Donald Ostrowski et al. Paradosis (2003,[4] digitised 2014[7]): α[7]
L. Müller (2001) critical modern German translation[4]
List
Note: Unlike the chapters and verses of the Bible used in biblical studies, textual criticism of the Primary Chronicle (PVL) employs notation by page and line.[b] For example, a notation such as "3.2" refers to the "third (3rd) page, second (2nd) line".
0
0.1
Се повѣсти времѧньных лѣт.[17], Se pověstĭ vremęnĭnyx lět, 'These are the tales of bygone years.' – Lav Tro Byč Šax Lix[17][18]
повесть временных лѣтъ черноризца феѡдось|ева[17], pověstĭ vremennyx lětŭ čĭrnorizĭtsa Feodosieva, 'Tale of bygone years by the monk of Theodosius' – Rad Aka Ipa α[17][18]
Пѡвѣсти врѣменных лѣт. нестера черноризца.| федѡосїева [17], pověstĭ vremennyx lět. nestera čĭrnorizĭtsa Fedōsïeva, 'Tale of bygone years by the nestera[c] monk of Theodosius' – Xle[17][18]
Временникъ, еже есть нарицается лЂтописание, Vremennyky, ezhe esty narictaetsya lЂtopisanie, 'Bygone years, which is the name of the chronicle' – Novgorod First Chronicle Younger Redaction[19]
и како избра богъ страну нашу на послЂднЂе время, и грады почаша бывати по мЂстом, преже Новгородчкая Б волость и потом Кыевская, и о поставлении Киева, како во В имя назвася В Кыевъ., 'and how God chose our country for the last time, and the cities began to be in their places, first in the Novgorodian volost and then the Kyevan, and of the rise of Kiev, which was called by the name of Kyevû.' – Novgorod First Chronicle Younger Redaction[19]
omitted – all other manuscripts,[22] α[21]
1
1.1
се начнемъ повѣсть сию., se načnemŭ pověstĭ siju., 'let us begin this story.' – Lav Tro Aka Ipa Byč Lix α[23]
Се начнемъ повѣсть сїю., Se načnemŭ pověstĭ sīju., 'Let us begin this story.' – Xle[23]
се начнме повѣсть сию., Se načnme pověstĭ siju., 'Let us [begin] this story.' – Rad[23]
Се начьнѣмъ повѣсть сию., Se načĭněmŭ pověstĭ siju., 'Let us begin this story.' – Šax[23]
1.2
трие сынове ноеви, trie synove noevi, 'the three sons of Noah' – Tro Byč Lix[24]
.г҃.е сн҃ве ноеви, .g҃.e sn҃ve noevi, 'the 3 s[o]ns of Noah' – Rad Aka α[24]
бо .г҃.е сн҃ве ноеви, bo .g҃.e sn҃ve noevi, 'for the 3 s[o]ns of Noah' – Ipa[24]
оубо трїе с҃нове ноеви, ubo trīe sn҃ve Noevi, 'for the three sons of Noah' – Xle[24]
убо трие сынове Ноеви, ubo trie synove Noevi, 'for the three sons of Noah' – Šax[24]
первие с<нве> ноеви, pervie s<ive> noevi, '(the) first s[ons] of Noah' – Lav[24]
свеи, оурмане. гте роуc а<глѧ>не, галичане., svei, urmane. gte rus a<glja>ne, galichane, 'Swedes, Urmane. G[o]te Rus A[glja]ne, Galichane.' – Xle[31]
The Urmane are usually interpreted as "Normans"[32] or "Norsemen";[33]Gote as either "Goths" or "Gotlanders";[32][33]A(n)gnjane or Agljane as "Angles[33]" / "English";[32] and Galichane as either "Galicians" (and thus translated as "Spaniards",[32] see Galicia (Spain)), "Gauls" or "Welsh".[33]
4.13
волохове, voloxove, 'Vlachs[33]or Italians[32]' – Tro Ipa Xle Šax α[34]
<волъ>хва, <volŭ>xva, 'Vlachs or Italians' – Lav Byč Lix[34]
omitted – Rad Aka[34]
It is unclear what Volokhove (or Volŭkhva) means. Cross & Sherbowitz-Wetzor (1930, 1953) translated it as "Italians"[32] (compare modern Polish Włochy "Italy" or "Italians"); but in 6.6 he rendered Волохомъ/Волхомъ/Волотомъ[35] as Vlakhs.[36] Lunt (1995) described the Volokhs as 'people speaking Latin or a Romance language.'[35] Thuis (2015) translated both as "Vlachs", adding 'This is possibly a Celto-Romance people.'[33]
племени афетова. нар ци еже суть словѣне., plemeni afetova, nar tsi ezhe sutĭ slověne., 'the line of Afet, the Nartsi who are Slovenes.' – Lav Byč Lix[37]
племениж афетова нарицаеми иновѣрци еже соуть словене, plemenizh afetova naritsaemi inověrtsi ezhe sutĭ slovene., 'the line of Afet, called the Inovertsi, who are Slovenes.' – Rad[37]
племени же а҃фетова. нарицаемии норци еже сѹть словѣне., plemeni zhe ahfetova, naritsaemii nortsi ezhe sutĭ slověne., 'the line of Ahfet, called the Nortsi, who are Slovenes.' – Aka[37]
племени же афетова. нарѣ<ц>аемѣи норци. иже сѹть словенѣ., plemeni zhe afetova, narě<ts>aeměi nortsi, izhe sutĭ sloveně., 'the line of Afet, called the Nortsi, who are Slovenes.' – Ipa[37]
The N- ethnonym is unclear. Cross & Sherbowitz-Wetzor (1930, 1953) rendered them as the Noricians, who are identical to the Slavs.[32] Lunt (1995), noting that Lav and Rad 'have independent corruptions', translated Ipa/Xle/Aka as (those) called Norci, who are Slavs. He commented: 'These clauses do not fit together easily. (...) This rather odd sentence seems, then, to imply that the Norci are a sub-tribe of Slavs.'[38] Thuis (2015) wrote the Noriks, who are Slavs, adding 'The inhabitants of the Roman province of Noricum along the Danube. Possibly, this is a reference to the purported Urheimat of the Slavic people.'[33]
бѣ тогда ц҃рь имѧнемь цѣмьскии., 'There was then a tsarĭ named Tsěmĭskii.' – Lav[59][60]
и бѣ тогда ц҃рь костѧнтинъ с҃нъ леѡновъ., 'And there was then a tsarĭ Kostyantinŭ son of Leōnovŭ.' – Rad[59][60]
и бѣ тогда ц҃рь костѧнтинь с҃нъ леѡновь., 'And there was then a tsarĭ Kostyantinĭ son of Leōnovĭ.' – Aka[59][60]
и бѣ тогда црсь костѧнтинъ. с҃нъ леѡнтовъ., 'And there was then a tsrsĭ Kostyantinŭ, son of Leōntovŭ.' – Ipa[59][60]
и бѣ тогда ц҃рь костѧнтин. с҃нь леоновь., 'And there was then a tsarĭ Kostyantin, son of Leonovĭ.' – Xle[59][60]
и бѣ тогда цесарь именемь чемьскыи они, 'And there was then a tsesarĭ named Chemĭskȳi they' – Kom[59]
и бѣ тогда цесарь именемь чемьскии, 'And there was then a tsesarĭ named Chemĭskii' – NAk Tol[59][60]
Ostrowski (2007): 'Since the emperor at the time was not Tsimiskes but Constantine, the reading Костянтинъ сынъ Леоновъ might be considered a correction of the primary but historically incorrect reading.'[60]
61.21b–22
и реч црь переклюкала мѧ еси ольга. и дасть еи, i rech tsrĭ perekljukala mę esi olĭga. i dastĭ ei, 'And [the] tsar said: '[You] have fooled me, Olga [nominative].' And [he] gives her' – Lav[61][62]
и реч переклюкала мѧ еси олго. и вдасть еи, i rech perekljukala mę esi olgo. i vdastĭ ei, 'And [he] said: '[You] have fooled me, Olga [vocative].' And [he] gave her' – Rad[61][62]
и рече переклюкала мѧ еси олго. и вдасть еи, i reche perekljukala mę esi olgo. i vdastĭ ei, 'And [he] said: '[You] have fooled me, Olga [vocative].' And [he] gave her' – Aka[61][62]
и реч цсрь переклюка мѧ олга. и вдасть еи, i reche tssrĭ perekljuka mę olga. i vdastĭ ei, 'And [the] tsar said: 'Olga [nominative] has fool[ed] me.' And [he] gave her' – Ipa[61][62]
и реч црь переклюка мѧ олга. и вдасть еи, i rech tsrĭ perekljuka mę olga. i, 'And [the] tsar said: 'Olga [nominative] has fool[ed] me.' And [he] gave her' – Ipa[61][62]
и рече цесарь прѣдстоꙗщимъ ту велможамъ своимъ упремудри мꙗ олга словесы своими бѣ же она мудра словесы цесарь же пакы чемьскыи слышавши глаголы еꙗ дасть еи, 'And the Tsesar said to his nobles [standing] before him: 'Olga [nominative] has outsmarted me with her words.' For she was wise in words. And the Tsesar, having heard her words, then gave her' – Kom[61]
Butler (2008): '[Ostrowski et al. (2003)], lines 61,22, omits "esi" after "Perekliukala" (sometimes with vocative "Ol'go"), which causes some manuscripts to read, "You have fooled, me, Ol'ga."'[62]
Премудрость на исходищихъ поеть ся, на путьхъ же дьрзновение водить. На краихъ же забральныхъ проповѣдаеть ся, въ вратѣхъ же градьныхъ дьрзающи глаголеть. Елико бо лѣтъ незълобивии дьржать ся по правьду, 'Wisdom is celebrated in places of concourse, she lifteth up her voice in the streets; she crieth at the entrance to the walls, at the gates of cities she uttereth speech. For as many years as the just cleave to wisdom, they shall not be ashamed.[63][64]' – α[65]
עַד־מָתַ֣י ׀ פְּתָיִם֮ תְּֽאֵהֲב֫וּ פֶ֥תִי וְלֵצִ֗ים לָ֭צֹון חָמְד֣וּ לָהֶ֑ם וּ֝כְסִילִ֗ים יִשְׂנְאוּ־דָֽעַת׃ בְּרֹ֥אשׁ הֹמִיֹּ֗ות תִּ֫קְרָ֥א בְּפִתְחֵ֖י שְׁעָרִ֥ים בָּעִ֗יר אֲמָרֶ֥יהָ תֹאמֵֽר׃ חָ֭כְמֹות בַּח֣וּץ תָּרֹ֑נָּה בָּ֝רְחֹבֹ֗ות תִּתֵּ֥ן קֹולָֽהּ׃, 'Out in the open wisdom calls aloud, she raises her voice in the public square; at noisy street corners she cries out, at the city gate she makes her speech: “How long will you who are simple love your simple ways? How long will mockers delight in mockery and fools hate knowledge?"[66]' – Proverbs 1:20–22 NIV[66]
Желание благовѣрьныхъ наслажаеть душю, 'The accomplished desire of the faithful is sweet to the soul.[63]' – α[67]
תַּאֲוָ֣ה נִ֭הְיָה תֶעֱרַ֣ב לְנָ֑פֶשׁ וְתֹועֲבַ֥ת כְּ֝סִילִ֗ים ס֣וּר מֵרָֽע׃, 'A longing fulfilled is sweet to the soul, but fools detest turning from evil.[68]' – Proverbs 13:19 NIV[68] (KVJ: 'The desire accomplished is sweet to the soul: but it is abomination to fools to depart from evil.')[69]
Невѣрьнымъ бо вѣра хрьстияньска уродьство есть, 'For to the infidels, the Christian faith is foolishness.[63]' – α[71]
Ὁ λόγος γὰρ ὁ τοῦ σταυροῦ τοῖς μὲν ἀπολλυμένοις μωρία ἐστίν, 'For the message of the cross is foolishness to those who are perishing.[72]' – 1 Corinthians 1:18 NIV[72]
Не съмыслиша бо, ни разумѣша въ тьмѣ ходящии, и не вѣдять славы Господьня., 'They do not comprehend it, because they walk in darkness and do not see the glory of God.[63]' – α[73]
לֹ֤א יָֽדְע֨וּ ׀ וְלֹ֥א יָבִ֗ינוּ בַּחֲשֵׁכָ֥ה יִתְהַלָּ֑כוּ יִ֝מֹּ֗וטוּ כָּל־מֹ֥וסְדֵי אָֽרֶץ׃, 'The 'gods' know nothing, they understand nothing. They walk about in darkness; all the foundations of the earth are shaken.[74]' – Psalm 82:5 NIV[74]
Аще къто отьца или матере не послушаеть, съмьртию да умреть., Ashche kŭto otĭtsa ili matere ne poslushaetĭ, sŭmĭrtiyu da umretĭ., 'Whosoever heedeth not his father or his mother shall suffer death.[63][77]' – α[78]
וּמְקַלֵּ֥ל אָבִ֛יו וְאִמֹּ֖ו מֹ֥ות יוּמָֽת׃ ס, ū-mə-qal-lêl ’ā-ḇîw wə-’im-mōw mō-wṯ yū-māṯ. s, 'And he who curses his father or his mother surely shall be put to death.' – Exodus 21:17 NIV[79]
на браченье., na brachenĭe, 'in(to) marriage' – Lav Byč Lix[82][60]
на ѡброучание:-, na ōbrouchanie:-, 'in(to) betrothal' – Rad[82][60]
на ѡбрѹченїе., na ōbruchenīe., 'in(to) betrothal' – Aka[82][60]
на ѡбручение., na ōbruchenie., 'in(to) betrothal' – Ipa[82][60]
на оброученїе., na obrouchenīe., 'in(to) betrothal' – Xle[82][60]
на брачение, na brachenie, 'in(to) marriage' – Kom Tol Šax[82][60]
на обручение., na obruchenie., 'in(to) betrothal' – α[82][60]
Ostrowski (2007): 'Here the expected reading is 'marriage' (брачение) since Volodimir had already been 'betrothed' (обручение) to Anna earlier in the narrative.'[60] Müller (2006) and Gippius (2002) argued that 'marriage' (брачение) was the primary reading, and that 'betrothal' (обручение) had to have been a later corruption in the protograph of Ipa and Kle, which had also contaminated Rad and Aka.[83] Ostrowski countered that 'one may ask why the scribe of [Rad/Aka] would adopt a contextually incorrect reading from the contaminating source to replace a contextually correct reading in his direct source.'[83] Following the lectio difficilior potior principle, Ostrowski asserted 'betrothed' (обручение) as the original text.[82][60]
переꙗславль. а вѧчеславу, pereyaslavl'. A vęcheslavu, '...Pereyaslavl'. To Vyacheslav...' – Lav Ipa Xle[91]
Переяславль, а Вячеславу, Pereyaslavl', a Vyacheslavu, '...Pereyaslavl', to Vyacheslav...' – Šax α[91]
переꙗславль. а вечславѹ, pereyaslavl'. A vechslavu, '...Pereyaslavl'. To Vechslav...' – Rad[91]
переꙗславль. [а игорю воломеръ] а вечславѹ, pereyaslavl'. [a igoryu volomerŭ] a vechslavu, '...Pereyaslavl'. [To Igor Volomerŭ] to Vechslav...' – Aka[91]
переꙗславль а игореви володимирь а вꙗчеславу, pereyaslavl' a igorevi volodimirĭ a vyacheslavu, '...Pereyaslavl' to Igorevi Volodimirĭ to Vyacheslav...' – Kom[91]
переꙗславль а игореви володимиръ а вꙗчеву, pereyaslavl' a igorevi volodimirŭ a vyacheslavu, '...Pereyaslavl' to Igorevi Volodimirŭ to Vyachev...' – NAk Tol[91]
Переяславль, а Игорю Володимеръ, а Вячеславу, Pereyaslavl', a Igoryu Volodimerŭ, a Vyacheslavu, '...Pereyaslavl', to Igor Volodimerŭ, to Vyacheslav...' – Byč Lix[91]
It is not clear why 'to Igor[evi] Volo[di]merŭ' is found in relatively late copies, but not in the earliest copies. It could represent a harmonisation effort with 162.12–13 and 162.21–22, where all witnesses attest that 'Igor' [settled] in Volodimerŭ', and that when Vyacheslav died in Smolensk shortly thereafter, 'Igor' settled in Smolinĭskě, moving over from Volodimerŭ'.[92] The Igor' in question is probably Igor Yaroslavich, who reportedly died sub anno 1060[93][94] (162.28[95]). Cross & Sherbowitz-Wetzor (1953) and Thuis (2015) both included the city as Vladimir in their translations, footnoting it as "Vladimir-Volÿnsk" and "city in Volhynia" respectively (ergo, modern Volodymyr, Volyn Oblast), without further explanation.[96][94]
имѣю отрокъ своих· ѱ҃· иже могу|ть про[ти]ву имъ стати·[97], iměju otrokŭ svoix· ps· iže mogu tĭ pro[ti]vu imŭ stati·, 'I have about 700 of my men who can stand against them.[98]' – Lav,[97][98] Bychkov,[98] Karski,[98] Likhachev[98]
имѣю ѿрокъ своих· ѿ иже могѹ|ть имъ противоу стать.[97], iměju ō͡trokŭ svoix· ō iže mogu tĭ imŭ protivou statĭ., 'I have about 800 of my men who can stand against them.[98]' – Rad[97][98]
имѣꙗ ѡтрокъ своих| ·ѿ· иже могѹть имь противѹ стати·[97], iměja ōtrokŭ svoix ·ō· iže mogutĭ imŭ protivu stati., 'I have about 800 of my men who can stand against them.[98]' – Aka[97][98]
имѣю ѡтро|къ своихъ· ·и҃·сот· иже мо|гуть [имъ] противу имъ ста|ти·[97], iměju ōtrokŭ svoixŭ· ·i·sot· iže mogutĭ [imŭ] protivu sta ti, 'I have about 8 hundred of my men who can stand against them[98]' – Ipa[97][98]
имѣю | отрѡк своих. ѡсмь сот. иже могоут противоу им сттаи.[97], iměju otrōk svoix. vos[e]mŭ sot. iže mogout protivou im sttai., 'I have about eight hundred of my men who can stand against them[98]' – Xle[97][98]
1101–1102. Dynastic challenges to Sviatopolk II Iziaslavich of Kiev by Yaroslav Yaropolkich of Brest (?) and Mstislav Volodimerovich of Novgorod. Peace with Polovtsi.
277–279
1103 campaign against the Polovtsi (Cumans) by Sviatopolk II Iziaslavich of Kiev and Vladimir II Monomakh.
280
1104: various dynastic events, siege of Minsk, signs in sky.
281
1105–1107: various dynastic events, Semigallians defeat Vseslavichi.
1107–1109: Sviatopolk II Iziaslavich of Kiev orders construction of various church buildings.
284–285
1109–1110: Rus' campaign against Polovtsi. Signs in sky at Kyiv Pechersk Lavra, including lightning, pillars of fire and cloud, and an angelic apparation.
286.1–7
286.1–7 Only in Lav, Rad and Aka: colophon of Sylvester of Kiev (1116).
286.7a–7pp
286.7a–7pp Only in Ipa and Xle: Primary Chronicle continuation of the Hypatian Codex and Khlebnikov Codex (1110–1117).
^"Examples are quoted here as they appear in
the Laurentian manuscript and are taken from the 1950 Academy of Sciences edition of the Povest' vremennyx let. Numbers in parentheses indicate the location (page and line number) of each example in Volume I of the Academy of Sciences edition."[16]
^Some readers have taken the word нестера to refer to Nestor the Chronicler, but Ostrowski (1981) pointed out: 'The word нестера was added in [the Khlebnikov Codex], and thus cannot be used as evidence for the name of the compiler of the PVL.'[18]
References
^Lunt 1988, p. 251.
^Yakov Lurie, The history of Russia in the chronicle and perception of the New time// Old Rus' and New Russia: (favorites). SPb. : Dmitry Bulanin (publishing house), 1997.
Лѣтопись По Ипатьевскому Списку [The Chronicle according to the Hypatian Codex]. Complete Collection of Russian Chronicles (PSRL). Volume 2. 3rd Edition. Col. 15. Saint Petersburg: Typography of Edward Prats. 1908.
Cross, Samuel Hazzard; Sherbowitz-Wetzor, Olgerd P. (1953) [1930]. The Russian Primary Chronicle, Laurentian Text. Translated and edited by Samuel Hazzard Cross and Olgerd P. Sherbowitz-Wetzor (PDF). Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Mediaeval Academy of America. p. 325. Retrieved 26 January 2023.
Cross, Samuel Hazzard; Sherbowitz-Wetzor, Olgerd P. (2013) [1953]. SLA 218. Ukrainian Literature and Culture. Excerpts from The Rus' Primary Chronicle (Povest vremennykh let, PVL) (PDF). Toronto: Electronic Library of Ukrainian Literature, University of Toronto. p. 16. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 May 2014. Retrieved 26 January 2023.
Gorsky, A. A. (2012). "Приглашение Рюрика на княжение в памятниках древнерусского начального летописания" [Rurik's invitation to reign in the records of the old Rus' Primary Chronicle]. Исторический вестник (Historical Messenger) (in Russian). 1 (1). Runivers: 6–23. Retrieved 5 May 2023. (web text)
Ostrowski, Donald, ed. (2003). The Povest' vremennykh let: An Interlinear Collation and Paradosis. 3 volumes (in Russian and English). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Archived from the original on 9 March 2005. Retrieved 23 March 2002. (assoc. ed. David J. Birnbaum (Harvard Library of Early Ukrainian Literature, vol. 10, parts 1–3)) – This 2003 Ostrowski et al. edition includes an interlinear collation including the five main manuscript witnesses, the Trinity Chronicle (as far as can reliably reconstructed), three manuscripts of the Novgorod First Chronicle, as well as a new paradosis ("a proposed best reading").
Ostrowski, Donald; Birnbaum, David J. (7 December 2014). "Rus' primary chronicle critical edition – Interlinear line-level collation". pvl.obdurodon.org (in Church Slavic). Retrieved 5 May 2023. (digitised and improved online version of Ostrowski et al. 2003).
Izbornyk (2001). "Новгородская Первая Летопись Младшего Извода" [Novgorod First Chronicle of the Younger Edition]. Izbornyk (in Church Slavic). Retrieved 15 May 2023. – digitised version of the mid-15th-century Archaeographic Commission's edition (or "Younger Edition") of the Novgorod First Chronicle (Komissionnyy NPL)
Thuis, Hans (2015). Nestorkroniek. De oudste geschiedenis van het Kievse Rijk [Nestor Chronicle: the oldest history of the Kievan Realm] (in Dutch). Nijmegen: Uitgeverij Vantilt. p. 304. ISBN 9789460042287.
Literature
Butler, Francis (2008). "Ol'Ga's Conversion and the Construction of Chronicle Narrative". The Russian Review. 67 (2). Wiley: 230–242. ISSN 0036-0341. JSTOR 20620746.
Dimnik, Martin (January 2004). "The Title "Grand Prince" in Kievan Rus'". Mediaeval Studies. 66: 253–312. doi:10.1484/J.MS.2.306512. Retrieved 27 February 2023.
Gippius, Alexey A. (2014). "Reconstructing the original of the Povesť vremennyx let: a contribution to the debate". Russian Linguistics. 38 (3). Springer: 341–366. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
Lunt, Horace G. (Summer 1988). "On Interpreting the Russian Primary Chronicle: The Year 1037". The Slavic and East European Journal. 32 (2): 251–264. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
Lunt, Horace G. (June 1994). "Lexical Variation in the Copies of the Rus' "Primary Chronicle": Some Methodological Problems". Ukrainian Philology and Linguistics. 18 (1–2). Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute: 10–28. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
Lunt, Horace G. (1995). "What the Rus' Primary Chronicle Tells Us about the Origin of the Slavs and of Slavic Writing". Harvard Ukrainian Studies. 19. Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute: 335–357. ISSN 0363-5570. JSTOR 41037009.
Ostrowski, Donald (March 1981). "Textual Criticism and the Povest' vremennykh let: Some Theoretical Considerations". Harvard Ukrainian Studies. 5 (1). Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute: 11–31. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
Ostrowski, Donald (2007). "The Načal'Nyj Svod Theory and the Povest Vremennyx Let". Russian Linguistics. 31 (3). Springer: 269–308. ISSN 0304-3487. JSTOR 40221289. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
Plokhy, Serhii (2006). The Origins of the Slavic Nations: Premodern Identities in Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 378. ISBN 978-0-521-86403-9.
Further reading
Isoaho, Mari (2018). "Shakhmatov's Legacy and the Chronicles of Kievan Rus'". Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History. 19 (3). Slavica Publishers: 637–648. doi:10.1353/kri.2018.0033. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
Inés García de la Puente, "Beyond the Sea: On the Use of за море in the Primary Chronicle". Ruthenica. 16. 28–36. 2022.