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Gobierno en el exilio

Un gobierno en el exilio (GiE) es un grupo político que afirma ser el gobierno legítimo de un estado soberano o semisoberano , pero no puede ejercer el poder legal y, en cambio, reside en un país extranjero. [1] Los gobiernos en el exilio generalmente planean regresar algún día a su país de origen y recuperar el poder formal. Un gobierno en el exilio se diferencia de un Estado restante en el sentido de que este último controla al menos parte de su antiguo territorio. [2] Por ejemplo, durante la Primera Guerra Mundial , casi toda Bélgica fue ocupada por Alemania , pero Bélgica y sus aliados conservaron una pequeña porción en el oeste del país . [3] Un gobierno en el exilio, por el contrario, ha perdido todo su territorio. Sin embargo, en la práctica la diferencia podría ser menor; En el ejemplo anterior, el gobierno belga de Sainte-Adresse estaba ubicado en territorio francés y actuaba como un gobierno en el exilio para la mayoría de los fines prácticos. [ cita necesaria ]

Los gobiernos en el exilio tienden a ocurrir durante la ocupación en tiempos de guerra o después de una guerra civil , revolución o golpe militar . Por ejemplo, durante la expansión alemana y el avance en la Segunda Guerra Mundial , algunos gobiernos europeos buscaron refugio en el Reino Unido , en lugar de enfrentar la destrucción a manos de la Alemania nazi . Por otro lado, el Gobierno Provisional de la India Libre proclamado por Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose buscó utilizar el apoyo de los invasores japoneses para hacerse con el control del país de manos de lo que consideraba ocupantes británicos , y en el último año de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, después de la Alemania nazi. fue expulsado de Francia, mantuvo los restos del gobierno de Vichy , que simpatizaba con los nazis, como gobierno francés en el exilio en el enclave de Sigmaringen .

Un gobierno en el exilio también puede formarse a partir de una creencia generalizada en la ilegitimidad de un gobierno gobernante. Debido al estallido de la Guerra Civil Siria en 2011, por ejemplo, la Coalición Nacional de Fuerzas Revolucionarias y de Oposición Sirias fue formada por grupos cuyos miembros buscaban poner fin al gobierno del gobernante Partido Baaz .

Los gobiernos en el exilio pueden tener poco o ningún reconocimiento por parte de otros estados . La eficacia de un gobierno en el exilio depende principalmente de la cantidad de apoyo que recibe, ya sea de gobiernos extranjeros o de la población de su propio país. Algunos gobiernos exiliados llegan a convertirse en una fuerza formidable, planteando un serio desafío al régimen actual del país, mientras que otros se mantienen principalmente como un gesto simbólico.

El fenómeno de un gobierno en el exilio es anterior a la utilización formal del término. En períodos de gobierno monárquico , los monarcas o dinastías exiliados a veces establecían cortes en el exilio, como lo hizo la Casa de Estuardo cuando fue expulsada de su trono por Oliver Cromwell y nuevamente en la Revolución Gloriosa [4] (ver James Francis Edward Stuart § Court-in- exilio ). La Casa de Borbón sería otro ejemplo porque continuó siendo reconocida por otros países en ese momento como el gobierno legítimo de Francia después de que fue derrocada por el pueblo durante la Revolución Francesa . Esto continuó durante el gobierno de Napoleón Bonaparte y las guerras napoleónicas de 1803-04 a 1815. Con la expansión de la monarquía constitucional , los gobiernos monárquicos que fueron exiliados comenzaron a incluir un primer ministro , como el gobierno holandés encabezado durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial. por Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy .

La capital de un gobierno en el exilio se conoce como capital en el exilio y se encuentra fuera del territorio proclamado por el gobierno. Esto difiere de una capital temporal , que se encuentra en algún lugar dentro del territorio controlado por el gobierno.

Gobiernos actuales en el exilio

Los gobiernos actuales son considerados por algunos como un "gobierno en el exilio"

Estos gobiernos alguna vez controlaron todo o la mayor parte del territorio que reclamaban, pero continúan controlando una parte más pequeña del mismo y al mismo tiempo continúan reclamando la autoridad legítima de todo el territorio que alguna vez controlaron por completo.

Gobiernos depuestos de los estados actuales

Estos gobiernos en el exilio fueron fundados por gobiernos depuestos o gobernantes que continúan reclamando la autoridad legítima del estado que alguna vez controlaron.

Gobiernos depuestos de territorios subnacionales

Estos gobiernos en el exilio reclaman la legitimidad de territorios autónomos de otro estado y han sido fundados por gobiernos o gobernantes depuestos, que no reclaman independencia como estado separado.

Gobiernos alternativos de los estados actuales

Estos gobiernos han sido fundados en el exilio por organizaciones políticas y partidos de oposición , aspiran a convertirse en autoridades gobernantes reales o afirman ser sucesores legales de gobiernos previamente depuestos, y han sido fundados como alternativas a los gobiernos en ejercicio.

Gobiernos separatistas alternativos de los actuales territorios subnacionales

Estos gobiernos han sido fundados en el exilio por organizaciones políticas, partidos de oposición y movimientos separatistas, y desean convertirse en las autoridades gobernantes de sus territorios como estados independientes, o afirman ser los sucesores de gobiernos previamente depuestos, y han sido fundados como alternativas a gobiernos de turno.

Gobiernos exiliados de territorios no autónomos u ocupados

Estos gobiernos en el exilio son gobiernos de territorios no autónomos u ocupados. Reivindican una autoridad legítima sobre un territorio que alguna vez controlaron, o reclaman la legitimidad de una autoridad posterior a la descolonización . La afirmación puede deberse a la elección de un grupo exiliado como gobierno legítimo.

Las Naciones Unidas reconocen el derecho de autodeterminación de la población de estos territorios, incluida la posibilidad de establecer estados soberanos independientes.

Desde la Declaración de Independencia Palestina en 1988 en el exilio en Argel por la Organización de Liberación de Palestina , ha funcionado efectivamente como el gobierno en el exilio del Estado palestino . Sin embargo, en 1994, la OLP estableció la administración territorial provisional de la Autoridad Nacional Palestina como resultado de los Acuerdos de Oslo firmados por la OLP, Israel, Estados Unidos y Rusia . Entre 1994 y 2013, la ANP funcionó como una autonomía, por lo que mientras el gobierno estuvo sentado en Cisjordania no fue soberano. En 2013, Palestina fue ascendida a la categoría de Estado no miembro de la ONU. Todo lo anterior generó una situación ambigua, en la que hay dos entidades distintas: la Autoridad Palestina, que ejerce un control muy limitado sobre el terreno, y el Estado de Palestina, reconocido por las Naciones Unidas y por numerosos países como soberano y Estado independiente, pero incapaz de ejercer dicha soberanía sobre el terreno. Ambos están encabezados por la misma persona (a partir de 2022 , el presidente Mahmoud Abbas ), pero son jurídicamente distintos.

Gobiernos pasados ​​en el exilio

World War II

Many countries established a government in exile after loss of sovereignty in connection with World War II.

Governments in London

A large number of European governments-in-exile were set up in London.

Other exiled leaders in Britain in this time included King Zog of Albania and Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia.

Occupied Denmark did not establish a government in exile, although there was an Association of Free Danes established in London.[73] The government remained in Denmark and functioned with relative independence until August 1943 when it was dissolved, placing Denmark under full German occupation. Meanwhile, Iceland, Greenland and the Faroe Islands were occupied by the Allies and effectively separated from the Danish crown. (See British occupation of the Faroe Islands, Iceland during World War II, and History of Greenland during World War II.)

Governments-in-exile in Asia

The Philippine Commonwealth (invaded 9 December 1941) established a government in exile, initially located in Australia and later in the United States. Earlier, in 1897, the Hong Kong Junta was established as a government in exile by the Philippine revolutionary Republic of Biak-na-Bato.

While formed long before World War II, the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea continued in exile in China until the end of the war.

At the fall of Java, and the surrender by the Dutch on behalf of Allied forces on 8 March 1942, many Dutch-Indies officials (including Dr van Mook and Dr Charles van der Plas) managed to flee to Australia in March 1942, and on 23 December 1943, the Royal Government (Dutch) decreed an official Netherlands East Indies government-in-exile, with Dr van Mook as Acting Governor General, on Australian soil until Dutch rule was restored in the Indies.[74]

Axis-aligned governments in exile

In the later stages of World War II, with the German Army increasingly pushed back and expelled from various countries, Axis-aligned groups from some countries set up "governments-in-exile" under the auspices of the Axis powers, in the remaining Axis territory - even though internationally recognized governments were in place in their home countries. The main purpose of these was to recruit and organize military units composed of their nationals in the host country.

Persian Gulf War

Following the Ba'athist Iraqi invasion and occupation of Kuwait, during the Persian Gulf War, on 2 August 1990, Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah and senior members of his government fled to Saudi Arabia, where they set up a government-in-exile in Ta'if.[84] The Kuwaiti government in exile was far more affluent than most other such governments, having full disposal of the very considerable Kuwaiti assets in western banks—of which it made use to conduct a massive propaganda campaign denouncing the Ba'athist Iraqi occupation and mobilizing public opinion in the Western world in favor of war with Ba'athist Iraq. In March 1991, following the defeat of Ba'athist Iraq at the hands of coalition forces in the Persian Gulf War, the Sheikh and his government were able to return to Kuwait.

Municipal councils in exile

Following the Turkish Invasion of Cyprus in 1974 and the displacement of many Greek Cypriots from North Cyprus, displaced inhabitants of several towns set up what are in effect municipal councils in exile, headed by mayors in exile. The idea is the same as with a national government in exile – to assert a continuation of legitimate rule, even though having no control of the ground, and working towards restoration of such control. Meetings of the exiled Municipal Council of Lapithos took place in the homes of its members until the Exile Municipality was offered temporary offices at 37 Ammochostou Street, Nicosia. The current Exile Mayor of the town is Athos Eleftheriou. The same premises are shared with the Exile Municipal Council of Kythrea.

Also in the Famagusta District of Cyprus, the administration of the part retained by the Republic of Cyprus considers itself as a "District administration in exile", since the district's capital Famagusta had been under Turkish control since 1974.

Fictional governments in exile

Works of alternate history as well as science fictional depictions of the future sometimes include fictional governments in exile.

See also

Lists

References

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Further reading