stringtranslate.com

Relaciones exteriores de Turquía

Residencia del embajador turco en la Embajada de Turquía en Washington, DC

Turquía, que une físicamente a Europa y Asia y se encuentra por encima de África , es un país laico que históricamente ha seguido una política exterior orientada hacia Occidente. [1] Para ello, Turquía utiliza su red diplomática global (la tercera más extensa) de 252 misiones diplomáticas y consulares. [2] [3] [4]

Desde la Segunda Guerra Mundial , el aliado más importante de Turquía ha sido Estados Unidos , que compartía el interés de Turquía en contener la expansión soviética . [5] [6] En apoyo de las Naciones Unidas, Turquía contribuyó con personal al ejército gris en la Guerra de Corea (1950-1953), se unió a la OTAN en 1952, reconoció a Israel en 1949 y ha cooperado estrechamente con ella. [7]

La alianza de Turquía con Israel durante el conflicto árabe-israelí tensó sus relaciones con el mundo árabe , [8] e Irán , [1] y posteriormente condujo a un apoyo abierto de Siria a las operaciones militantes palestinas y armenias contra diplomáticos turcos en el extranjero hasta 1990. [9] [10] [11]

Historia

Históricamente, las relaciones exteriores del Imperio Otomano y más tarde de Turquía equilibraron a las potencias regionales y globales entre sí, formando alianzas que protegían mejor los intereses del régimen en el poder. [12] La Unión Soviética jugó un papel importante en el suministro de armas y la financiación de la facción de Mustafa Kemal Atatürk durante la Guerra de Independencia de Turquía, pero Turquía siguió un curso de relativo aislamiento internacional durante el período de las Reformas de Atatürk en las décadas de 1920 y 1930. Las conferencias internacionales dieron a Turquía el control total de los estrechos estratégicos que unen el Mar Negro y el Mediterráneo, a través del Tratado de Lausana en 1923 y la Convención de Montreux de 1936. [13]

A finales de la década de 1930, la Alemania nazi hizo un gran esfuerzo para promover la propaganda antisoviética en Turquía y ejerció presión económica. Gran Bretaña y Francia, deseosas de superar a Alemania en maniobras, negociaron un tratado tripartito en 1939. Concedieron a Turquía una línea de crédito para comprar material bélico de Occidente y un préstamo para facilitar la compra de materias primas. [14] Temerosa de las amenazas de Alemania y Rusia, Turquía mantuvo la neutralidad. [15] Vendió cromo, un importante material bélico, a ambos bandos. En 1944 estaba claro que Alemania sería derrotada y las ventas de cromo a Alemania cesaron. [16] [17] [18]

Después de 1945

El Norte de Chipre se considera uno de los aliados más cercanos de Turquía.

Turquía se convirtió en uno de los primeros miembros del Consejo de Europa en 1950. Turquía solicitó la membresía plena de la CEE en 1987, se unió a la Unión Aduanera de la Unión Europea en 1995 y comenzó las negociaciones de adhesión con la Unión Europea en 2005. [19] [20] En una votación no vinculante el 13 de marzo de 2019, el Parlamento Europeo pidió a los gobiernos de la UE que suspendieran las conversaciones de adhesión a la UE con Turquía, citando violaciones de los derechos humanos y del estado de derecho; pero las negociaciones, efectivamente suspendidas desde 2018, siguen activas a partir de 2023. [21]

Según el gobierno de los Estados Unidos, el otro aspecto definitorio de la política exterior de Turquía ha sido la alianza estratégica de larga data del país con los Estados Unidos . [22] [23] La Doctrina Truman de 1947 enunció las intenciones estadounidenses de garantizar la seguridad de Turquía y Grecia durante la Guerra Fría , y resultó en un apoyo militar y económico a gran escala de los Estados Unidos. En 1948, ambos países fueron incluidos en el Plan Marshall y la OEEC para reconstruir las economías europeas. [24]

La amenaza común que representaba la Unión Soviética durante la Guerra Fría llevó a Turquía a ingresar en la OTAN en 1952, lo que garantizó unas estrechas relaciones bilaterales con los Estados Unidos. Posteriormente, Turquía se benefició del apoyo político, económico y diplomático de los Estados Unidos, incluso en cuestiones clave como la candidatura del país para unirse a la Unión Europea. [25] En el entorno posterior a la Guerra Fría, la importancia geoestratégica de Turquía se desplazó hacia su proximidad a Oriente Medio , el Cáucaso y los Balcanes. [26]

La independencia de los estados turcos de la Unión Soviética en 1991, con los que Turquía comparte un patrimonio cultural, histórico y lingüístico común , permitió a Turquía extender sus relaciones económicas y políticas profundamente en Asia Central . [27] La ​​Organización Internacional de Cultura Turca (TURKSOY) se estableció en 1993, y la Organización de Estados Turcos (OTS) se estableció en 2009. El oleoducto Bakú-Tiflis-Ceyhan , un oleoducto y gas natural multimillonario que se extiende desde Bakú en Azerbaiyán hasta el puerto de Ceyhan en Turquía, forma parte de la estrategia de política exterior de Turquía para convertirse en un conducto energético desde la cuenca del Mar Caspio hasta Europa. Turquía selló su frontera terrestre con Armenia en un gesto de apoyo a Azerbaiyán (un estado turco en la región del Cáucaso) durante la Primera (1993) y la Segunda (2020) Guerras de Nagorno-Karabaj, y permanece cerrada. [28] Armenia y Turquía iniciaron conversaciones diplomáticas para normalizar la relación entre los dos países. Las conversaciones incluyen la apertura de las fronteras cerradas y el reinicio del comercio. Turquía y Armenia también han reanudado los vuelos comerciales entre los dos países. [29]

Bajo el gobierno del AKP (2003–), la economía de Turquía ha crecido rápidamente y la influencia del país ha crecido en Oriente Medio sobre la base de una doctrina de profundidad estratégica, a veces erróneamente llamada neo-otomanismo . [30] [31] El debate sobre las relaciones exteriores de Turquía es controvertido tanto dentro de Turquía como fuera del país. En Occidente, hay una división entre aquellos que están preocupados por el aparente alejamiento de Turquía de Occidente hacia una orientación menos democrática, más islámica o más pro-rusa y pro-china [32] y aquellos que no ven la cambiante estructura política de Turquía, el creciente poder regional y la diversificación de las relaciones con países como Rusia como una amenaza. [33]

Relaciones diplomáticas

A pesar de ser uno de los primeros países en reconocer la independencia de Armenia, Turquía nunca ha establecido relaciones diplomáticas formales con Armenia . Anteriormente Turquía tenía relaciones diplomáticas con Chipre , Siria y Taiwán .

Lista de países con los que Turquía mantiene relaciones diplomáticas:

Relaciones bilaterales

Multilateral

África

Después de 1998, las relaciones de Turquía con África se han reactivado y la sociedad civil es el factor principal de este proceso. [231] Inicialmente, esta reactivación se produjo como un intento pasivo, pero después de 2005 se convirtió en un interés ofensivo por desarrollar relaciones con el continente. La reciente Cumbre de Cooperación Turquía-África de 2008 marca la última etapa del gran interés de Turquía por desarrollar relaciones con África y debe considerarse un punto de inflexión. [232] Desde su participación en Somalia en 2011, Turquía está ansiosa por ser considerada un actor político en el continente. [233] [234]

África del Norte

África subsahariana

Desde 2008, Turquía ha priorizado las relaciones amistosas con África en parte para construir relaciones amistosas y libres de conflictos, lo que no era posible en la atmósfera hostil de su vecindario. [255] Aprovechando un fuerte sentimiento de camaradería entre el pueblo turco hacia los africanos , las relaciones económicas y diplomáticas con África florecieron: el comercio exterior entre el África subsahariana y Turquía aumentó de 581 millones de dólares [256] en 1998 a 5.080 millones de dólares [257] en 2015.

Las relaciones de Turquía con el África subsahariana , que se remontan a 1800, florecieron desde la década de 1860 (cuando el Imperio Otomano comenzó a enviar imanes capacitados a la región) hasta 1885, cuando otras potencias coloniales europeas bloquearon la influencia otomana . [258] Las relaciones se restablecieron en la década de 1950, [259] y cobraron impulso cuando el emperador Haile Selassie visitó Turquía en marzo de 1967 y diciembre de 1969. [260]

Desde 2008, Turquía ha contribuido a la región mediante su participación en misiones de mantenimiento de la paz, incluidas la Misión de las Naciones Unidas en Costa de Marfil (ONUC), la República Democrática del Congo , Liberia , la República Centroafricana y el Chad . [261]

Turquía también ha incrementado drásticamente la ayuda financiera a la región, [256] proporcionando un total de 6.380 millones de dólares estadounidenses a la región sólo entre 2006 y 2011 [262] incluyendo la donación de 2011 de 200 millones de dólares estadounidenses para combatir la hambruna en África Oriental. [261]

Américas

Cono Sur

América del norte

caribe

América Central

América Latina, resto de

Asia y Oceanía

Estados turcos

Asia-Pacífico

Asia occidental

Europa

International organizations

Turkey is a founding member of the UN (1945),[649] the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (1961),[650] the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (1969),[651] the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) (1973),[652] and the G20 industrial nations (1999). Turkey is a member state of the Council of Europe (1949) and NATO (1952) as well as being in full accession negotiations with the European Union since 2005, having been an associate member since 1963. Turkey was also an associate member of the Western European Union from 1992 to 2011, and signed the E.U. Customs Union agreement in 1995.[653]

Turkey entered NATO in 1952 and serves as the organization's vital eastern anchor, controlling the Turkish Straits which lead from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean and sharing a border with Syria, Iraq, and Iran. A NATO headquarters is located in İzmir, and the United States has maintained air forces at the Incirlik Air Base in the province of Adana.[654]

Turkey is also a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) since 1995. It has signed free trade agreements with the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), Israel, and many other countries. In 1992, Turkey and 10 other regional nations formed the BSEC to expand regional trade and economic cooperation. In 2017, ASEAN-Turkey Sectoral Dialogue Partnership[655] was recognized by the 50th ASEAN Foreign Ministers' Meeting in Manila, Philippines.[656]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Robins, Philip. Turkey and the Middle East. London: Royal Institute of International Affairs and New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1991.
  2. ^ "Global Diplomacy Index – Country Rank". Lowy Institute. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
  3. ^ England, Andrew (26 October 2020). "UAE vs Turkey: the regional rivalries pitting MBZ against Erdoğan". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2020.
  4. ^ Gardner, David (30 September 2020). "Erdoğan is in danger of overreaching with foreign interventionsErdogan is in danger of overreaching with foreign interventions". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 21 November 2020. Retrieved 27 December 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  5. ^ Migdalovitz, Carol. "Turkey: Ally in a Troubled Region." Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service, 93-835F. Washington: 14 September 1993.
  6. ^ Karasapan, Omer. "Turkey and US Strategy in the Age of Glasnost," Middle East Report, No. 160, September–October 1989, pp. 4–10, 22.
  7. ^ Aybet, Gülnur. Turkey's Foreign Policy and Its Implications for the West: A Turkish Perspective. London: Royal United Services Institute for Defence Studies, 1994.
  8. ^ Fuller, Graham E., Ian O. Lesser, Paul B. Henze, and J.F. Brown. Turkey's New Geopolitics: From the Balkans to Western China. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1993.
  9. ^ United States. Department of Defense. Terrorist Group Profiles. Washington: GPO, 1988.
  10. ^ United States. Department of State. Patterns of Global Terrorism, 1992. Washington: 1993.
  11. ^ United States. Department of State. Patterns of Global Terrorism 1993. Washington: 1994.
  12. ^ William Hale, Turkish Foreign Policy Since 1774 (Routledge, 2012).
  13. ^ J.M. Hakov, "The Great States, Turkey and Issue Concerning the New Regime of the Straits during the First Years of World War Two." Archiv Orientální 54 (1986): 47–60.
  14. ^ Yücel Güçlü, "Turco-British relations on the eve of the Second World War." Middle Eastern Studies 39.4 (2003): 159–205.
  15. ^ Onur Isci, "The Massigli Affair and its Context: Turkish Foreign Policy after the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact." Journal of Contemporary History (2019): DOI: 10.1177/0022009419833443. online Archived 6 February 2022 at the Wayback Machine
  16. ^ Gül İnanç, "The politics of 'active neutrality' on the eve of a new world order: The case of Turkish chrome sales during the Second World War." Middle Eastern Studies 42.6 (2006): 907–915.
  17. ^ S. Deringil, Turkish Foreign Policy During the Second World War: An 'Active' Neutrality (Cambridge 1989).
  18. ^ N. Tamkin, Britain, Turkey and the Soviet Union, 1940–1945 (London 2009).
  19. ^ "Chronology of Turkey-EU relations". Turkish Secretariat of European Union Affairs. Archived from the original on 15 May 2007. Retrieved 30 October 2006.
  20. ^ "Interview with European Commission President Jose Manuel Barroso on BBC Sunday AM" (PDF). European Commission. 15 October 2006. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 November 2006. Retrieved 17 December 2006.
  21. ^ "European Parliament votes to suspend Turkey's EU membership bid". Deutsche Welle. 13 March 2019. Archived from the original on 10 October 2019. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  22. ^ "U.S. Relations With Turkey". state.gov. U.S. Department of State. 12 August 2021. Archived from the original on 5 January 2023. Retrieved 6 January 2023.
  23. ^ "Turkey: Background and U.S. Relations" (PDF). fas.org. 22 December 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 December 2014. Retrieved 6 January 2023.
  24. ^ Huston, James A. (1988). Outposts and Allies: U.S. Army Logistics in the Cold War, 1945–1953. Susquehanna University Press. p. 134. ISBN 978-0-941664-84-4. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 3 April 2015.
  25. ^ Ziya Öniş, ŞuhnazYılmaz. "Turkey-EU-US Triangle in Perspective: Transformation or Continuity?" (PDF). istanbul2004.ku.edu.tr/. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 March 2014. Retrieved 4 August 2014.
  26. ^ Mitrovic, Marija (24 March 2014). Turkish Foreign Policy towards the Balkans (PDF). Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philosophische Fakultät III, Institut für Sozialwissenschaften. doi:10.18452/3090. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 August 2014. Retrieved 9 August 2014 – via edoc.hu-berlin.de Open access publication server of the Humboldt University.
  27. ^ İdris Bal (2004). Turkish Foreign Policy in Post Cold War Era. Universal-Publishers. p. 269. ISBN 978-1-58112-423-1. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
  28. ^ Elanchenny, Susae (2010). Breaking the Ice The Role of Civil Society and Media in Turkey-Armenia Relations An Evaluation of the 'Dialogue-Building between Turkey and Armenia' Project. Istanbul: Istanbul Kültür University. p. 9. ISBN 978-605-4233-80-9.
  29. ^ "Turkey, Armenia hold 2nd diplomatic talks aimed at normalization". Daily Sabah. March 2022. Retrieved 22 March 2022.
  30. ^ Taspinar, Omer (September 2008). "Turkey's Middle East Policies: Between Neo-Ottomanism and Kemalism". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Archived from the original on 15 September 2004. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
  31. ^ Murinson, Alexander (2009). Turkey's Entente with Israel and Azerbaijan: State Identity and Security in the Middle East and Caucasus (Routledge Studies in Middle Eastern Politics). Routledge. p. 119. ISBN 978-0-415-77892-3.
  32. ^ Taylor, Adam (16 May 2017). "U.S. ally Turkey may have a new best friend in Beijing". The Washington Post. Retrieved 10 September 2019.
  33. ^ Kubilay Yado Arin: The AKP's Foreign Policy, Turkey's Reorientation from the West to the East? Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Berlin, Berlin 2013. ISBN 9783865737199.
  34. ^ "ИСТОРИЯ СТАНОВЛЕНИЯ ДИПЛОМАТИЧЕСКИХ ОТНОШЕНИЙ МЕЖДУ ТУРЦИЕЙ И РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИЕЙ" (in Russian). Retrieved 4 September 2023.
  35. ^ a b Lonnie Johnson (1989). Introducing Austria: a short history. Ariadne Press. ISBN 978-0-929497-03-7.
  36. ^ Bell, Gary M. (1995). A Handlist of British Diplomatic Representatives: 1509-1688. Cambridge University Press. pp. 194, 221, 275 and 283.
  37. ^ a b c d e "Relations between Turkey and Sweden".
  38. ^ "Geschiedenis van 400 jaar Nederlands-Turkse betrekkingen". IsGeschiedenis (in Dutch). 17 April 2012. Retrieved 14 April 2024.
  39. ^ "A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Turkey".
  40. ^ a b "Greece Liberated: Ottoman Empire". Hellenic Republic Ministry of Foreign Affairs Service of Diplomatic & Historical Archives. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
  41. ^ a b "Embassy History and Previous Ambassadors". Turkish Embassy in Tehran. Retrieved 28 October 2023.
  42. ^ Almanach royal de Belgique Classé Et Mis En Ordre Par H. Tarlier (in French). Librairie polytechnique. 1845. p. 14.
  43. ^ "Países" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2 July 2022.
  44. ^ a b Annuario diplomatico del Regno d'Italia ... (in Italian). Italia : Ministero degli affari esteri. 1886. p. 59. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  45. ^ "Relaciones Diplomáticas de Guatemala" (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 July 2021.
  46. ^ "Lista statelor cu care România întreţine relaţii diplomatice". Retrieved 27 November 2023.
  47. ^ "Установяване, прекъсване u възстановяване на дипломатическите отношения на България (1878-2005)" (in Bulgarian).
  48. ^ "Bilateral cooperation". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Serbia. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
  49. ^ a b c "Relations between Turkey and Switzerland".
  50. ^ "Norges opprettelse af diplomatiske forbindelser med fremmede stater" (PDF). regjeringen.no (in Norwegian). 27 April 1999. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
  51. ^ "No: 77, 28 February 2021, Press Release Regarding the 100th Anniversary of the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations Between the Republic of Turkey and the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Türkiye. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  52. ^ "Relations between Turkey and France". Retrieved 9 March 2022.
  53. ^ "Turcja-Polska. Traktat Przyjaźni. Lozanna.1923.07.23" (in Polish). Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  54. ^ "100 Years of Diplomatic Relations between Albania and Türkiye". 26 January 2023. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
  55. ^ "Japan-Türkiye Relations (Basic Data)". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. 29 January 2024. Retrieved 5 August 2024.
  56. ^ "Ficha de paises y territorios" (in Spanish). Retrieved 13 August 2022.
  57. ^ "Büyükelçilik". Retrieved 27 September 2023.
  58. ^ "The Treaty of Friendship establishing political relations between the Republic of Turkey and the Republic of Finland was signed on 9 December 1924..." Archived from the original on 2 April 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2018.
  59. ^ "Relations between Turkey and Denmark". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey. Retrieved 26 August 2019.
  60. ^ Between East and West: Studies on Turkish Foreign Relations. Isis Press. 2001. p. 266.
  61. ^ a b "Relaciones Bilaterales Chile - Turquía".
  62. ^ "Disisleri Bakanligi yilligi 1964-1965. Page 289" (PDF).
  63. ^ a b "Biblioteca Digital de Tratados".
  64. ^ "Promulga o Tratado de amizade, entre o Brasil e a Turquia, assignado em Roma á 8 de setembro de 1927".
  65. ^ Dr. Mustafa BOSTANCI (2017). "IRAK'TA MONARŞİNİN SONU (1958 IRAK İHTİLALİ): III. İHTİLALE KADAR TÜRKİYE-IRAK İLİŞKİLERİ" (in Turkish). p. 251. Retrieved 13 September 2023.
  66. ^ a b "Relaciones diplomáticas México - Turquía (Gobierno de Mexico)".
  67. ^ a b "Türkiye - Suudi Arabistan Siyasi İlişkileri". Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Foreign Affairs (in Turkish). Retrieved 9 November 2023.
  68. ^ a b "Today we celebrate the 90th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between Türkiye and Uruguay with the determination to strengthen our cooperation!". Turkish MFA. 8 December 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
  69. ^ a b "Republic of Turkey Embassy in Ottawa".
  70. ^ a b "Bilateral Political Relations between Turkey and the Yemen". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
  71. ^ a b "Turkey Accepts Syria, Lebanon". The New York Times. 9 March 1946. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
  72. ^ "Bulletin d'information (1946/7)" (PDF). sip.gouvernement.lu (in French). p. 11. Retrieved 26 May 2023.
  73. ^ "Bulletin d'information (1946/7)" (PDF). sip.gouvernement.lu (in French). p. 11. Retrieved 26 May 2023.
  74. ^ Hungary. Pannonia Press. 1969. p. 101.
  75. ^ Robert L. Jarman (2001). Political Diaries of the Arab World: 1947. Archive Editions. p. 601.
  76. ^ a b c "Turkey – India Political Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  77. ^ "Turkey, Pakistan celebrate the 75th anniversary of diplomatic relations". Diplomatic News Agency Pakistan. 1 December 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
  78. ^ "Sri Lanka and Turkey Relations: A Flourishing Partnership in Asia". 5 July 2017. Retrieved 3 July 2023.
  79. ^ "Treaty of Friendship between the Republic of the Philippines and the Republic of Turke" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 2 December 2014.
  80. ^ News from Turkey. Turkish Information Office. 1950. p. 4.
  81. ^ a b Memoria ... Honduras Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Gobernación. 1951. p. 96.
  82. ^ a b "VICEMINISTRA RECIBE VISITA DE LA EMBAJADORA DE TURQUÍA". April 2014.
  83. ^ a b "BOLIVIA Y TURQUÍA FORTALECEN RELACIÓN BILATERAL CON INTERCAMBIO DE EXPERIENCIAS LEGISLATIVAS". Archived from the original on 14 February 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
  84. ^ "Turkey, Indonesia to forge closer ties in various fields". ANTARA News. 11 July 2017. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
  85. ^ a b "Costa Rica y Turquía marcan el 70 aniversario del establecimiento de relaciones diplomáticas". Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Culto Republica de Costa Rica (in Spanish). 21 September 2020. Retrieved 3 September 2023.
  86. ^ "Establecimiento de relaciones diplomaticas entre la República Dominicana y la República de Turquía" (in Spanish). Retrieved 5 September 2024.
  87. ^ a b c "La política de apertura de Turquía hacia América Latina en el 70º aniversario de sus relaciones".
  88. ^ "La política de apertura de Turquía hacia América Latina en el 70º aniversario de sus relaciones" (in Spanish). 16 October 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
  89. ^ Libro amarillo correspondiente al año ...: presentado al Congreso Nacional en sus sesiones ordinarias de ... por el titular despacho (in Spanish). Venezuela. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. 2003. pp. 528–529.
  90. ^ "Dáil Éireann debate -Wednesday, 10 Feb 1960 Vol. 179 No. 1 Written Answers. - Irish Diplomatic Missions and Consular Offices". oireachtas.ie. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
  91. ^ "Länder" (in German). Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  92. ^ a b "Viceministro cubano de Relaciones Exteriores sostiene encuentro con el Canciller de Turquía". Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores Republica de Cuba (in Spanish). 19 May 2022. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
  93. ^ DIŞİŞLERİ BAKANLIĞI 1967 YILLIĞI (PDF) (in Turkish). ANKARA BASIM VE CÎLTEVÎ. 1968. p. 870. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
  94. ^ "Las relaciones diplomáticas con Turquía, establecidas en 1952 (Cancillería Perú)".
  95. ^ a b "A un año de abrir la embajada de Turquía en Paraguay, ambos países profundizan sus relaciones".
  96. ^ "Relations between Türkiye and Morocco". mfa.gov.tr. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
  97. ^ "Relations between Turkey and Tunisia". Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
  98. ^ "Countries & Regions". Retrieved 24 May 2023.
  99. ^ a b c d e "Relations between Turkey and Sudan".
  100. ^ "Iceland - Establishment of Diplomatic Relations". Government of Iceland. Retrieved 1 August 2021.
  101. ^ "อื่นๆ" (in Thai). Retrieved 5 July 2023.
  102. ^ "Diplomatic Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Laos. Archived from the original on 1 June 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
  103. ^ a b Daily Report Foreign Radio Broadcasts · Issues 146-150. United States. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1958. p. B-27.
  104. ^ "Diplomatic relations". Archived from the original on 12 July 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
  105. ^ "Ghana – Turkey Relations". Embassy of the Republic of Ghana Ankara, Turkey. 23 July 2021. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
  106. ^ "Relations between Türkiye and Ghana". Repunic of Türkiye Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
  107. ^ a b "Asuntos Políticos (Embajada de Colombia en Turquia)".
  108. ^ "DISCURSO DEL CANCILLER JOSÉ VALENCIA, CON OCASIÓN DE LA CONMEMORACIÓN DEL 95 ANIVERSARIO DE LA PROCLAMACIÓN DE LA REPÚBLICA DE TURQUÍA" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 February 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
  109. ^ "Diplomatic relations of the Holy See". Retrieved 5 September 2022.
  110. ^ News from Turkey. Turkish Information Office. 1960. p. 4.
  111. ^ "DIŞİŞLERİ BAKANLIĞI 1967 YILLIĞI" (PDF). diad.mfa.gov.tr (in Turkish). p. 866. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
  112. ^ "Türkiye - Kamerun İlişkileri". Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Foreign Affairs (in Turkish). Retrieved 26 March 2024.
  113. ^ a b Ahmet Emin Dağ. "Afrika Konusunda Türkiye'de Artan Akademik İlgi: Üniversite Tezleri Üzerinden Bir Analiz" (in Turkish). p. 4. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
  114. ^ "Bilateral Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Nepal. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
  115. ^ "DIŞİŞLERİ BAKANLIĞI 1967 YILLIĞI" (PDF). diad.mfa.gov.tr (in Turkish). p. 872. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
  116. ^ Madagascar renouveau Issues 2-6 (in French). Ministère de l'information, de l'animation idéologique et des relations avec les institutions, Direction de la presse et des publications, Service de production. 1977. p. 12. Pays avec lesquels la République Démocratique de Madagascar entretient des relations diplomatiques ... Turquie 30 Janvier 1963
  117. ^ "DIŞİŞLERİ BAKANLIĞI 1967 YILLIĞI" (PDF). diad.mfa.gov.tr (in Turkish). p. 869. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
  118. ^ "DIŞİŞLERİ BAKANLIĞI 1967 YILLIĞI" (PDF). diad.mfa.gov.tr (in Turkish). p. 830. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
  119. ^ "Büyükelçilik Tarihi ve Önceki Büyükelçilerimiz" (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 11 March 2018. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  120. ^ "DIŞİŞLERİ BAKANLIĞI 1967 YILLIĞI" (PDF). diad.mfa.gov.tr (in Turkish). p. 856. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
  121. ^ "DIŞİŞLERİ BAKANLIĞI 1967 YILLIĞI" (PDF). diad.mfa.gov.tr (in Turkish). p. 855. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
  122. ^ Chronology of Arab Politics - Volume 2, Issues 1-3 - Page 42. Political Studies and Public Administration Department of the American University of Beirut. 1964.
  123. ^ Milletlerarası münasebetler Türk yıllığı (in Turkish). Vol. 5. Dış Münasebetler Enstitüsü, Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi, Ankara Üniversitesi. 1964. p. 217.
  124. ^ a b Milletlerarası münasebetler Türk yıllığı, Volume 5. Dış Münasebetler Enstitüsü, Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi, Ankara Üniversitesi, 1964. p. 223.
  125. ^ a b Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts, Issues 236-240. United States. Central Intelligence Agency. 1965.
  126. ^ a b c d e "Relations between Turkey and Gambia". Archived from the original on 19 April 2017. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
  127. ^ "Büyükelçilik". Republic of Türkiye Turkish Embassy in Canberra. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
  128. ^ a b Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell, 1967. p. 747.
  129. ^ "President of Malta, Marie-Louise Coleiro Preca, met the Vice President of the Republic of Turkey". 24 January 2019. Retrieved 11 July 2023.
  130. ^ a b Zeki Kuneralp and the Turkish Foreign Service. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2015. p. 410.
  131. ^ "Diplomatic & consular list". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Singapore. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
  132. ^ Etudes Cambodgiennes (in French). 1969. p. 11.
  133. ^ "List of Countries Maintaining Diplomatic Relations with Mongolia" (PDF). p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2022. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  134. ^ a b Summary of World Broadcasts: Non-Arab Africa, Issues 3118-3192. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service. 1969. p. 4.
  135. ^ a b Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell, 1969. p. 1537.
  136. ^ "No: 26, 27 Janvier 2020, Communiqué De Presse Concernant Le 50ème Anniversaire De L'établissement Des Relations Diplomatiques Entre La République De Turquie Et La République Du Tchad (l'ambassade de Turquie à Paris)" (in French). Archived from the original on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
  137. ^ Middle East Economic Digest - Volume 14. 1970. p. 479.
  138. ^ a b Middle East Economic Digest Volume 14. 1970. p. 509.
  139. ^ a b Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell, 1971. p. 2025.
  140. ^ a b List of Diplomatic, Consular, and Trade Missions and International Organisations. Zambia. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1972. p. 3.
  141. ^ a b "Countries with which Jamaica has Established Diplomatic Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade of Jamaica. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
  142. ^ "中土关系概况". www.mfa.gov.cn (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 14 July 2009. Retrieved 15 December 2023.
  143. ^ a b Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts, Issues 101-110. United States. Central Intelligence Agency. 1972. p. 18.
  144. ^ a b "List of countries with which Barbados has established diplomatic relations". Archived from the original on 13 August 2017. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
  145. ^ a b ARR: Arab Report and Record. Economic Features, Limited. 1973. p. 137.
  146. ^ Record of the Arab World Yearbook of Arab and Israeli Politics · Volume 1. Research and Publishing House. 1973. p. 181.
  147. ^ "Bilateral relations". Archived from the original on 5 May 2012. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
  148. ^ a b "COUNTRIES WITH WHICH GUYANA HAS ESTABLISHMENT DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS (MFA GUYANA)". Archived from the original on 24 December 2019. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
  149. ^ Translations on Near East and North Africa Issues 1002-1010. Joint Publications Research Service. 1973. p. 37.
  150. ^ "Büyükelçilik". Embassy of the Republic of Türkiye in Dhaka. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
  151. ^ Translations on Sub-Saharan Africa Issues 1450-1459. United States. Joint Publications Research Service. 1974. p. 9. Retrieved 8 July 2023.
  152. ^ a b Milletlerarası münasebetler Türk yıllığı, Volume 14. Dış Münasebetler Enstitüsü, Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi, Ankara Üniversitesi, 1976. p. 150.
  153. ^ a b "Türkiye - Grenada Siyasi İlişkileri". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey (in Turkish). Retrieved 17 October 2023.
  154. ^ a b Summary of World Broadcasts: Non-Arab Africa, Issues 5021-5096. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service. 1975. p. 8.
  155. ^ "Formal diplomatic relations list" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 August 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
  156. ^ The Europa Year Book 1975 A World Survey Vol.-ii. Europa Publications Limited. 1975. p. 600.
  157. ^ "Relations between Turkey and Tonga". Archived from the original on 22 July 2016. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
  158. ^ "Türkiye – Nauru Relations". Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
  159. ^ "Lijst van Diplomatieke Betrekkingen en Visum-afschffingsovereenkomsten" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 April 2019.
  160. ^ a b Summary of World Broadcasts: Non-Arab Africa, Issues 5326-5361. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service. 1976. p. 3.
  161. ^ "Asia". Government of Vietnam. April 2010. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
  162. ^ "Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Turkey" (PDF). The New Zealand Gazette Thursday, 25 January 1979 No. 6. p. 155. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
  163. ^ "Relations between Turkey and Solomon Islands". Archived from the original on 16 July 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2021.
  164. ^ "Countries with Established Diplomatic Relations with Samoa". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade – Samoa. Archived from the original on 14 February 2020. Retrieved 19 August 2018.
  165. ^ "Countries with which the Republic of Maldives has established Diplomatic Relations" (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Maldives. 11 May 2023. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
  166. ^ "Relations between Turkey and Papua New Guinea". Retrieved 10 July 2023.
  167. ^ Sub-Saharan Africa Report - Issues 2144-2147. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1979. p. 11.
  168. ^ a b The Pulse: Daily Review of the Turkish Press. Vedat Uras. 1982. p. 3.
  169. ^ "Relations between Türkiye and Tuvalu". Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  170. ^ }}The Pulse: Daily Review of the Turkish Press. Vedat Uras. 1979. p. 4.
  171. ^ FBIS Daily Report--Sub-Saharan Africa. United States Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 30 January 1980. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
  172. ^ Daily Report Western Europe February-April, 1980 Vol.2 No.2. NewsBank, inc. p. 59.
  173. ^ FBIS Daily Report--Western Europe. United States Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1980. p. 46. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  174. ^ "Diplomatic relations between Angola and Turkey as of 9 July 1980 (United Nations Digital Library)".
  175. ^ a b Summary of World Broadcasts Non-Arab Africa · Issues 6511-6563. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service · 1980. p. 6.
  176. ^ a b "Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Relations Lesotho". Facebook. Retrieved 17 February 2024.
  177. ^ "Diplomatic relations between Botswana and Turkey as of 20 Jan. 1981 (United Nations Digital Library)". 20 January 1981.
  178. ^ Swaziland; Turkey (20 January 1981). "Diplomatic relations between Swaziland and Turkey as of 20 Jan. 1981 (United Nations Digital Library)". United Nations Digital Library System.
  179. ^ "Diplomatic relations between Mozambique and Turkey as of 20 Jan. 1981 (United Nations Digital Library)". 20 January 1981.
  180. ^ a b Le Mois en Afrique, Issues 186-193. Le Mois en Afrique., 1981. p. 155.
  181. ^ "Yüksel Söylemez büyükelçi". biyografi.net (in Turkish and English). Retrieved 10 April 2024.
  182. ^ a b The Pulse: Daily Review of the Turkish Press. Vedat Uras, 1982. p. 5.
  183. ^ a b "Cyprus Negotiation Process: Historical Background". 3 March 2014.
  184. ^ "Bilateral Relations". Retrieved 10 September 2023.
  185. ^ "Suleyman Gokce is Turkey's new Ambassador to Belize". 12 July 2018. Archived from the original on 30 November 2021. Retrieved 27 April 2022.
  186. ^ a b The Diplomatic Pulse, Issues 416-431. Vedat Uras, 1990. p. 3.
  187. ^ "List of countries with which Lithuania has established diplomatic relations". Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
  188. ^ "Dates of establishment and renewal of diplomatic relations". mfa.gov.lv. 1 July 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
  189. ^ "Diplomaatiliste suhete (taas)kehtestamise kronoloogia" (in Estonian). 30 January 2018. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
  190. ^ Köni, Hasan (1995). The Contribution of Turkey for Reconstruction and Development of Palestine. p. 18.
  191. ^ "Список стран, с которыми КР установил дипломатические отношения" (in Russian). Retrieved 10 October 2021.
  192. ^ "Foreign policy - bilateral relations". Retrieved 3 August 2022.
  193. ^ "LIST OF STATES WITH WHICH THE REPUBLIC OF TAJIKISTAN ESTABLISHED DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS" (PDF). Retrieved 13 November 2023.
  194. ^ "Bilateral relations". MFA Moldova. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
  195. ^ "STATES WITH WHICH TURKMENISTAN ESTABLISHED DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS". Archived from the original on 8 May 2019. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  196. ^ "Страны, установившие дипломатические отношения с Республикой Казахстан" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
  197. ^ "European countries". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine. Archived from the original on 20 July 2019. Retrieved 23 August 2019.
  198. ^ "STATES WITH WHICH THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN ESTABLISHED DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS". Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  199. ^ "Political Relations". Retrieved 29 July 2021.
  200. ^ "Bilateral relations". Archived from the original on 19 June 2022. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
  201. ^ "Bilateral relations - Date of Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Croatia. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
  202. ^ "Bilateral relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of North Macedonia. Archived from the original on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 3 April 2021.
  203. ^ Đogić, Mojca Pristavec (September 2016). "Priznanja samostojne Slovenije" (PDF) (in Slovenian). Retrieved 11 July 2023.
  204. ^ "Datumi priznanja i uspostave diplomatskih odnosa". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bosnia and Herzegovina (in Bosnian). 2022. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
  205. ^ a b "Relations between Turkey and Liechtenstein". Archived from the original on 5 June 2020. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
  206. ^ "Turkey and South Africa: The Development of Relations,1860–2005 Page 3" (PDF).
  207. ^ "Štáty a teritóriá" (in Slovak). Retrieved 26 May 2023.
  208. ^ a b "Embassy". Turkish Embassy in Asmara. Retrieved 30 June 2023.
  209. ^ "Diplomatic Relations Between Turkey and Seychelles as of 22 June 1995 (United Nations Digital Library)". 22 June 1995.
  210. ^ Summary of World Broadcasts: Asia, Pacific. BBC. 1995. p. 6.
  211. ^ "Diplomatic relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Andorra. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
  212. ^ a b "Antigua and Barbuda to benefit from diplomatic cooperation with friendly countries". CARICOM. 11 March 2014. Archived from the original on 30 October 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
  213. ^ "DPRK Diplomatic Relations" (PDF). NCNK. 2016. pp. 8–9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 14 July 2022.
  214. ^ "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Diplomatic and Consular List" (PDF). p. 110. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 June 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
  215. ^ "Relations between Turkey and East Timor". Archived from the original on 4 September 2017.
  216. ^ a b "Türkiye - Saint Lucia Siyasi İlişkileri". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey (in Turkish). Retrieved 17 October 2023.
  217. ^ "Relations between Turkey and San Marino". Retrieved 2 December 2021.
  218. ^ a b "Diplomatic Relations Between Dominica and Turkey as of 13 Apr. 2006". United Nations Digital Library. 13 April 2006. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
  219. ^ "Countries with which Palau has Diplomatic Relations" (PDF). U.S. Department of the Interior. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 March 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2022.
  220. ^ "Tabela priznanja i uspostavljanja diplomatskih odnosa". Montenegro Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration. Archived from the original on 13 February 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
  221. ^ "FSM Diplomatic Relations List". Government of the Federated States of Micronesia. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
  222. ^ Gëzim Visoka (2018). Acting Like a State: Kosovo and the Everyday Making of Statehood. Abingdon: Routledge. pp. 219–221. ISBN 9781138285330.
  223. ^ "LISTING OF ALL COUNTRIES WHICH HAVE ESTABLISHED DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS WITH THE REPUBLIC OF THE MARSHALL ISLANDS (As of 13 February 2019)". Archived from the original on 18 July 2023. Retrieved 3 September 2023.
  224. ^ "Turkey establishes diplomatic relations with Kiribati" (in Turkish). 20 August 2008. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
  225. ^ "Türkiye-Monako İlişkileri" (in Turkish). Retrieved 11 October 2020.
  226. ^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Turkish Republic (2011). "Türkiye–Cook Adaları Siyasi İlişkileri" [Turkey-Cook Islands Political Relations] (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 18 February 2016. Retrieved 9 October 2015.
  227. ^ "St. Kitts and Nevis to benefit from regional cooperation with Turkey". 3 June 2010. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
  228. ^ a b "Turkish Embassy in Juba".
  229. ^ "Bilateral relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bhutan. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
  230. ^ "Foreign Minister Davutoğlu "In the last six years, we have taken significant steps to strengthen our relations with Pacific Island States"". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey. Archived from the original on 15 June 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2014."Joint Declaration concerning the establishment of diplomatic relations between Turkey and Niue, ...were signed."
  231. ^ Mehmet Ozkan and Birol Akgun, "Turkey's Opening to Africa", The Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol 48, No 4 (2010): 525–546, http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1085&context=mehmetozkan Archived 22 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  232. ^ Mehmet Ozkan, "What drives Turkey's Involvement in Africa?", Review of African Political Economy, Vol 37, No 126 (2010): 533–540, http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1087&context=mehmetozkan[permanent dead link]
  233. ^ Mehmet Ozkan, "A New Actor or Passer-By? The Political Economy of Turkey's Engagement with Africa", Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, Vol 14, No 1 (2012): 113–133, http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1178&context=mehmetozkan[permanent dead link]
  234. ^ Genin, Aaron (30 April 2019). "FRANCE RESETS AFRICAN RELATIONS: A POTENTIAL LESSON FOR PRESIDENT TRUMP". The California Review. Retrieved 1 May 2019.
  235. ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Cezayir Büyükelçiliği". cezayir.be.mfa.gov.tr.
  236. ^ a b "Turkey-Algeria Economic and Trade Relations".
  237. ^ "Relations between Turkey–Algeria".
  238. ^ Between East and West: Studies on Turkish Foreign Relations. Isis Press, 2001. p. 266.
  239. ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Embassy of Turkey in Cairo". kahire.be.mfa.gov.tr.
  240. ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Consulate General in Alexandria". iskenderiye.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
  241. ^ a b "Turkey-Egypt Economic and Trade Relations".
  242. ^ "Relations between Turkey and Egypt". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
  243. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay "Turkey: Commercial Guide". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  244. ^ DIŞİŞLERİ BAKANLIĞI 1967 YILLIĞI (PDF) (in Turkish). ANKARA BASIM VE CÎLTEVÎ. 1968. p. 870. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
  245. ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Embassy In Tripoli". trablus.be.mfa.gov.tr.
  246. ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Consulate General of the Republic of Turkey in Misrata". misurata.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
  247. ^ a b "Turkey-Libya Economic and Trade Relations".
  248. ^ a b c d "Relations between Turkey and Mauritania".
  249. ^ "Relations between Turkey and Morocco (MFA of Turkey)".
  250. ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Rabat Büyükelçiliği". rabat.be.mfa.gov.tr.
  251. ^ a b "Turkey-Morocco Economic and Trade Relations".
  252. ^ "Relations between Turkey and Tunisia".
  253. ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı T.C. Tunus Büyükelçiliği". tunus.be.mfa.gov.tr.
  254. ^ "Turkey-Tunisia Economic and Trade Relations".
  255. ^ Akgün, B. "Turkey's opening to Africa." The Journal of Modern African Studies, 48, pp. 525–546. 2010.
  256. ^ a b Özkan, M. "Turkey's 'New' engagements in Africa and Asia: Scope, content and implications." Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs, XVI(3), pp. 115–137. 2011.
  257. ^ "Afrika'ya Yatırım Atağı." Ekonomist, 26(152273), pp. 17–21. 2016.
  258. ^ Kavas, A. Osmanlı-Afrika İlişkileri. İstanbul: Tasam Yayınları. 2006.
  259. ^ Aydın, M. "Determinants of Turkish foreign policy: Changing patterns and conjectures during the Cold War." Middle Eastern Studies, 36(1), pp. 105–121. 2000.
  260. ^ Ataman, M. "Leadership change: Özal leadership and restructuring in Turkish foreign policy." Alternatives: Turkish Journal of International Relations, 1(1), pp. 132–151. 2002.
  261. ^ a b İpek, V. "Turkey's foreign policy implementation in Africa: A post international approach." New Perspectives on Turkey, 49(Fall), pp. 121–156. 2013.
  262. ^ Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA). Turkey's development cooperation. Retrieved 12 February 2016, from http://www.mfa.gov.tr/ turkiyenin-kalkinma-isbirligi.tr.mfa. 2016.
  263. ^ "Diplomatic relations between Angola and Turkey as of 9 July 1980 (United Nations Digital Library)". 9 July 1980.
  264. ^ a b c "Relations between Turkey and Angola".
  265. ^ "THY'den yeni hat duyurusu". 25 August 2021.
  266. ^ Translations on Sub-Saharan Africa Issues 1450-1459. United States. Joint Publications Research Service. 1974. p. 9. Retrieved 8 July 2023.
  267. ^ a b c "Relations between Turkey and Benin". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
  268. ^ "Diplomatic relations between Botswana and Turkey as of 20 Jan. 1981 (United Nations Digital Library)". 20 January 1981.
  269. ^ a b "Relations between Turkey and Botswana".
  270. ^ Summary of World Broadcasts: Non-Arab Africa, Issues 3343-3419. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service. 1970. p. 7.
  271. ^ a b c "Relations between Turkey and Burkina Faso". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
  272. ^ Almanac. İ. Çevik. 1981. p. 43.
  273. ^ a b c "Relations between Turkey and Burundi". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
  274. ^ Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts Issues 157-158. United States. Central Intelligence Agency. 1963. Retrieved 24 June 2023.
  275. ^ "Relations between Turkey and Cameroon".
  276. ^ Sub-Saharan Africa Report - Issues 2144-2147. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1979. p. 11.
  277. ^ a b "Relations between Turkey and Cape Verde". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
  278. ^ Daily Report:Western Europe February-April, 1980 Vol.2 No.2. NewsBank, inc. p. 9.
  279. ^ a b c "Relations between Turkey and the Central African Republic". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
  280. ^ "No: 26, 27 Janvier 2020, Communiqué De Presse Concernant Le 50ème Anniversaire De L'établissement Des Relations Diplomatiques Entre La République De Turquie Et La République Du Tchad (l'ambassade de Turquie à Paris)".
  281. ^ a b c d "Relations between Turkey and Chad".
  282. ^ The Pulse: Daily Review of the Turkish Press. Vedat Uras. 1979. p. 4.
  283. ^ a b c "Relations between Turkey and the Comoros".
  284. ^ a b c "Relations between Turkey and Congo".
  285. ^ a b c d "Relations between Turkey and Côte d'Ivoire".
  286. ^ a b c "Relations between Turkey and the Democratic Republic of Congo".
  287. ^ a b c "Relations between Turkey and Djibouti".
  288. ^ a b c "Relations between Turkey and Eritrea".
  289. ^ a b c d "Relations between Turkey and Equatorial Guinea".
  290. ^ Swaziland; Turkey (20 January 1981). "Diplomatic relations between Swaziland and Turkey as of 20 Jan. 1981 (United Nations Digital Library)". United Nations Digital Library System.
  291. ^ a b c "Relations between Turkey and Eswatini". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
  292. ^ "Disisleri Bakanligi yilligi 1964-1965. Page 289" (PDF).
  293. ^ a b c "Relations between Turkey and Ethiopia".
  294. ^ "DIŞİŞLERİ BAKANLIĞI 1967 YILLIĞI" (PDF). diad.mfa.gov.tr (in Turkish). p. 869. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
  295. ^ a b c "Relations between Turkey and Gabon".
  296. ^ a b c "Relations between Turkey and Ghana". {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  297. ^ a b c d "Relations between Turkey and Guinea". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
  298. ^ "Relations between Turkey and Guinea Bissau". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
  299. ^ a b c d "Relations between Turkey and Kenya".
  300. ^ a b c "Relations between Turkey and Lesotho". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
  301. ^ a b c "Relations between Turkey and Liberia". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
  302. ^ a b c "Relations between Turkey and Madagascar".
  303. ^ "DIŞİŞLERİ BAKANLIĞI 1967 YILLIĞI" (PDF). diad.mfa.gov.tr (in Turkish). p. 830. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
  304. ^ a b c "Relations between Turkey and Mali". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
  305. ^ a b c "Relations between Turkey and Malawi".
  306. ^ a b c d "Relations between Turkey and Mauritius". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
  307. ^ "Diplomatic relations between Mozambique and Turkey as of 20 Jan. 1981 (United Nations Digital Library)". 20 January 1981.
  308. ^ a b c "Relations between Turkey and Mozambique". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
  309. ^ a b "Relations between Turkey and Namibia".
  310. ^ a b c "Relations between Turkey and Niger".
  311. ^ "DIŞİŞLERİ BAKANLIĞI 1967 YILLIĞI" (PDF). diad.mfa.gov.tr (in Turkish). p. 866. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
  312. ^ a b c d "Relations between Turkey and Nigeria".
  313. ^ Daily Report Western Europe February-April, 1980 Vol.2 No.2. NewsBank, inc. p. 59.
  314. ^ a b c "Relations between Turkey and Rwanda". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
  315. ^ a b c "Relations between Turkey and São Tomé and Príncipe". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
  316. ^ "DIŞİŞLERİ BAKANLIĞI 1967 YILLIĞI" (PDF). diad.mfa.gov.tr (in Turkish). p. 855. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
  317. ^ a b c d "Relations between Turkey and Senegal".
  318. ^ "Diplomatic Relations Between Turkey and Seychelles as of 22 June 1995 (United Nations Digital Library)". 22 June 1995.
  319. ^ a b c "Relations between Turkey and Seychelles".
  320. ^ a b c d "Relations between Turkey and Sierra Leone".
  321. ^ a b c "Relations between Turkey and Somalia". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
  322. ^ "Turkey and South Africa: The Development of Relations,1860–2005 Page 3" (PDF).
  323. ^ a b c d e "Relations between Turkey and the Republic of South Africa".
  324. ^ a b c "Relations between Turkey and South Sudan".
  325. ^ "DIŞİŞLERİ BAKANLIĞI 1967 YILLIĞI" (PDF). diad.mfa.gov.tr (in Turkish). p. 856. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
  326. ^ a b c d "Relations between Turkey and Tanzania".
  327. ^ "DIŞİŞLERİ BAKANLIĞI 1967 YILLIĞI" (PDF). diad.mfa.gov.tr (in Turkish). p. 872. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
  328. ^ a b "Relations between Turkey and Togo". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
  329. ^ a b c "Turkey-Uganda Relations".
  330. ^ a b c d "Relations between Turkey and Zambia".
  331. ^ a b c "Relations between Turkey and Zimbabwe". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
  332. ^ a b "Relations between Turkey and Argentina".
  333. ^ a b "Relations between Turkey and Chile".
  334. ^ a b c "Relations between Turkey and Paraguay".
  335. ^ a b c "Relations between Turkey and Uruguay".
  336. ^ a b c "Relations between Turkey and Canada".
  337. ^ Embassy of Mexico in Ankara
  338. ^ Consulate of Mexico in Istanbul
  339. ^ Embassy of Turkey in Mexico City (in Spanish and Turkish)
  340. ^ a b "Relations between Turkey and Mexico".
  341. ^ "A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Turkey".
  342. ^ a b "Relations between Turkey and Antigua and Barbuda". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
  343. ^ a b "Relations between Turkey and the Commonwealth of Bahamas". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
  344. ^ a b "Relations between Turkey and Barbados".
  345. ^ a b "Relations between Turkey and the Republic of Cuba".
  346. ^ Kutlu, M. N. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu-Latin Amerika (Başlangıç Dönemi). Ankara: LAMER Yayınları. 2012
  347. ^ a b "Relations between Turkey and Dominica". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
  348. ^ "República Dominicana y Turquía establecieron Relaciones Diplomáticas el 28 de noviembre del año 1951". Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores R.Dominicana (in Spanish). Retrieved 17 October 2023.
  349. ^ a b "Relations between Turkey and Dominican Republic". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
  350. ^ a b "Relations between Turkey and Grenada". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
  351. ^ a b c "Relations between Turkey and Haiti". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
  352. ^ a b "Relations between Turkey and Jamaica".
  353. ^ a b "Relations between Turkey and St. Kitts and Nevis". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
  354. ^ a b "Relations between Turkey and St. Lucia".
  355. ^ "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Diplomatic and Consular List" (PDF). p. 110. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 June 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
  356. ^ a b "Relations Between Turkey and St. Vincent and Grenadines". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
  357. ^ a b "Relations between Turkey and Trinidad and Tobago".
  358. ^ "Suleyman Gokce is Turkey's new Ambassador to Belize". 12 July 2018. Archived from the original on 30 November 2021. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
  359. ^ a b "Relations between Turkey and Belize".
  360. ^ a b c "Relations between Turkey and Costa Rica".
  361. ^ "Relations between Turkey and El Salvador".
  362. ^ "Disisleri Bakanligi yilligi 1964-1965. Page 312" (PDF).
  363. ^ a b c "Relations between Turkey and Guatemala".
  364. ^ a b "Relations between Turkey and Honduras".
  365. ^ a b c "Relations between Turkey and Nicaragua".
  366. ^ a b c "Relations between Turkey and Panama".
  367. ^ a b "Relations between Turkey and Bolivia".
  368. ^ "Promulga o Tratado de amizade, entre o Brasil e a Turquia, assignado em Roma á 8 de setembro de 1927".
  369. ^ a b c d "Relations between Turkey and Brazil".
  370. ^ "Relations between Turkey and Colombia".
  371. ^ Oner, Imdat. "Turkey's Ambitious Overture to Latin America". www.institude.org. Retrieved 19 August 2024.
  372. ^ "DISCURSO DEL CANCILLER JOSÉ VALENCIA, CON OCASIÓN DE LA CONMEMORACIÓN DEL 95 ANIVERSARIO DE LA PROCLAMACIÓN DE LA REPÚBLICA DE TURQUÍA" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 February 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
  373. ^ "Embajador turco presenta cartas credenciales a Patiño". 9 February 2012.
  374. ^ "Relations between Turkey and Ecuador".
  375. ^ a b "Relations between Turkey and Guyana".
  376. ^ "Las relaciones diplomáticas con Turquía, establecidas en 1952 (Cancillería Perú)".
  377. ^ a b c "Relations between Turkey and Peru".
  378. ^ "Lijst van Diplomatieke Betrekkingen en Visum-afschffingsovereenkomsten" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 April 2019.
  379. ^ a b "Relations between Turkey and Suriname".
  380. ^ a b "Relations between Turkey and Venezuela".
  381. ^ Oner, Imdat. "Turkey and Venezuela: An Alliance of Convenience | Wilson Center". www.wilsoncenter.org. Retrieved 19 August 2024.
  382. ^ a b c d "Relations between Turkey and Azerbaijan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  383. ^ "Economic Relations between Turkey and Azerbaijan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  384. ^ a b "Relations between Turkey and Kazakhstan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  385. ^ "Economic Relations between Turkey and Kazakhstan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  386. ^ a b c "Relations between Turkey and Kyrgyzstan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  387. ^ "Economic Relations between Turkey and Kyrgyzstan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  388. ^ "Relations between Turkey and Kyrgyzstan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  389. ^ a b "Relations between Turkey and Turkmenistan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  390. ^ "Economic Relations between Turkey and Turkmenistan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  391. ^ "Relations between Turkey and Uzbekistan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  392. ^ "Economic Relations between Turkey and Uzbekistan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  393. ^ "No: 77, 28 February 2021, Press Release Regarding the 100th Anniversary of the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations Between the Republic of Turkey and the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Türkiye. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  394. ^ "Turkey-Afghanistan Economic and Trade Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  395. ^ a b c d e "Relations between Turkey and Australia". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  396. ^ "Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and Australia". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  397. ^ a b c "Relations between Turkey and Bangladesh". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  398. ^ "Turkey-Bangladesh Economic and Trade Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  399. ^ "Bhutan Establishes diplomatic relations with the Slovak Republic and the Republic of Turkey (MFA Bhutan)".
  400. ^ "Economic Development and Social Changes in Bhutan." pp. 82–99 in Urmila Phadnis, S.D. Muni, and Kalim Bahadur (eds.), Domestic Conflicts in South Asia. New Delhi: South Asian Publishers, 1986.
  401. ^ "Economic Relations between Turkey and Bhutan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
  402. ^ "Marking 37 years of diplomatic ties". 31 December 2021.
  403. ^ a b "Relations between Turkey and Brunei Darussalam". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  404. ^ "Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and Brunei". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  405. ^ "Relations between Turkey and Cambodia". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  406. ^ "Turkey-Cambodia Bilateral Economic and Commercial Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  407. ^ a b "Relations between Turkey and China". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  408. ^ "Türkiye Cumhuriyeti T.C.Guanco Başkonsolosluğu". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  409. ^ "Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Hong Kong Başkonsolosluğu". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  410. ^ "Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Şanhay Başkonsolosluğu". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  411. ^ a b c "Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and China". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  412. ^ a b c "Relations between Turkey and Cook Islands". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  413. ^ a b c "Relations between Turkey and East Timor". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  414. ^ a b c "Relations between Turkey and Republic of Fiji". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  415. ^ "Turkey-India Economic and Trade Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  416. ^ "Relations between Türkiye and Indonesia".
  417. ^ a b c "Relations between Turkey and Indonesia". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  418. ^ "Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and Indonesia". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  419. ^ "Relations between Turkey and Japan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  420. ^ "Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Tokyo Büyükelçiliği". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  421. ^ "Turkey opens consulate in Japan's Nagoya city". Hürriyet Daily News. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 22 November 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  422. ^ "Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and Japan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  423. ^ a b c "Relations between Turkey and Kiribati". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  424. ^ a b c "Relations between Turkey and Laos". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  425. ^ "Turkey-Laos Bilateral Economic and Commercial Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  426. ^ a b c d "Turkey-Maldives Political Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  427. ^ "Turkey-Maldives Economic and Trade Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  428. ^ "Relations between Turkey and Malaysia". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  429. ^ "Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and Malaysia". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  430. ^ a b c d "Relations between Turkey and Marshall Islands". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
  431. ^ Of), Micronesia (Federated States (6 August 2007). "Diplomatic Relations Between Turkey and Federated States of Micronesia as of 6 Aug. 2007 (United Nations Digital Library)".
  432. ^ a b "Relations between Turkey and Micronesia". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
  433. ^ "Relations between Turkey and Mongolia". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  434. ^ "Economic Relations between Turkey and Mongolia". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  435. ^ a b c "Relations between Turkey and Myanmar". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  436. ^ "Turkey-Myanmar Bilateral Economic and Commercial Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  437. ^ a b "Relations between Turkey and Nauru". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
  438. ^ "Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Turkey" (PDF). The New Zealand Gazette Thursday, 25 January 1979 No. 6. p. 155. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
  439. ^ a b c "Relations between Turkey and New Zealand". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  440. ^ "Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and New Zealand". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  441. ^ "Foreign Minister Davutoğlu "In the last six years, we have taken significant steps to strengthen our relations with Pacific Island States"". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey. Archived from the original on 15 June 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2014."Joint Declaration concerning the establishment of diplomatic relations between Turkey and Niue, ...were signed."
  442. ^ a b c d "Relations between Turkey and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  443. ^ "Turkey-Pakistan Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  444. ^ "Türkiye Cumhuriyeti İslamabad Büyükelçiliği". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  445. ^ "Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Karaçi Başkonsolosluğu". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  446. ^ "Türkiye dünyada en çok temsilciliği olan 6. ülke". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 26 December 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  447. ^ "Turkey-Pakistan Economic and Trade Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  448. ^ a b c "Relations between Turkey and Palau". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  449. ^ a b c d "Relations between Turkey and Papua New Guinea". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  450. ^ a b c d e "Relations between Turkey and the Philippines". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  451. ^ "Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and the Philippines". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  452. ^ a b c "Relations between Turkey and Samoa". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  453. ^ a b c d "Relations between Turkey and Singapore". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  454. ^ "Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and Singapore". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  455. ^ a b "Relations between Turkey and Solomon Islands". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  456. ^ a b c "Relations between Turkey and South Korea". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  457. ^ a b c "Turkey-Republic of South Korea Economic and Trade Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  458. ^ a b c "Turkey-Sri Lanka Political Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  459. ^ "Turkey-Sri Lanka Economic and Trade Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  460. ^ "Relations between Turkey and Tajikistan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  461. ^ "Economic Relations between Turkey and Tajikistan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  462. ^ a b c d e "Relations between Turkey and Thailand". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  463. ^ "Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and Thailand". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  464. ^ a b c "Relations between Turkey and Tonga". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  465. ^ a b c "Relations between Turkey and Tuvalu". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  466. ^ a b c d "Relations between Turkey and Vanuatu". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
  467. ^ a b c d "Relations between Turkey and Vietnam". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  468. ^ "Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and Vietnam". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  469. ^ "Bilateral Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Bahrain. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
  470. ^ "Turkey-Bahrain Economic and Trade Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  471. ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Lefkoşa Büyükelçiliği". lefkosa.be.mfa.gov.tr.
  472. ^ "Political Relations between Türkiye and Georgia". Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
  473. ^ a b c "Relations between Turkey and Georgia". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  474. ^ "Economic Relations between Turkey and Georgia". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  475. ^ a b "Relations between Turkey and Iran". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  476. ^ "Economic and Commercial Relations with Iran". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  477. ^ Dr. Mustafa BOSTANCI (2017). "IRAK'TA MONARŞİNİN SONU (1958 IRAK İHTİLALİ): III. İHTİLALE KADAR TÜRKİYE-IRAK İLİŞKİLERİ" (in Turkish). p. 251. Retrieved 13 September 2023.
  478. ^ "Relations between Turkey and Iraq". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  479. ^ "Economic and Commercial Relations with Israel". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  480. ^ "David Ben-Gurion". Jewishmag.com. 14 May 1948. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  481. ^ "Relations between Türkiye and Jordan". Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
  482. ^ a b c d "Relations between Turkey and Jordan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  483. ^ "Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and Jordan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  484. ^ Chronology of Arab Politics - Volume 2, Issues 1-3. Political Studies and Public Administration Department of the American University of Beirut. 1964. p. 42.
  485. ^ "Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and Kuwait". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  486. ^ a b "Turkey Accepts Syria, Lebanon". The New York Times. 9 March 1946. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
  487. ^ "Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and Lebanon". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  488. ^ ARR: Arab Report and Record. Economic Features, Limited, 1973. p. 278.
  489. ^ "Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and Oman". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  490. ^ a b c "Political Relations with the Palestinian National Authority". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  491. ^ "Economic and Commercial Relations with Palestine". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  492. ^ "Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and Qatar". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  493. ^ "Erdogan: Turkey-Qatar military base serves regional 'stability'". Al Jazeera. 25 November 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  494. ^ "Embassy of Saudi Arabia in Ankara". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  495. ^ "Embassy of Turkey in Riyadh". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 18 August 2010. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  496. ^ "Consulate–General of Turkey in Jeddah". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  497. ^ "Turkey-Saudi Arabia Economic and Trade Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  498. ^ "Bilateral Political Relations between Turkey and the UAE". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
  499. ^ "Turkey's Commercial and Economic Relations with United Arab Emirates". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  500. ^ a b c "Relations between Turkey and Yemen". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  501. ^ "Türkiye, Albania mark century of diplomatic relations". 15 December 2023. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
  502. ^ a b "Türkiye-Arnavutluk İlişkileri".
  503. ^ a b c "Relations between Turkey and Andorra".
  504. ^ "Relations between Turkey and Austria".
  505. ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Embassy in Tirana". tiran.be.mfa.gov.tr.
  506. ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Bregenz Başkonsolosluğu". bregenz.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
  507. ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Salzburg Başkonsolosluğu". salzburg.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
  508. ^ a b "Economic Relations between Turkey and Austria".
  509. ^ a b "Relations between Turkey and Belarus".
  510. ^ a b "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Minsk Büyükelçiliği". minsk.be.mfa.gov.tr.
  511. ^ Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Belarus
  512. ^ a b c d "Relations between Turkey and Belgium".
  513. ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Embassy In Brussels". bruksel.be.mfa.gov.tr.
  514. ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Consulate General In Antwerpen". anvers.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
  515. ^ "Time: Bulgaria". 23 January 2012.
  516. ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Sofya Büyükelçiliği". sofya.be.mfa.gov.tr.
  517. ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Burgaz Başkonsolosluğu". burgaz.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
  518. ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Filibe Başkonsolosluğu". filibe.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
  519. ^ "Relations between Turkey and Bulgaria".
  520. ^ "Foreign Relations of Bosnia and Herzegovina".
  521. ^ "Türkiye-Bosna-Hersek Siyasi İlişkileri".
  522. ^ "Date of Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relations".
  523. ^ "Relations between Turkey and Croatia".
  524. ^ a b c d "Relations between Turkey and the Czech Republic".
  525. ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Embassy in Prague". prag.be.mfa.gov.tr.
  526. ^ "Danish Business Delegation to Turkey" (PDF). Royal Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 June 2011. Retrieved 11 December 2010. Trade between our two countries can be dated centuries back. In 1756 Denmark and The Ottoman Empire signed a treaty on commerce and friendship, which paved the way for closer ties—both human and commercial—between our two people...
  527. ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Embassy In Copenhagen". kopenhag.be.mfa.gov.tr.
  528. ^ a b c "Relations between Turkey and Denmark".
  529. ^ a b c d "Relations between Turkey and Estonia".
  530. ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Embassy In Tallinn". tallin.be.mfa.gov.tr.
  531. ^ a b c d "Relations between Turkey and Finland".
  532. ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Embassy In Helsinki". helsinki.be.mfa.gov.tr.
  533. ^ "Relations between Turkey and France".
  534. ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Paris Büyükelçiliği". paris.be.mfa.gov.tr.
  535. ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Bordo Başkonsolosluğu". bordo.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
  536. ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Liyon Başkonsolosluğu". lyon.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
  537. ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Marsilya Başkonsolosluğu". marsilya.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
  538. ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı T.C. Nant Başkonsolosluğu". nant.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
  539. ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Strazburg Başkonsolosluğu". strazburg.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
  540. ^ a b c "Relations between Turkey and France".
  541. ^ a b "Relations between Turkey and Germany".
  542. ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Berlin Büyükelçiliği". berlin.be.mfa.gov.tr.
  543. ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Köln Başkonsolosluğu". koln.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
  544. ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Düsseldorf Başkonsolosluğu". dusseldorf.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
  545. ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Essen Başkonsolosluğu". essen.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
  546. ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Frankfurt Başkonsolosluğu". frankfurt.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
  547. ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Hamburg Başkonsolosluğu". hamburg.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
  548. ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Hannover Başkonsolosluğu". hannover.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
  549. ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı T.C. Karlsruhe Başkonsolosluğu". karlsruhe.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
  550. ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Mainz Başkonsolosluğu". mainz.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
  551. ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Münih Başkonsolosluğu". munih.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
  552. ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Münster Başkonsolosluğu". munster.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
  553. ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Nürnberg Başkonsolosluğu". nurnberg.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
  554. ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Stuttgart Başkonsolosluğu". stuttgart.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
  555. ^ a b "Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and the Federal Republic of Germany".
  556. ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Embassy In Athens". atina.be.mfa.gov.tr.
  557. ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Gümülcine Başkonsolosluğu". gumulcine.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
  558. ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Consulate General In Athens". atinapire.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
  559. ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Rodos Başkonsolosluğu". rodos.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
  560. ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Selanik Başkonsolosluğu". selanik.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
  561. ^ "Relations between Turkey and Greece".
  562. ^ "Turkish Minority of Western Thrace".
  563. ^ "Relations between Turkey and the Holy See".
  564. ^ Miklós Molnár (2001). A Concise History of Hungary. Cambridge University Press. p. 46. ISBN 978-0-521-66736-4.
  565. ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Embassy in Budapest". budapeste.be.mfa.gov.tr.
  566. ^ a b "Relations between Turkey and Hungary".
  567. ^ "İzlanda'nın Siyasi Görünümü".
  568. ^ a b c d "Relations between Turkey and Iceland".
  569. ^ "Dáil Éireann debate -Wednesday, 10 Feb 1960 Vol. 179 No. 1 Written Answers. - Irish Diplomatic Missions and Consular Offices". oireachtas.ie. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
  570. ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Embassy of the Republic of Turkey". dublin.be.mfa.gov.tr.
  571. ^ "Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and Ireland".
  572. ^ a b "Relations between Turkey and Ireland".
  573. ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Ambasciata della Repubblica di Turchia a Roma". roma.be.mfa.gov.tr.
  574. ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Milano Başkonsolosluğu". milano.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
  575. ^ "Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and Italy".
  576. ^ "Türkiye – Kosova İlişkileri".
  577. ^ "Relations between Turkey and Kosovo".
  578. ^ a b c "Relations between Turkey and Latvia".
  579. ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Embassy In Riga". riga.be.mfa.gov.tr.
  580. ^ "Relations between Turkey and Liechtenstein".
  581. ^ "Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and Liechtenstein".
  582. ^ a b c "Relations between Turkey and Lithuania".
  583. ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Embassy In Vilnius". vilnius.be.mfa.gov.tr.
  584. ^ "Relations between Turkey and Luxembourg (MFA of Turkey)".
  585. ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Lüksemburg Büyükelçiliği". luksemburg.be.mfa.gov.tr.
  586. ^ a b "Relations between Turkey and the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg".
  587. ^ "Congratulations to friendly Republic of Malta on the 57th Anniversary of the Independence Day".
  588. ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Embassy in Malta". valetta.be.mfa.gov.tr.
  589. ^ "Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and Malta".
  590. ^ a b "Relations between Turkey and Moldova".
  591. ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Kişinev Büyükelçiliği". kisinev.be.mfa.gov.tr.
  592. ^ "Turkey to Continue Supporting Gagauzia and Moldova". Anadolu Agency.
  593. ^ "Gagauzia's Head urges Russia, Turkey and Azerbaijan to be guarantors of its survival". Jamestown. Jamestown Foundation: Global Research and Analysis.
  594. ^ a b c "Relations between Turkey and the Principality of Monaco".
  595. ^ a b "Relations between Turkey and Montenegro".
  596. ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Embassy in Podgorica". podgorica.be.mfa.gov.tr.
  597. ^ "Relations between Turkey and the Netherlands". Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
  598. ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Embassy in The Hague". lahey.be.mfa.gov.tr.
  599. ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Consulate General in Amsterdam". amsterdam.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
  600. ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Consulate General of Deventer". deventer.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
  601. ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Consulate General In Rotterdam". rotterdam.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
  602. ^ a b c "Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and the Netherlands".
  603. ^ "Министерство за надворешни работи". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 30 September 2011.
  604. ^ a b "Kuzey Makedonya Cumhuriyeti'nin Ekonomisi".
  605. ^ a b c d "Relations between Turkey and Norway".
  606. ^ "Relations between Turkey and Poland".
  607. ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Embassy In Warsaw". varsova.be.mfa.gov.tr.
  608. ^ a b "Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and Poland".
  609. ^ "Relations between Turkey and Portugal".
  610. ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Lisboa". lizbon.be.mfa.gov.tr.
  611. ^ "Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and Portugal".
  612. ^ "Republic of Turkey: Bilateral Relations".
  613. ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Embassy In Bucharest". bukres.be.mfa.gov.tr.
  614. ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Köstence Başkonsolosluğu". kostence.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
  615. ^ a b "Relations between Turkey and Romania".
  616. ^ Edward J. Phillips (1995). The Founding of Russia's Navy: Peter the Great and the Azov Fleet, 1688–1714. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-313-29520-1.
  617. ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Moskova Büyükelçiliği". moskova.be.mfa.gov.tr.
  618. ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Kazan Başkonsolosluğu". kazan.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
  619. ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Novorossisk Başkonsolosluğu". novorossisk.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
  620. ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı St. Petersburg Başkonsolosluğu". stpetersburg.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
  621. ^ "Relations between Turkey and the Russian Federation".
  622. ^ "Turkey". mfa.gov.rs.
  623. ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Embassy In Belgrade". belgrad.be.mfa.gov.tr.
  624. ^ "Relations between Turkey and Serbia".
  625. ^ a b c "Relations between Turkey and Slovakia".
  626. ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Embassy In Bratislava". bratislava.be.mfa.gov.tr.
  627. ^ a b "Relations between Turkey and Slovenia".
  628. ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Embassy In Ljubljana". ljubljana.be.mfa.gov.tr.
  629. ^ "Relations between Turkey and Spain".
  630. ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Madrid Büyükelçiliği". madrid.be.mfa.gov.tr.
  631. ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Barselona Başkonsolosluğu". barselona.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
  632. ^ a b "Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and Spain".
  633. ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Embassy of the Republic of Turkey in Stockholm". stokholm.be.mfa.gov.tr.
  634. ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Embassy In Bern". bern.be.mfa.gov.tr.
  635. ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Cenevre Başkonsolosluğu". cenevre.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
  636. ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Zürih Başkonsolosluğu". zurih.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
  637. ^ a b "Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and Switzerland".
  638. ^ a b c "Relations between Turkey and Ukraine".
  639. ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Embassy In Kyiv". kiev.be.mfa.gov.tr.
  640. ^ "Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Odessa Başkonsolosluğu".
  641. ^ "Türkiye-Ukrayna Serbest Ticaret Anlaşması iş insanlarına yeni iş birliği kapıları açacak". Aa.com.tr. 13 November 2019. Retrieved 29 June 2022.
  642. ^ "Embassy". Republic of Türkiye | Turkish Embassy in London. Archived from the original on 16 February 2024. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
  643. ^ "British Embassy Ankara". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 14 May 2024. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
  644. ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Embassy In London". londra.be.mfa.gov.tr.
  645. ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Consulate General in Edinburgh". edinburg.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
  646. ^ Pitel, Laura; Payne, Sebastian (27 December 2020). "UK and Turkey to sign free trade deal this week". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
  647. ^ "Turkey - United Kingdom BIT (1991)". UN Trade and Development. Archived from the original on 18 August 2022. Retrieved 18 September 2024.
  648. ^ a b c "Relations between Turkey and the United Kingdom".
  649. ^ "Member States of the United Nations". United Nations. Archived from the original on 17 January 2016. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
  650. ^ "Organisation for European Economic Co-operation". Oecd.org. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
  651. ^ "The organization of Islamic Confernce". Archived from the original on 9 November 2006. Retrieved 30 October 2006.
  652. ^ "About – Participating States". OSCE. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
  653. ^ "EU trade relations with Türkiye". policy.trade.ec.europa.eu. 11 January 2024. Retrieved 16 February 2024.
  654. ^ "NATO Headquarters Allied Land Command Izmir Assumption of Command Ceremony". www.incirlik.af.mil. Retrieved 16 February 2024.
  655. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 15 January 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  656. ^ "Turkey's Relations with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) / Rep. of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs". www.mfa.gov.tr. Archived from the original on 9 March 2012.

Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from The World Factbook. CIA.

Further reading

European Union–Turkey relations

Greece–Turkey relations

Middle East–Turkey relations

Russia–Turkey relations and the Turkish Straits

Turkey–Turkic world relations

Turkey–United States relations

Foreign relations (1923–1945)

Foreign relations (1945–2002)

Foreign relations (2002–present)

External links