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Lista de plantas venenosas

Australia, 1907: Los ganaderos inspeccionan 700 cabezas de ganado que murieron durante la noche por culpa de plantas venenosas.

Las plantas que producen toxinas y/o causan irritación al contacto se denominan plantas venenosas . [1] Las toxinas de las plantas venenosas afectan a los herbívoros y les impiden consumirlas. Las plantas no pueden moverse para escapar de sus depredadores, por lo que deben tener otros medios para protegerse de los animales herbívoros. Algunas plantas tienen defensas físicas como espinas y púas , pero, con diferencia, el tipo de protección más común es la química. [2]

A lo largo de milenios, mediante el proceso de selección natural , las plantas han desarrollado los medios para producir una amplia y compleja gama de compuestos químicos para disuadir a los herbívoros. El tanino , por ejemplo, es un compuesto defensivo que surgió relativamente temprano en la historia evolutiva de las plantas, mientras que moléculas más complejas como los poliacetilenos se encuentran en grupos de plantas más jóvenes, como las Asterales . Muchos de los compuestos de defensa de las plantas conocidos defienden principalmente contra el consumo por parte de los insectos , aunque otros animales, incluidos los humanos, que consumen dichas plantas también pueden experimentar efectos negativos, que van desde una leve incomodidad hasta la muerte.

Muchos de estos compuestos venenosos también tienen importantes beneficios medicinales . [3] Las variedades de defensas fitoquímicas en las plantas son tan numerosas que muchas preguntas sobre ellas siguen sin respuesta, entre ellas:

  1. ¿Qué plantas tienen qué tipos de defensa?
  2. ¿Contra qué herbívoros, en concreto, se defienden las plantas?
  3. ¿Qué estructuras químicas y mecanismos de toxicidad están involucrados en los compuestos que proporcionan defensa?
  4. ¿Cuáles son los posibles usos médicos de estos compuestos?

Estas preguntas y otras constituyen un área activa de investigación en la botánica moderna , con importantes implicaciones para la comprensión de la evolución de las plantas y la ciencia médica.

A continuación se presenta una lista extensa, aunque incompleta, de plantas que contienen una o más partes venenosas que representan un riesgo grave de enfermedad, lesión o muerte para humanos o animales domésticos. Existe una superposición significativa entre las plantas consideradas venenosas y aquellas con propiedades psicotrópicas , algunas de las cuales son lo suficientemente tóxicas como para presentar riesgos graves para la salud en dosis recreativas. Existe una distinción entre las plantas que son venenosas porque producen naturalmente fitoquímicos peligrosos y aquellas que pueden volverse peligrosas por otras razones, que incluyen, entre otras, la infección por parásitos bacterianos, virales o fúngicos; la absorción de compuestos tóxicos a través del suelo o agua subterránea contaminados; y/o los procesos ordinarios de descomposición después de que la planta ha muerto; esta lista trata exclusivamente de plantas que producen fitoquímicos. Muchas plantas, como los cacahuetes , producen compuestos que solo son peligrosos para las personas que han desarrollado una reacción alérgica a ellos y, con algunas excepciones, esas plantas no se incluyen aquí (consulte la lista de alérgenos en su lugar). A pesar de la amplia variedad de plantas consideradas venenosas, las muertes humanas causadas por plantas venenosas, especialmente como resultado de la ingestión accidental, son raras en el mundo desarrollado. [4]

Plantas venenosas que son alimento

Muchas plantas que se utilizan habitualmente como alimentos poseen partes tóxicas, son tóxicas a menos que se procesen o son tóxicas en determinadas etapas de su vida. Algunas solo suponen una amenaza grave para determinados animales (como gatos, perros o ganado ) o para determinados tipos de personas (como bebés, ancianos o personas inmunodeprimidas). La mayoría de estas plantas alimenticias son seguras para el consumo de un adulto medio en cantidades moderadas. Algunos ejemplos notables son:

Otras plantas venenosas

Hay muchas otras plantas que no se utilizan habitualmente en la alimentación o la bebida y que también son venenosas, por lo que se debe tener cuidado de no entrar en contacto con ellas ni ingerirlas accidentalmente. Algunas de ellas son plantas ornamentales populares o se cultivan con otros fines que no sean el consumo.

See also

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Bibliography

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