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Pandemia de COVID-19 en California

La pandemia de COVID-19 en California comenzó antes que en otras partes de los Estados Unidos. Diez de las primeras 20 infecciones confirmadas por COVID-19 en los Estados Unidos se detectaron en California , y la primera infección se confirmó el 26 de enero de 2020. [6] [7] [8] Todos los primeros casos confirmados fueron personas que habían viajado recientemente a China, ya que las pruebas se restringieron a este grupo, pero hubo otras personas infectadas en ese momento. Se declaró el estado de emergencia en el estado el 4 de marzo de 2020. Se emitió una orden obligatoria de quedarse en casa en todo el estado el 19 de marzo de 2020; finalizó el 25 de enero de 2021. [9] El 6 de abril de 2021, el estado anunció planes para reabrir completamente la economía antes del 15 de junio de 2021. [10]

Hasta el 16 de junio de 2022, el Departamento de Salud Pública de California (CDPH) ha informado de 9.199.942 casos acumulados confirmados y 91.240 muertes en el estado. [3] Este fue el número más alto de casos confirmados en los Estados Unidos , pero debido a que el estado tiene la población más alta de todos los estados de EE. UU., también tuvo una de las clasificaciones más bajas (el 41.º más alto de 50 estados) en casos confirmados per cápita . Tiene el recuento más alto de muertes relacionadas con el virus, pero un recuento relativamente bajo (el 35.º más alto) de muertes per cápita. [11] [12] [13] Hasta el 15 de junio de 2021 , California había administrado 40.669.793 dosis de la vacuna COVID-19, la mayor cantidad de dosis a nivel nacional, y fue uno de los mejor clasificados (el 11.º de 50 estados) en términos de administración de dosis per cápita. [14]

Un esfuerzo bipartidista de políticos y propietarios de restaurantes, bares, gimnasios, spas y otras pequeñas empresas perjudicadas por las restricciones del confinamiento intentó destituir al gobernador Gavin Newsom en 2021 ; ganó las elecciones con un 66% de apoyo. [15] [16]

California es el origen de la variante Epsilon del SARS-CoV-2 , que, en marzo de 2021, representaba el 35% de todos los casos confirmados de COVID-19 en el estado en ese momento. [17] [18]

Cronología

Primera detección

Aunque los acontecimientos posteriores sugirieron que el COVID-19 había estado presente en California en diciembre de 2019, [19] [20] el virus no se detectó por primera vez hasta finales de enero de 2020: el 26 de enero de 2020, los Centros para el Control y la Prevención de Enfermedades (CDC) confirmaron el primer caso en California. La persona, que había regresado de un viaje a Wuhan, China, fue dada de alta del hospital del condado de Orange el 1 de febrero en buenas condiciones para el aislamiento en el hogar. [7] El 31 de enero, los CDC confirmaron el segundo caso del estado, un hombre en el condado de Santa Clara , que había viajado recientemente a Wuhan. [21] El hombre se recuperó en su casa y fue dado de alta del aislamiento en el hogar el 20 de febrero. [22]

El 29 de enero de 2020, mientras los protocolos de contención de la enfermedad aún se estaban desarrollando, el Departamento de Estado de los EE. UU. evacuó a 195 de sus empleados, sus familias y otros ciudadanos estadounidenses de la provincia de Hubei a bordo de un vuelo chárter a la Base de la Reserva Aérea March en el condado de Riverside . [23] En ese momento, existía la preocupación de que permitir que los estadounidenses regresaran del extranjero pudiera propagar la COVID-19 dentro de California y el resto de los EE. UU. [24] [25]

El 2 de febrero, los CDC confirmaron el tercer caso del estado en una mujer del condado de Santa Clara, California, que había viajado recientemente a Wuhan. [26] El mismo día, los CDC informaron los casos décimo y undécimo del país en el condado de San Benito , incluido el segundo caso conocido de transmisión de persona a persona . [27]

El 5 de febrero, Estados Unidos evacuó a 345 ciudadanos de la provincia de Hubei y los llevó a dos bases aéreas en California, la Base Aérea Travis en el condado de Solano y la Estación Aérea del Cuerpo de Marines de Miramar , San Diego , para ser puestos en cuarentena durante 14 días. [23] [28]

Primera muerte

El 6 de febrero de 2020, una mujer de San José, California , se convirtió en la primera muerte por COVID-19 en los EE. UU., aunque esto no se descubrió hasta abril de 2020. El caso indicó que la transmisión comunitaria había estado ocurriendo sin ser detectada en el estado y los EE. UU., muy probablemente desde diciembre de 2019. [19] [20] El 4 de marzo, se informó por separado que la primera muerte por coronavirus en el estado había ocurrido en el condado de Placer. [29]

El 15 de febrero, el gobierno evacuó a 338 ciudadanos estadounidenses varados a bordo del crucero Diamond Princess , que había estado en cuarentena en Yokohama, Japón . [30] Catorce de esas personas repatriadas estaban infectadas con el virus. [31] Cinco ciudadanos más con COVID-19 fueron evacuados del barco la semana siguiente y fueron puestos en cuarentena en la Base Aérea Travis; más tarde se confirmaron varios casos más entre los evacuados. [32]

El 26 de febrero de 2020, se anunció un caso confirmado de origen desconocido sobre un residente del condado de Solano. [33] [34] El Centro Médico UC Davis en Sacramento había pedido a los CDC que realizaran pruebas de SARS-CoV-2, a pesar de que la persona no cumplía con los criterios de los CDC para realizar pruebas en ese momento, que requerían una probable exposición a una persona infectada a través de un viaje o contacto cercano con alguien que se sabía que tenía COVID-19. Los CDC finalmente aceptaron hacer la prueba, que demostró que la persona tenía COVID-19. [35] Después de este primer caso confirmado de transmisión comunitaria en los EE. UU., [36] los CDC revisaron sus criterios para realizar pruebas a los pacientes para detectar SARS-CoV-2 y emitieron nuevas pautas para los trabajadores de la salud. [37]

Estado de emergencia

El 2 de marzo de 2020, en medio de las preocupaciones por la propagación del coronavirus en el estado, el gobernador Gavin Newsom declaró el estado de emergencia en California. [38] Newsom emitió una orden obligatoria de quedarse en casa en todo el estado el 19 de marzo de 2020; se terminaría 10 meses después, el 25 de enero de 2021. [9] Esta orden provocó el cierre de escuelas, restaurantes, lugares de reunión y muchos lugares de trabajo.

El 24 de marzo, un adolescente que dio positivo y murió en Lancaster , parte del condado de Los Ángeles, aparentemente se convirtió en la primera persona en los EE. UU. menor de 18 años en morir de COVID-19. [39] [40] Sin embargo, si bien tenía COVID-19 en el momento de su muerte, no está claro si COVID-19 causó su muerte. [41]

El 18 de junio de 2020, Newsom ordenó el uso obligatorio de mascarillas en todo el estado debido al creciente número de casos y muertes, y exigió a los ciudadanos que usaran mascarillas u otros elementos de protección en la mayoría de los espacios públicos, con algunas excepciones. Muchos gobiernos locales ya habían abandonado las medidas obligatorias de uso de mascarillas . [42] El 9 de julio, Newsom informó de un nuevo récord de muertes relacionadas con la COVID-19 en el estado. [43] Para el 22 de julio, California superó los 409.000 casos de COVID-19, superando a Nueva York en la mayor cantidad del país. [44]

El 19 de agosto de 2020, la Dra. Sonia Y. Angell renunció como directora del CDPH y funcionaria de salud pública estatal. El gobernador Gavin Newsom indicó que la renuncia de Angell estaba relacionada con problemas de datos con el sistema de intercambio de información sobre enfermedades de declaración obligatoria de California (CalREDIE) que resultó en casi 300 000 resultados de pruebas de COVID-19 atrasados . [45] El 10 de agosto de 2020, Sandra Shewry fue designada directora interina y la Dra. Erica Pan, epidemióloga estatal de California, fue nombrada funcionaria interina de salud pública estatal. [46]

Para el 3 de septiembre de 2020, los hispanos y latinoamericanos representaban hasta el 60 por ciento de los casos de COVID-19 en el estado, aparentemente debido a la gran población de este grupo demográfico y a que muchos de ellos son parte de la fuerza laboral esencial. [47] Los filipino-estadounidenses fueron los segundos más afectados, en parte debido a un alto porcentaje de trabajadores de la salud en la primera línea, y también por tener un porcentaje muy alto de trabajadores esenciales, muy parecido a los latinoamericanos en California. [48]

El 26 de octubre de 2020, San Francisco y Oakland eliminaron gradualmente el sistema de pruebas de COVID-19 de la empresa hermana de Google, Verily , luego de preocupaciones sobre la privacidad de los datos de los pacientes y quejas sobre su financiación, que a pesar de la intención de impulsar las pruebas en vecindarios negros y latinos de bajos ingresos estaba beneficiando a residentes de mayores ingresos en otras comunidades. [49]

El 30 de diciembre de 2020, se informó de un caso confirmado de una nueva variante más contagiosa del SARS-CoV-2 procedente del Reino Unido en el sur de California. [50] El 6 de enero de 2021, los CDC anunciaron que habían encontrado al menos 26 casos confirmados de la variante más contagiosa del SARS-CoV-2 en California. [51] Al 2 de marzo de 2021, se habían detectado 189 secuencias del linaje B.1.1.7 en California desde que se identificó por primera vez el linaje. [52]

Hasta el 2 de marzo de 2021, se habían detectado en California 1.608 secuencias del linaje B.1.427 y 3.903 secuencias del linaje B.1.429. [17] [18]

Escasez de equipos

California contaba con una reserva estratégica de suministros médicos para responder a las epidemias. En 2006, el entonces gobernador Arnold Schwarzenegger ordenó la creación de una reserva de equipo médico preparada para epidemias, que incluía tres hospitales móviles de 200 camas con 50 millones de respiradores N95 , 2.400 ventiladores y 21.000 camas adicionales para pacientes. [53] El gobernador Jerry Brown recortó el presupuesto para el almacenamiento y el mantenimiento de la reserva en 2011, en respuesta a la crisis económica de la Gran Recesión . [54] [55]

Equipos de protección individual para el personal sanitario

Enfermeras protestando por la falta de mascarillas N-95 en el Centro Médico de UCLA el 13 de abril de 2020

Ya en enero de 2020, una encuesta del Departamento de Salud Pública de California descubrió que muchos proveedores de atención médica de California tenían problemas para obtener equipos de protección personal (EPP) adecuados, como máscaras, batas y protección para los ojos. [56] A mediados de marzo de 2020, cuando Newsom emitió la primera orden de refugio en el lugar a nivel estatal , [57] 220 de los 292 hospitales de California encuestados ya informaron que tenían que limitar el uso de máscaras, a menudo de manera severa. [56] Incluso con las limitaciones establecidas, Newsom estimó que los centros de atención médica de California todavía usaban alrededor de 46 millones de máscaras cada mes durante la pandemia. [58]

A medida que la escasez de equipos de seguridad continuó durante los primeros meses de la pandemia, [59] muchos médicos, enfermeras y trabajadores de servicios médicos de emergencia expresaron temores y frustraciones por el hecho de que se les pidiera reutilizar el equipo de seguridad o usar máscaras caseras y menos efectivas y por la falta general de EPP adecuado, que no proporciona protección adecuada contra la exposición al COVID-19. [60] [61] [62] [63] [64] [65] Al 29 de julio de 2020 , las agencias locales informaron 127 muertes de un total de 23,513 casos positivos confirmados entre los trabajadores de la salud en California. [66]

La administración de Newsom realizó varios intentos para adquirir máscaras y otros equipos de protección para los trabajadores de la salud, entre ellos:

Al 22 de julio de 2020 , las reservas de California alcanzaron aproximadamente 86 millones de mascarillas N-95 y 111 millones de mascarillas quirúrgicas y de procedimiento. [58]

Hospitales y respiradores

El estado de California prestó 500 ventiladores a estados con gran necesidad en el este y el medio oeste durante la pandemia.

A principios de 2020, California tenía 416 hospitales, lo que arrojaba una capacidad estatal de aproximadamente 78.000 camas ocupadas por personal. [74] A mediados de marzo de 2020, cuando el estado se preparaba para un aumento de casos de COVID-19, Newsom presentó una solicitud insatisfecha de 10.000 respiradores del gobierno federal. [74] El gobierno estatal continuó adquiriendo respiradores, pero pudo aplanar la curva lo suficiente como para que el 6 de abril de 2020, California donara 500 respiradores a la Reserva Nacional Estratégica para su uso en otros estados. [75] Al 13 de julio de 2020 , los hospitales de todo el estado informan que el 36% de las camas de UCI todavía estaban disponibles, al igual que el 72% de los respiradores. Sin embargo, los condados más afectados estaban alcanzando rápidamente la capacidad y, según se informa, estaban pidiendo prestados respiradores de hospitales vecinos para satisfacer la demanda. [76]

Respuesta de la comunidad

Un cartel de apoyo comunitario al condado de Tuolumne en el escaparate de una tienda en Jamestown, California, el 30 de mayo de 2020

En marzo de 2020, se hicieron llamados a la colaboración colectiva en las redes sociales para donar mascarillas, gafas protectoras u otros equipos a profesionales de la salud, [77] incluso de los principales centros médicos. [78] Las oficinas de salud pública locales comenzaron a coordinar esfuerzos de donación. [79]

Maker Nexus, un espacio de creación sin fines de lucro en Sunnyvale, comenzó a fabricar protectores faciales para donarlos a hospitales locales y otros centros de atención médica, utilizando sus impresoras 3D y cortadoras láser . También trabajaron con cientos de personas en el Área de la Bahía con impresoras 3D en casa, quienes luego llevaron sus productos a Maker Nexus para el ensamblaje final y la entrega. [80] [81] [82] [83] [84] Junto con otros grupos e individuos, el espacio de creación también fabricó máscaras faciales de tela para sustituir las máscaras quirúrgicas en aplicaciones no críticas. [85]

Respuesta del gobierno

Estadísticas y datos

Gráficos de casos médicos por condado:

Promedio móvil de 7 días de nuevos casos diarios:
  Promedio móvil de 7 días

Muertes semanales por todas las causas en California: [90]

Impacto

Cancelaciones, cierres y aplazamientos

Un vuelo casi vacío de Pekín a Los Ángeles el 15 de marzo de 2020

Efectos sobre la educación

La educación en California se vio afectada por la pandemia de COVID-19. La mayoría de los estudiantes del estado cambiaron a la educación a distancia como resultado de la pandemia de COVID-19, aunque miles de ellos carecían de computadoras portátiles y Wi-Fi . [91] Para el 10 de abril de 2020, la única escuela que permanecía abierta en el estado era Outside Creek Elementary, una escuela de 21 estudiantes en el Valle de San Joaquín . [92] Para el 29 de abril, la escuela cerró indefinidamente, convirtiéndose en la última escuela del estado en hacerlo. [93]

Efectos en las prisiones

Durante los cierres iniciales, las cárceles del condado tomaron medidas para reducir el número de personas en prisión, con la esperanza de que esto redujera el riesgo de que las infecciones por COVID-19 se propagaran por las cárceles. [123] [124] Algunos reclusos desarrollaron COVID-19. [124] Otras medidas adoptadas incluyeron comidas en las celdas, la prohibición de visitas y la suspensión de los programas de actividades. [125]

En las prisiones estatales, las fábricas continuaron operando incluso después de que se produjeran brotes de COVID-19 en las prisiones. [126] Los programas de rehabilitación, los servicios religiosos y las clases educativas se suspendieron, pero las fábricas de las prisiones continuaron funcionando, donde los reclusos trabajaban durante horas sin usar mascarillas. [126]

Efectos sobre la religión

Varias organizaciones religiosas afirman que las órdenes de distanciamiento social emitidas por el Estado violan el derecho constitucional a la libertad de religión y de reunión. También se impugnaron las prohibiciones de todas las reuniones, sin importar el tamaño, fuera de los lugares de residencia establecidas por las autoridades locales. [127]

El 13 de marzo, la Diócesis Católica de San José en California cerró todas las escuelas diocesanas hasta al menos el 20 de abril. Suspendió las misas públicas y dispensó la obligación de asistir a misa desde el 14 de marzo hasta nuevo aviso. [128] El 18 de marzo, la Conferencia Católica de Obispos de California siguió su ejemplo, suspendiendo la celebración pública de la misa en todo el estado hasta nuevo aviso. [129] Muchas iglesias están realizando servicios en línea durante el tiempo de cierre. [ cita requerida ]

La Corte Suprema de los Estados Unidos se negó a otorgar una orden judicial de emergencia sobre las órdenes de mayo de Newsom que limitaban las iglesias al 25% de su capacidad o a un máximo de 100 personas antes de Pentecostés el 31 de mayo. [130]

En dos casos en curso, la Corte Suprema emitió dos órdenes el 5 de febrero de 2021 que prohibían al estado prohibir los servicios religiosos en las áreas de Nivel 1, aunque acordó que el estado puede limitar la capacidad al 25% de la iglesia y puede prohibir cantar y corear en las condiciones de la pandemia. Las órdenes determinaron que California puede tener motivos para restringir la capacidad, pero no puede restringir esa capacidad a cero, y que California ha demostrado un trato desigual a los grupos religiosos en comparación con otras industrias, en particular Hollywood. [131]

Efectos sobre el deporte

Los jugadores de los Sacramento Kings practican tiro al blanco después de que se pospusiera su partido del 11 de marzo contra Nueva Orleans

Las primeras cancelaciones deportivas en Estados Unidos atribuidas a la pandemia ocurrieron en California; de acuerdo con una emergencia sanitaria local en el condado de Riverside, los torneos de tenis BNP Paribas Open 2020 en Indian Wells se pospusieron el 8 de marzo de 2020. [132] [133] La edición de 2021 del torneo también se pospuso indefinidamente [134] y finalmente se llevó a cabo del 6 al 17 de octubre de 2021. [135]

After Santa Clara County banned all large gatherings larger than 1,000 people for a three-week period beginning March 11, the San Jose Sharks of the NHL and the Golden State Warriors of the NBA announced that all of their remaining home games of the regular season would be played behind closed doors with no spectators. With their game on March 12 against the Brooklyn Nets, the Warriors were to be the first professional sports team in the United States to play a home game behind closed doors due to the pandemic.[136][137][138] However, on March 11, after Utah Jazz players tested positive for COVID-19, the NBA suspended its regular season, and almost all other professional sports leagues and college athletics programs followed suit over the days that followed.[139]

On March 16, the CCCAA also canceled the remainder of the winter seasons as well as the spring seasons. They also restored a season of eligibility to those athletes who had already participated in the early season of spring sports.[140] The NAIA canceled their spring season on the same day.[141] Also on March 16, the Ojai Tennis Tournament, the oldest and largest amateur tennis tournament in the United States, canceled its 2020 event;[142] the 2021 edition was later nixed as well.[143]

At the high school level, the California Interscholastic Federation (CIF) canceled the basketball state championship tournament after the Northern California and Southern California semifinals. During the tournament, Sheldon, Archbishop Riordan, and the Menlo School withdrew from the tournament after their schools were shut down. The CIF gave their reevaluation of the situation on April 3 and cancelled all spring sports.[144][145]

In motorsports, the NASCAR Cup Series canceled the 2020 Toyota/Save Mart 350 in Sonoma, as Sonoma County would not allow sporting events and any other mass gathering to occur at that time.[146] The IndyCar Series was required to cancel the 2020 Grand Prix of Long Beach,[147] and the Monterey Grand Prix (which had initially been rescheduled as a twin race weekend to make up for other cancelled races).[148] In December 2020, it was announced that NASCAR's 2021 race weekend (including the Cup Series Auto Club 400) at Auto Club Speedway in Fontana would be canceled (with the race weekend moved to Daytona International Speedway's road course). Accordingly, a planned reconstruction of the track was also postponed to 2022 [149] It was also announced that the 2021 IndyCar Series schedule would be modified to move the Grand Prix of Long Beach from April to September as the season finale, with organizers stating that this would "afford us the best opportunity to provide our guests with a fun and exciting experience in a safe and unrestricted environment."[150]

The Pac-12 Conference (which includes several universities in California) delayed its college football season to November, and all games were closed to the public.[151] On December 19, 2020, it was announced that the 2021 Rose Bowl (a College Football Playoff semi-final game) would be re-located from Pasadena to AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas due to the current surge in local cases, and inability to invite the families of players as spectators. It was the first time since 1942 (due to wartime restrictions on public gatherings on the west coast following the Pearl Harbor attack) that the Rose Bowl was not held in Pasadena.[152][153]

Effects on the economy

As of April 8, 2020, over the preceding three weeks, California had processed over 2.4 million applications for unemployment assistance.[154] A survey conducted April 17 found that fewer than half of the residents of Los Angeles County were employed, although some of this unemployment was supposed to be temporary.[155]

In January 2020, California expected a $5.6 billion surplus in the state budget by the time the fiscal year ended on June 30.[156] In May, however, the Department of Finance changed its projection, saying that the state would instead have a deficit of $54.3 billion. Some of this shortfall was caused by expenses for COVID-19 response (an unanticipated $7.1 billion for health programs and an additional $6 billion for other types of responses), but most was caused by the expectation that tax revenue—personal income, corporate, and sales—will be one-quarter lower than originally projected.[157][158] However, in January 2021, California revised its earlier estimate and instead expected a $15 billion one-time budget surplus, largely due to increased tax revenues from wealthy residents who were doing better than expected.[159] In May 2021, Governor Newsom announced that the state's budget surplus had grown to $75.7 billion.[160]

Effects on migration and California's population

From 2020 to 2022 California’s population declined from 39,501,653 to 39,029,342, a net loss of roughly 500,000 people.[161] The majority of the population decline is due to Californians moving to other states.[162] High cost of living and housing prices create a significant challenge for Californians and are a major reason for people leaving.[162] Since the pandemic began, the rate of population loss in California due to migration within the United States had doubled.[163]

As for the impact of COVID-19 on California's population decline, in a survey conducted of people moving during the pandemic, a significant portion of people reported the pandemic factoring into their decision to relocate.[164] The highest number of people moving due in part to COVID-19 occurred in November 2020, with roughly 20% of movers reporting the pandemic to be a factor in their decision.[164]

The three main pandemic-related reasons for moving were to be closer to family, ability to work from home, and job loss.[164] The first two reasons are a result of the shift to online work; people were able to move closer to their families or move to more affordable, attractive cities as they were no longer tied to a certain city where they worked in person.[164] The last reason is a result of people moving to states where they could resume working as California's COVID-19 policy did not allow their job to continue.[164] Local restrictions and spread of the COVID-19 were not often cited reasons for moving in the survey.[164]

Vaccination

On November 13, 2021, California expanded booster dose availability to all adults, against the recommendations of federal officials.[167]

Challenges and overall progress

Following administration of the first vaccinations on December 14, 2020,[168] the rollout of COVID-19 vaccinations in California proceeded slowly. The effort was hampered by a variety of factors, including vaccine supply shortages, poor communication between federal and state authorities, and shortages in both the supply of vaccines as well as persons to administer them.[169] The problems were exacerbated by the state's large, decentralized structure, which resulted in a delegation of the response to 61 local health departments and resulted in a piecemeal effort with widespread regional disparities.[170] The rollout was initially slowed by restricting it to health care workers and nursing homes: Other groups were held back while the state worked to complete vaccination of the first groups.[169] Additional challenges included the state's large population, prioritization of the order in which groups were deemed eligible to receive the vaccine,[171] and appointment systems throughout the state that favored tech savvy persons with smart-phones.[172] Elderly populations in particular were disadvantaged by the vaccination rollout, experiencing long lines, lack of seating, lack of restroom facilities and in some cases requiring QR codes on cell phones or printed paper to prove eligibility.[173] Minority residents of the state were in addition found to be receiving a smaller share of the vaccines in the initial months than their fraction of the population.[174] In order to address these discrepancies, the governor announced in early March 2021 that the state would be setting aside 40% of its COVID-19 vaccine doses for the hardest-hit communities and establish a "vaccine equity metric".[175]

As of November 3, 2021, California has administered 54,681,532 COVID-19 vaccine doses at a daily rate of 158,924 doses. Overall, 74.8% of the population has received their first dose, 61.5% has been fully vaccinated, and 6.2% has received a booster dose. 85.3% of the state's supply has been used.[176][177][178] The state has administered the largest number of doses nationwide, and is 12th of 50 states in terms of per capita dose administration.[14][179] Mass vaccination sites in certain regions continued to experience severe shortages as of March 2021.[180]

Vaccination sites

In January 2021, when most of California was in phase 1A of vaccine distribution (medical personnel and nursing home residents only),[181] California had no central website about when and where vaccinations were happening, and it was among the worst at vaccine distribution efficiency in the U.S., with only 37 percent of its 4.4 million doses having been administered by January 20. Volunteers created Vaccinate CA, an information website to help people find appointments to .[182] This was eventually superseded by a website, called My Turn, created by the state.

As of February 12, 2021, a website had been established by the state for scheduling and/or being notified of eligibility for COVID-19 vaccines,[183][184] and vaccination providers expanded throughout the state to include retail pharmacies, federal mass vaccination sites, and local health clinics.[185] As of March 4, 2021, a state-government provided directory of vaccination sites had yet to be established, which has prompted the development of VaccinateCA, a crowdsourced volunteer website listing vaccination sites in the state in a dynamic manner as the number of sites and locations continuously vary.[186][187][188]

Digital vaccination cards

The California Digital COVID-19 Vaccine Record[189] has the same information as a CDC vaccine card: name, birthdate, vaccination dates and vaccine type. It will also include a QR code that can be scanned by a SMART Health Card app for proof of vaccination as an official record of the state of California.[190] The SMART Health Card Verifier app is a free download for iOS[191] and Android[192] to scan and verify a vaccination record.[193][190]

"The Digital COVID-19 Vaccine Record is easy to use: a person enters their name, date of birth, and an email or mobile phone number associated with their vaccine record. After creating a 4-digit PIN, the user receives a link to their vaccine record that will open upon re-entry of the PIN. The record shows the same information as the paper CDC vaccine card: name, date of birth, date of vaccinations, and vaccine manufacturer. It also includes a QR code that makes these same details readable by a QR scanner."[194]

This uses the open-source[195] SMART Health Card framework.[196] Mitre Corporation co-leads the Vaccination Credential Initiative coalition. Brian Anderson is the Chief Digital Physician at Mitre Corporation and a co-founder of Vaccination Credential Initiative.[194] It is related to the CommonPass, an international standard designed by the World Economic Forum and The Commons Project.[197][198]

Endemic management

On February 17, 2022, Governor Gavin Newsom announced a formal shift toward endemic management of COVID-19 in California, saying "we are moving past the crisis phase into a phase where we will work to live with this virus".[199]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e Population as of July 2019.
  2. ^ Percentages may not add up to 100% due to rounding.

References

  1. ^ "California Becomes First State With 2 Million COVID-19 Cases". KQED. December 24, 2020.
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External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to COVID-19 pandemic in California.