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Market distortion

In neoclassical economics, a market distortion is any event in which a market reaches a market clearing price for an item that is substantially different from the price that a market would achieve while operating under conditions of perfect competition and state enforcement of legal contracts and the ownership of private property. A distortion is "any departure from the ideal of perfect competition that therefore interferes with economic agents maximizing social welfare when they maximize their own".[1] A proportional wage-income tax, for instance, is distortionary, whereas a lump-sum tax is not. In a competitive equilibrium, a proportional wage income tax discourages work.[2]

In perfect competition with no externalities, there is zero distortion at market equilibrium of supply and demand where price equals marginal cost for each firm and product. More generally, a measure of distortion is the deviation between the market price of a good and its marginal social cost, that is, the difference between the marginal rate of substitution in consumption and the marginal rate of transformation in production. Such a deviation may result from government regulation, monopoly tariffs and import quotas, which in theory may give rise to rent seeking. Other sources of distortions are uncorrected externalities,[3] different tax rates on goods or income,[4] inflation,[5] and incomplete information. Each of these may lead to a net loss in social surplus.[6] Market distortions are events, decisions, or interventions taken by governments, companies, or other agents, often in order to influence the market. They are often the response on market failures, i.e., circumstances that prevent perfect competition and achieving an optimal equilibrium in the market.

In the context of markets, "perfect competition" means:

Muchos tipos diferentes de acontecimientos, acciones, políticas o creencias pueden provocar una distorsión del mercado. Por ejemplo:

Ver también

Referencias

  1. ^ Alan Deardorff . "Distorsión", Glosario de economía internacional de Deardorff.
  2. ^ Stephen D. Williamson (2010). "Fuentes de ineficiencias sociales", Macroeconomía , 3.ª edición.
  3. ^ Agnar Sandmo (2008). "Impuestos pigouvianos". Diccionario de economía New Palgrave , segunda edición. Abstracto.
  4. ^ •Louis Kaplow (2008). "impuestos óptimos", Diccionario de economía New Palgrave , segunda edición. Abstracto.
       • Luis Kaplow (2008). "impuestos sobre la renta y políticas óptimas", Diccionario de economía New Palgrave , segunda edición. Abstracto.
       • Alan J. Auerbach (2008). "impuestos sobre las ganancias corporativas", Diccionario de economía New Palgrave , segunda edición. Abstracto.
  5. ^ S. Rao Aiyagari, R. Anton Braun, Zvi Eckstein (1998). "Transaction Services, Inflation, and Welfare", Journal of Political Economy , 106(6), págs. 1274-1301 Archivado el 21 de mayo de 2005 en Wayback Machine (prensa + ).
  6. ^ TN Srinivasan (1987). "distorsiones", The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics , v. 1, págs. 865-67.
       • Joel Slemrod (1990). "Tributación óptima y sistemas tributarios óptimos", Journal of Economic Perspectives , 4(1), págs. 157-178.