continuó como miembro de la Mancomunidad de Naciones . En 1971, Pakistán se retiró de las dos alianzas con la visión de ejercer una política exterior independiente. En 1964, Pakistán firmó el Pacto de Cooperación Regional para el Desarrollo (RCD) con Turquía e Irán, cuando los tres países eran aliados cercanos de los EE. UU. y como vecinos de la Unión Soviética, recelosos del expansionismo soviético percibido. Hasta el día de hoy, Pakistán tiene una estrecha relación con Turquía. La RCD dejó de existir después de la Revolución iraní , y una iniciativa pakistaní-turca condujo a la fundación de la Organización de Cooperación Económica (ECO) en 1985. En 1974, Pakistán se convirtió en una entidad crítica en la militarización de la OCI y ha mantenido históricamente relaciones amistosas con todos los países árabes y musulmanes bajo la bandera de la OCI. Pakistán se reincorporó a la Commonwealth en 1989. En 2004, Pakistán se convirtió en un importante aliado no miembro de la OTAN de los Estados Unidos.

Pakistán fue miembro de la Mancomunidad de Naciones desde 1947 hasta 1956 bajo el nombre de « Dominio de Pakistán ». De 1956 a 1972, la República Islámica de Pakistán fue una república en la Mancomunidad de Naciones , cuando se retiró en protesta por el apoyo de la Mancomunidad a la secesión de Pakistán Oriental y la independencia de Bangladesh . En 1989, Pakistán se reincorporó, a pesar de la suspensión de Pakistán de la Mancomunidad de Naciones entre 1999 y 2008. [66] [67]

En la Cumbre de Astaná del 9 de junio de 2017 , Pakistán se convirtió en miembro de pleno derecho de la Organización de Cooperación de Shanghái (OCS). Pakistán, Irán y China también han establecido una “Consulta Trilateral” para debatir la lucha contra el terrorismo y la seguridad. [68]

Grandes disensiones

Tensiones con la India

Desde 1947, las relaciones de Pakistán con su vecina India han sido difíciles por cuestiones regionales. India y Pakistán han librado tres guerras convencionales a lo largo del siglo XX por la cuestión de Cachemira . [69] Ha habido intentos de unir los países, pero desde 1940, Muhammad Ali Jinnah y su Liga Musulmana habían exigido un Pakistán independiente, cuyos musulmanes tendrían su propio gobierno en lugar de permanecer subordinados a la mayoría hindú de la India. [70] Hay muchas fuentes de tensión entre los dos países, pero las cuestiones sobre el terrorismo, las disparidades de tamaño y tres cuestiones geoestratégicas: Cachemira, el agua y el glaciar Siachen, son las principales que dan lugar a la atenuación del volumen del comercio y al déficit de confianza. [71] La continua disputa sobre el estatus de Cachemira inflama las opiniones en ambas naciones y dificulta las relaciones amistosas. Desde 2019, Pakistán ha congelado las relaciones con India después de que India revocara la autonomía de su Cachemira administrada . [72] Pakistán también es miembro del Club del Café para oponerse a la membresía de la India en el Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas . [73]

Déficit de confianza con EE.UU.

Estados Unidos ha desempeñado un papel importante en la joven historia de Pakistán, siendo uno de los primeros países en reconocer su independencia el 14 de agosto de 1947. [74] Pakistán se encontró constantemente del lado de los Estados Unidos en los problemas enfrentados durante la Guerra Fría. [75] En ese momento, Pakistán sirvió como una posición geoestratégica para las bases militares de los Estados Unidos, ya que limitaba con la Unión Soviética y China. [76] La relación entre los dos países pasó por distintos niveles de amistad, pero estas relaciones positivas se desmoronarían después de una cooperación exitosa en la lucha contra la influencia de la Unión Soviética en Asia Central y la posterior caída de la Unión Soviética. [77]

En reacción a la nueva capacidad nuclear de Pakistán, Estados Unidos aprobó en 1992 la Enmienda Pressler aprobando sanciones contra Pakistán, [78] las relaciones se fortalecerían nuevamente después del 11 de septiembre con la cálida respuesta de Pakistán tras la tragedia. Se brindó ayuda a Pakistán por primera vez nuevamente en 2002, y la década de 2000 vio una extensión de esta relación amistosa. Las preocupaciones de las administraciones de Bush y Obama con respecto a Pakistán incluyen el terrorismo regional y global ; la estabilidad afgana; la democratización y la protección de los derechos humanos; el actual problema de Cachemira y las tensiones entre Pakistán y la India; y el desarrollo económico. [79] Esta dinámica llegaría a un punto crítico después de algunos incidentes destacados por la operación para matar a Osama bin Laden en Abbottabad . [80] Si bien la problemática relación de Estados Unidos con Pakistán continúa erosionándose por crisis tras crisis, [81] la relación bilateral persiste para promover el comercio y la cooperación económica regional, este tipo de relación es beneficiosa para ambos países y da incentivos para continuar las relaciones amistosas a principios de la década de 2010. [82] Sin embargo, con la retirada de las tropas estadounidenses, su papel como conducto para Estados Unidos en Afganistán ha terminado. [83]

Recientemente, Estados Unidos suspendió la ayuda militar a Pakistán, que ascendía a unos 2.000 millones de dólares anuales. [84] La deferencia de Estados Unidos hacia la India refleja la importancia que tiene para contrarrestar la influencia de China en Asia. Esto impone un techo a la cooperación con Pakistán, limitándola al ámbito no estratégico. [42] El ex primer ministro Imran Khan había nombrado al diplomático estadounidense de alto rango Donald Lu como la persona que supuestamente estaba involucrada en la "conspiración extranjera" para derrocar a su gobierno mediante una moción de censura presentada por la oposición . Estados Unidos ha rechazado repetidamente las acusaciones de Khan. [36]

Iniciativas de gobernanza mundial

Pakistán firmó el acuerdo para convocar una convención para redactar una constitución mundial , lo que llevó al establecimiento de la Constitución para la Federación de la Tierra en 1968. [85] [86] [87] Ayub Khan , entonces presidente de Pakistán, respaldó el acuerdo para convocar una Asamblea Constituyente Mundial. [88] [89] El miembro del Parlamento y asesor del Primer Ministro, Ahmed Ebrahim Haroon Jaffer , representó a Pakistán en la Asamblea Constituyente Mundial en Interlaken , Suiza, en agosto de 1968. [90]

En 1982, el Parlamento Mundial Provisional inaugural (PMP) se reunió en Brighton , Reino Unido, con el jurista y diplomático paquistaní Sir Chaudhry Mohammad Zafarullah Khan presidiendo la sesión en el Pabellón Real . [91] [92]

Relaciones diplomáticas

Lista de países con los que Pakistán mantiene relaciones diplomáticas:

Relaciones bilaterales

África

Américas

Asia

Europa

Oceanía

Organizaciones internacionales

See also

References

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Further reading

External links

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