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Triple jump

International University Sports Federation – Gwangju 2015 – Men's Triple Jump Final, Dmitrii Sorokin (RUS 17.29) wins gold.

The triple jump, sometimes referred to as the hop, step and jump or the hop, skip and jump, is a track and field event, similar to long jump. As a group, the two events are referred to as the "horizontal jumps". The competitor runs down the track and performs a hop, a bound and then a jump into the sand pit. The triple jump was inspired by the ancient Olympic Games and has been a modern Olympics event since the Games' inception in 1896.

According to World Athletics rules, "the hop shall be made so that an athlete lands first on the same foot as that from which he has taken off; in the step he shall land on the other foot, from which, subsequently, the jump is performed."[1]

The male world record holder is Jonathan Edwards of the United Kingdom, with a jump of 18.29 m (60 ft 0 in). The female world record holder is Yulimar Rojas of Venezuela, with a jump of 15.74 m (51 ft 7+1⁄2 in).

History

Historical sources on the ancient Olympic Games occasionally mention jumps of 15 metres or more. This led sports historians to conclude that these must have been a series of jumps, thus providing the basis for the triple jump.[2] However, there is no evidence for the triple jump being included in the ancient Olympic Games, and the recorded extraordinary distances may be due to the artistic license of the authors of victory poems, rather than attempts to report accurate results.[3]

The triple jump was a part of the inaugural modern Olympics in 1896 in Athens, although at the time it consisted of two hops on the same foot and then a jump.[4] The first modern Olympic champion, James Connolly, was a triple jumper. Early Olympics also included the standing triple jump, although this has since been removed from the Olympic program and is rarely performed in competition today. The women's triple jump was introduced into the Atlanta Olympics in 1996.[5]

In Irish mythology the geal-ruith (triple jump) was an event contested in the ancient Irish Tailteann Games as early as 1829 BC.[6]

Technique

Approach

The approach is one of the most important parts of an athlete's jump. The athlete sprints down a runway to a takeoff mark, from which the triple jump is measured. The takeoff mark is commonly either a piece of wood or similar material embedded in the runway, or a rectangle painted on the runway surface. In modern championships, a strip of plasticine, tape, or modeling clay is attached to the far edge of the board to record athletes overstepping or "scratching" the mark, defined by the trailing edge of the board. These boards are placed at different places on the runway depending on how far the athlete can jump. Typically the boards are set 40 ft, 32 ft, and 24 ft from the pit. These are the most common boards seen at the high school and collegiate levels, but boards can be placed anywhere on the runway. There are three phases of the triple jump: the "hop" phase, the "bound" or "step" phase, and the "jump" phase. They all play an important role in the jump itself. These three phases are executed in one continuous sequence. The athlete has to maintain a good speed through each phase. They should also try to stay consistent to avoid fouls.[7]

Phases of Phillips Idowu jumping at the 2008 Summer Olympics

Hop

The hop begins with the athlete jumping from the take-off board on one leg, which for descriptive purposes, will be the right leg. Precise placement of the foot on the take-off is important for the athlete to avoid a foul. The objective of the first phase is to hop out, with athletes focusing all momentum forward. The hop landing phase is very active, involving a powerful backward "pawing" action of the right leg, with the right take-off foot landing heel first on the runway.

Step

The hop landing also marks the beginning of the step phase, where the athlete utilizes the backward momentum of the right leg to immediately execute a powerful jump forward and upwards, the left leg assisting the take-off with a hip flexion thrust similar to a bounding motion. This leads to the step-phase mid-air position, with the right take-off leg trailing flexed at the knee, and the left leg now leading flexed at the hip and knee. The jumper then holds this position for as long as possible, before extending the knee of the leading left leg and then immediately beginning a powerful backward motion of the whole left leg, again landing on the runway with a powerful backward pawing action. The takeoff leg should be fully extended with the drive leg thigh just below parallel to the ground. The takeoff leg stays extended behind the body with the heel held high. The drive leg extends with a flexed ankle and snaps downward for a quick transition into the jump phase. The athlete tries to take the farthest step they can while maintaining balance and control, using techniques such as pulling their leg up as high as possible.

Jump

The step landing forms the take-off of the final phase (the jump), where the athlete utilizes the backward force from the left leg to take off again. The jump phase is very similar to the long jump although most athletes have lost too much speed by this time to manage a full hitch kick, and mostly used is a hang or sail technique.

When landing in the sand-filled pit, the jumper should aim to avoid sitting back on landing or placing either hand behind the feet. The sandpit usually begins 13m from the take-off board for male international competition or 11m from the board for international female and club-level male competition. Each phase of the triple jump should get progressively higher, and there should be a regular rhythm to the three landings.

Foul

A "foul", also known as a "scratch", or missed jump, occurs when a jumper oversteps the takeoff mark, misses the pit entirely, does not use the correct foot sequence throughout the phases, or does not perform the attempt in the allotted amount of time (usually about 90 seconds). When a jumper "scratches", the seated official will raise a red flag, and the jumper who was "on deck", or up next, prepares to jump.

It shall not be considered a foul if an athlete while jumping, should touch or scrape the ground with his/her "sleeping leg". Also called a "scrape foul", "sleeping leg" touch violations were ruled as fouls before the mid-1980s. The IAAF changed the rules following outrage at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow when Soviet field officials in the Men's Triple Jump ruled as foul eight of the twelve jumps made by two leading competitors (from Brazil and Australia) thus helping two Soviet jumpers win the gold and silver medals.

Records

Note: results cannot count towards records if they are wind-assisted (>2.0 m/s).

All-time top 25

Men (outdoor)

Ancillary marks

Jumps made en route to final marks that would be top 25 performances:[21]

Assisted marks

Any performance with a following wind of more than 2.0 metres per second is not counted for record purposes. Below is a list of wind-assisted jumps (equal or superior to 17.75 m). Only the best-assisted mark that is superior to the legal best is shown:

Annulled marks

Women (outdoor)

Ancillary marks

Jumps made en route to final marks that would be top 25 performances:[28]

Assisted marks

Any performance with a following wind of more than 2.0 metres per second is not counted for record purposes. Below is a list of wind-assisted jumps (equal or superior to 15.02 m). Only the best-assisted mark that is superior to the legal best is shown:

Men (indoor)

Women (indoor)

Yulimar Rojas landing the women's world record triple jump at the 2022 World Athletics Indoor Championships in Belgrade on 20 March 2022

Ancillary marks

Jumps made en route to final marks that would be top 25 performances:[28]

Olympic medalists

Men

Women

World Championships medalists

Men

Women

These medalists:

Note


World Indoor Championships medalists

Men

Women

Season's bests

See also

References

  1. ^ "IAAF Competition Rules 2012-2013". Retrieved 2013-08-18.
  2. ^ Rosenbaum, Mike (2012). An Illustrated History of the Triple Jump. Retrieved from http://trackandfield.about.com/od/triplejump/ss/illustriplejump.htm Archived 2009-02-06 at the Wayback Machine.
  3. ^ Koski, Rissanen & Tahvanainen (2004). Antiikin urheilu. Olympian kentiltä Rooman areenoille. [The Sports of Antiquity. From the Fields of Olympia to Roman Arenas.] Jyväskylä: Atena Kustannus Oy. ISBN 951-796-341-6
  4. ^ "Triple jump | athletics". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2018-03-01.
  5. ^ "Athletics at the 1996 Atlanta Summer Games: Women's Triple Jump". Sports-reference.com. Archived from the original on 2020-04-17. Retrieved 2013-08-18.
  6. ^ Adams, Patricia (2006-03-01). History of the Highland Games and Women in Scottish Athletics. ...contained in the Irish "Book of Leinster", which was written in the twelfth century AD...this book describes the Tailteann Games held at Telltown, County Meath from 1829 BC until at least 554 BC...included in these events...were the geal-ruith (triple jump). Clan MacTavish Genealogy and History, 1 March 2006. Retrieved from http://www.dunardry.net/ladies_lounge.html Archived 2008-05-17 at the Wayback Machine.
  7. ^ Eissa, Abeer (2014-03-27). "Biomechanical evaluation of the phases of the triple jump take-off in a top female athlete". Journal of Human Kinetics. 40: 29–35. doi:10.2478/hukin-2014-0004. ISSN 1640-5544. PMC 4096103. PMID 25031670.
  8. ^ Men's Outdoor Triple Jump Records. IAAF. Retrieved on 2014-01-25.
  9. ^ Women's Outdoor Triple Jump Records. IAAF. Retrieved on 2014-01-25.
  10. ^ Triple Jump - men - senior - outdoor. IAAF. Retrieved on 2014-01-25.
  11. ^ Triple Jump - women - senior - outdoor. IAAF. Retrieved on 2021-08-01.
  12. ^ Triple Jump - men - senior - indoor. IAAF. Retrieved on 2014-01-25.
  13. ^ Triple Jump - women - senior - indoor. IAAF. Retrieved on 2021-08-01.
  14. ^ "Triple Jump Results" (PDF). IAAF. 27 August 2015. Retrieved 27 August 2015.
  15. ^ a b "European Athletics Championships | Results | World Athletics". worldathletics.org. Retrieved 2024-06-11.
  16. ^ John Mulkeen (30 June 2019). "Claye moves to third on world all-time triple jump list with 18.14m". IAAF. Retrieved 17 July 2019.
  17. ^ Javier Clavelo Robinson; Phil Minshull (29 May 2015). "Pichardo triple jumps 18.08m in Havana". IAAF. Retrieved 30 May 2015.
  18. ^ "Men's Triple Jump Final Results" (PDF). World Athletics. 23 July 2022. Retrieved 24 July 2022.
  19. ^ "Wilson clocks 49.13 for 400m, Hibbert breaks world U20 triple jump record with 17.87m | REPORT | World Athletics". worldathletics.org. Retrieved 2023-05-14.
  20. ^ "Triple Jump Result" (PDF). sportresult.com. 2 June 2023. Retrieved 9 June 2023.
  21. ^ "All-time men's best triple jump | ancillary jumps – en route to final marks". alltime-athletics.com. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
  22. ^ "Women's Triple Jump Results" (PDF). World Athletics. 18 July 2022. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
  23. ^ "Triple Jump Result" (PDF). sportresult.com. 16 September 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
  24. ^ "Triple Jump Results" (PDF). sportresult.com. 26 August 2022. Retrieved 9 September 2022.
  25. ^ Jess Whittington; Jon Mulkeen (8 September 2022). "Duplantis and Rojas retain Diamond League titles with dominant performances in Zurich". World Athletics. Retrieved 16 September 2022.
  26. ^ "Triple Jump Result" (PDF). sportresult.com. 16 September 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
  27. ^ "Triple Jump Final Results" (PDF). European Athletics. 19 August 2022. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 16 September 2022.
  28. ^ a b "All-time women's best triple jump | ancillary jumps – en route to final marks". alltime-athletics.com. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
  29. ^ "Triple Jump Result" (PDF). copernicus.domtel-sport.pl. 6 February 2024. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
  30. ^ "Triple Jump Final Results". watchathletics.com. 3 March 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2023.
  31. ^ a b c "Alfred, Garland and Wilson threaten world records at NCAA Indoor Championships | REPORT | World Athletics". www.worldathletics.org. Retrieved 2023-03-12.
  32. ^ "Triple Jump Final Results" (PDF). World Athletics. 20 March 2022. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  33. ^ "Triple Jump Final Results" (PDF). World Athletics. 3 March 2024. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
  34. ^ "Triple Jump Final Results" (PDF). World Athletics. 3 March 2024. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
  35. ^ "IOC sanctions 16 athletes for failing anti-doping test at Beijing 2008". IOC. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
  36. ^ "The Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) imposes four-year ban on Russian triple-jumper Anna Pyatykh" (PDF). CAS. 18 August 2017. Retrieved 28 August 2022.

External links

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