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Lista de universidades más antiguas en funcionamiento continuo

Mapa de las universidades medievales de Europa de 1911
La Universidad de Bolonia en Bolonia , Italia, fundada en 1088, es la universidad más antigua del mundo en funcionamiento continuo [1]
Un comedor en la Universidad de Oxford en Oxford , Inglaterra, la segunda universidad más antigua del mundo y la más antigua del mundo de habla inglesa.
Una vista parcial de la Universidad de Cambridge en Cambridge , Inglaterra, la tercera universidad más antigua del mundo.
Fundada en 1224 por Federico II durante su gobierno como rey de Sicilia , la Universidad de Nápoles Federico II en Nápoles , Italia, es la universidad financiada por el estado más antigua del mundo en funcionamiento continuo. [2] [3]

Esta es una lista de las universidades más antiguas existentes en funcionamiento continuo en el mundo.

La inclusión en esta lista está determinada por la fecha en la que el instituto educativo cumplió por primera vez con la definición tradicional de universidad utilizada por los historiadores académicos [Nota 1] [ especificar ] aunque puede haber existido como un tipo diferente de institución antes de esa fecha. [4] Esta definición limita el término "universidad" a instituciones con características estructurales y legales distintivas que se desarrollaron en Europa , y que hacen que la forma universitaria sea diferente de otras instituciones de educación superior en el mundo premoderno, aunque a veces ahora se las pueda denominar popularmente universidades.

Para ser incluida en la lista, la universidad debe haber sido fundada antes de 1500 en Europa o ser la universidad más antigua derivada del modelo medieval europeo en un país o región. También debe seguir en funcionamiento, con una continuidad institucional conservada a lo largo de su historia. Por lo tanto, algunas universidades tempranas, incluida la Universidad de París , fundada alrededor de principios del siglo XIII [5] pero abolida por la Revolución Francesa en 1793, [6] están excluidas. Algunas instituciones resurgen, pero con nuevas fundaciones, como la moderna Universidad de París, que nació en 1896 después de que la ley Louis Liard disolviera el sistema de la Universidad de Francia de Napoleón .

La palabra "universidad" se deriva del latín universitas magistrorum et scholarium , que significa aproximadamente "comunidad de maestros y eruditos". La Universidad de Bolonia en Bolonia , Italia, donde la enseñanza comenzó alrededor de 1088 y que se organizó como universidad a fines del siglo XII, es la universidad más antigua del mundo en funcionamiento continuo, [1] y la primera universidad en el sentido de un instituto de educación superior y otorgamiento de títulos. [7] [8] [1] El origen de muchas universidades medievales se remonta a las escuelas catedralicias católicas o escuelas monásticas , que aparecieron ya en el siglo VI y funcionaron durante cientos de años antes de su establecimiento formal como universidades en el período alto medieval . [9]

Las instituciones de educación superior antiguas , como las de la antigua Grecia , África , la antigua Persia , la antigua Roma , Bizancio , la antigua China , la antigua India y el mundo islámico , no están incluidas en esta lista debido a sus diferencias culturales, históricas, estructurales y legales con respecto a la universidad europea medieval de la que evolucionó la universidad moderna. [Nota 2] [Nota 3] [12] Estas incluyen la Universidad de al-Qarawiyyin , la Universidad de Ez-Zitouna y la Universidad Al-Azhar , que se fundaron como mezquitas en 857, 864 y 970 respectivamente y se convirtieron en madrasas antes del establecimiento de cualquier universidad europea, lo que las convierte en las instituciones de educación superior más antiguas en funcionamiento continuo en el mundo. Se convirtieron en universidades en 1963, 1956 y 1961 respectivamente.

Orígenes medievales

La universidad como institución estuvo históricamente arraigada en la sociedad medieval , a la que a su vez influyó y moldeó. El historiador académico Walter Rüegg afirma que: [12]

La universidad es una institución europea, es la institución europea por excelencia . Hay varias razones para esta afirmación. Como comunidad de profesores y de educandos, a la que se reconocen ciertos derechos, como la autonomía administrativa y la determinación y realización de los programas de estudio y de los objetivos de la investigación, así como la concesión de títulos reconocidos públicamente, es una creación de la Europa medieval , que fue la Europa del cristianismo papal [...].

Propagación moderna

A partir de la Edad Moderna , la universidad se extendió desde el Occidente latino medieval a todo el mundo, reemplazando finalmente a todas las demás instituciones de educación superior y convirtiéndose en la institución de educación superior por excelencia en todas partes. El proceso se produjo en el siguiente orden cronológico: [13]

Fundadas como universidades antes de 1500

Esta lista incluye universidades medievales fundadas antes de 1500 y que han mantenido su continuidad institucional desde entonces (excluyendo no solo aquellas que dejaron de existir, sino también aquellas que se fusionaron o se separaron para formar una institución que se considera de nueva creación). Varias de ellas han estado cerradas por breves períodos: por ejemplo, la Universidad de Siena estuvo cerrada entre 1805 y 1815 durante las guerras napoleónicas , y las universidades de la República Checa y Polonia estuvieron cerradas durante la ocupación nazi , entre 1938 y 1945.

Las universidades se datan a partir del momento en que, según los estudiosos, cumplieron por primera vez con la definición de universidad. En casos como el de las universidades de Bolonia y Oxford, que remontan su historia a la enseñanza en escuelas individuales antes de su formación como universidad, o que existían en otra forma antes de ser una universidad, la fecha que figura en la lista siguiente es, por tanto, posterior a la fecha indicada por las instituciones para su fundación. [14]

Las universidades más antiguas por país o región después de 1500 aún en funcionamiento

La mayoría de los países europeos tenían universidades en 1500. Muchas universidades se establecieron en institutos de aprendizaje, como escuelas y colegios, que pueden haber sido fundados mucho antes, pero que no fueron clasificados como universidades en el momento de su fundación; esto normalmente se describe en las notas de esa institución. En algunos países (en particular, los EE. UU. y aquellos influenciados por su cultura), las instituciones de educación superior que otorgan títulos y que normalmente se llamarían universidades se denominan en cambio colegios. En este caso, se indican tanto la institución más antigua que normalmente se consideraría una universidad como la institución más antigua (si es diferente) que realmente se llama universidad. En muchas partes del mundo, la primera universidad en tener presencia fue una institución con sede en otro lugar (a menudo la Universidad de Londres a través de la afiliación de un colegio local); cuando esta es diferente de la primera universidad establecida localmente, se indican ambas.

África

Asia

Europa

En 1789, Europa contaba con 143 universidades, pero las guerras revolucionarias francesas y napoleónicas se cobraron un alto precio y redujeron el número a 83 en 1815. Las universidades de Francia fueron abolidas [6] y más de la mitad de las universidades de Alemania y España fueron destruidas. A mediados del siglo XIX, Europa se había recuperado y contaba con 98 universidades. [103]

Latin America and the Caribbean

North America

In the United States, the colonial colleges awarded degrees from their foundation, but none were formally named as universities prior to the American Revolution, leading to various claims to be the first university in the United States. The earliest Canadian institutions were founded as colleges, without degree awarding powers, and gained degree granting authority and university status later.

Oceania

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "The statement that all universities are descended either directly or by migration from these three prototypes [Oxford, Paris, and Bologna] depends, of course, on one's definition of a university. And I must define a university very strictly here. A university is something more than a center of higher education and study. One must reserve the term "university" for—and I'm quoting Rashdall here—'a scholastic guild, whether of masters or students, engaged in higher education and study," which was later defined, after the emergence of universities, as "studium generale'."[4]
  2. ^ "No one today would dispute the fact that universities, in the sense in which the term is now generally understood, were a creation of the Middle Ages, appearing for the first time between the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. It is no doubt true that other civilizations, prior to, or wholly alien to, the medieval West, such as the Roman Empire, Byzantium, Islam, or China, were familiar with forms of higher education which a number of historians, for the sake of convenience, have sometimes described as universities. Yet a closer look makes it plain that the institutional reality was altogether different and, no matter what has been said on the subject, there is no real link such as would justify us in associating them with medieval universities in the West. Until there is definite proof to the contrary, these latter must be regarded as the sole source of the model which gradually spread through the whole of Europe and then to the whole world. We are therefore concerned with what is indisputably an original institution, which can only be defined in terms of a historical analysis of its emergence and its mode of operation in concrete circumstances."[10]
  3. ^ "Thus the university, as a form of social organization, was peculiar to medieval Europe. Later, it was exported to all parts of the world, including the Muslim East; and it has remained with us down to the present day. But back in the Middle Ages, outside of Europe, there was nothing anything quite like it anywhere."[11]
  4. ^ The Court of Cassation of Belgium ruled 26 November 1846, that this new Catholic University of Louvain founded in Mechlin in 1834 does not have any links with the Old University of Louvain founded in 1425 and abolished in 1797 and can not be regarded as continuing it: "The Catholic University of Louvain can not be regarded as continuing the old University of Louvain", in, Table générale alphabétique et chronologique de la Pasicrisie Belge contenant la jurisprudence du Royaume de 1814 à 1850, Brussels, 1855, p. 585, column 1, alinea 2. See also: Bulletin Usuel des Lois et Arrêtés, 1861, p.166. To see also this rule of the Cour d'Appel of 1844: La Belgique Judiciaire, 28 July 1844 n° 69, p. 1 : "Cour d'Appel de Bruxelles. Deuxième chambre. L'université libre de Louvain ne représente pas légalement l'antique université de cette ville. Attendu que cette université (l'ancienne Université de Louvain), instituée par une bulle papale, de concert avec l'autorité souveraine, formait un corps reconnu dans l'État, ayant différentes attributions, dont plusieurs même lui étaient déléguées par le pouvoir civil; Attendu que ce corps a été supprimé par les lois de la république française; Attendu que l'université existant actuellement à Louvain ne peut être considérée comme continuant celle qui existait en 1457, ces deux établissemens ayant un caractère bien distinct, puisque l'université actuelle, non reconnue comme personne civile, n'est qu'un établissement tout-à-fait privé, résultat de la liberté d'enseignement, en dehors de toute action du pouvoir et sans autorité dans l'État...". "Court of Appeal of Brussels. Second Chamber. The Free University of Louvain is not legally representend the old university in that city. Whereas this University (formerly University of Louvain), established by a papal bull, together with the sovereign authority, formed a body recognized by the State, with different functions, many of which even he was delegated by the civil power. And whereas this body was removed by the laws of the French Republic; Whereas the currently existing university in Leuven can not be regarded as continuing that which existed in 1457, these two establishments with a distinct character, since the currently university is not recognized as legal person, and is institution is entirely private, the result of academic freedom, apart from any action without authority and power in the state." According to Arlette Graffart,[104] only the State University of Louvain, deserves to be considered as the "resurrection of this one" : "elle seule ⟨the State University of Louvain⟩ et non point celle qui vit le jour en 1834 à l'initiative des évêques de Belgique, c'est-à-dire l'université catholique de Malines devenue de Louvain l'année suivante".

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