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Opabinia, artrópodo basal bien conservado de Burgess Shale Lagerstätte ( Cámbrico medio )

Un depósito de fósiles ( en alemán: [ˈlaːɡɐˌʃtɛtə] , de Lager 'depósito, guarida', Stätte 'lugar'; plural Lagerstätten ) es un depósito sedimentario que exhibe fósiles extraordinarios con una conservación excepcional, que a veces incluye tejidos blandos preservados. Estas formaciones pueden haber sido el resultado del entierro de cadáveres en un entorno anóxico con un mínimo de bacterias, retrasando así la descomposición de las características biológicas tanto macroscópicas como finas hasta mucho después de que se creara una impresión duradera en la matriz circundante. Los depósitos de fósiles abarcan el tiempo geológico desde la era Neoproterozoica hasta el presente .

A nivel mundial, algunos de los mejores ejemplos de fosilización casi perfecta son las lutitas Maotianshan y Burgess Shale del Cámbrico , la lutita Soom del Ordovícico , la biota Waukesha del Silúrico , las lutitas Hunsrück y la formación Gogo del Devónico , el arroyo Mazon del Carbonífero , la formación Madygen del Triásico , la lutita Posidonia y la caliza Solnhofen del Jurásico , las formaciones Yixian , Santana y Agua Nueva del Cretácico y el yacimiento fósil de Tanis , la formación Fur del Eoceno , la formación Green River , la formación Messel y Monte Bolca , los yacimientos fósiles Foulden Maar y Ashfall del Mioceno , el yacimiento fósil Gray del Plioceno y las cuevas Naracoorte y los pozos de alquitrán de La Brea del Pleistoceno .

Tipos

Los paleontólogos distinguen dos tipos: [1] [2]

  1. Los Lagerstätten de Konzentrat ( Lagerstätten de concentración ) son depósitos con una "concentración" particular de partes duras orgánicas desarticuladas, como un lecho de huesos. Estos Lagerstätten son menos espectaculares que los más famosos Konservat-Lagerstätten . Sus contenidos muestran invariablemente un alto grado de promediación temporal, ya que la acumulación de huesos en ausencia de otros sedimentos lleva algún tiempo. Los depósitos con una alta concentración de fósiles que representan una comunidad in situ , como arrecifes o bancos de ostras , no se consideran Lagerstätten .
  2. Los yacimientos de conservación sonconocidos por la excepcional conservación de organismos fosilizados o rastros de ellos. La tafonomía individual de los fósiles varía según el yacimiento. Los yacimientos de conservación son cruciales para esclarecer momentos importantes de la historia y la evolución de la vida. Por ejemplo, el esquisto de Burgess en la Columbia Británica está asociado con la explosión del Cámbrico , y la caliza de Solnhofen con el ave más antigua conocida, el Archaeopteryx .
Espécimen de Archaeopteryx de Solnhofen Lagerstätte ( Jurásico superior )
Ejemplar fósil de Echinochimaera de la caliza Bear Gulch ( Carbonífero medio )

Preservación

Los conservatorios de Lagerstätten conservan organismos ligeramente esclerotizados y de cuerpo blando o rastros de organismos que no se conservan de otro modo en el registro fósil óseo y concha habitual; por lo tanto, ofrecen registros más completos de la biodiversidad y el comportamiento antiguos y permiten cierta reconstrucción de la paleoecología de las comunidades acuáticas antiguas. En 1986, Simon Conway Morris calculó que solo alrededor del 14% de los géneros en Burgess Shale habían poseído tejidos biomineralizados en vida. Las afinidades de los elementos conchales de los conodontos eran misteriosas hasta que se descubrieron los tejidos blandos asociados cerca de Edimburgo, Escocia, en Granton Lower Oil Shale del Carbonífero . [3] La información de la gama más amplia de organismos encontrados en Lagerstätten ha contribuido a reconstrucciones filogenéticas recientes de algunos grupos importantes de metazoos . Los Lagerstätten parecen estar autocorrelacionados temporalmente, tal vez porque los factores ambientales globales como el clima podrían afectar su deposición. [4]

Varias vías tafonómicas pueden producir Konservat-Lagerstätten : [5]

La identificación de un yacimiento de fósiles como Konservat-Lagerstätte puede basarse en una serie de factores diferentes que constituyen una "preservación excepcional". Estos pueden incluir la integridad de los especímenes, la preservación de los tejidos blandos, los detalles a escala fina, la riqueza taxonómica , las rutas tafonómicas distintivas (a menudo múltiples en el mismo yacimiento), la extensión de la capa fósil en el tiempo y el espacio y facies sedimentarias particulares que fomenten la preservación. [5]

Lagerstätten notables

Los principales Lagerstätten del mundo incluyen:

precámbrico

cambriano

Ordovícico

siluriano

devoniano

Carbonífero

Pérmico


Triásico

jurásico


Cretáceo


Paleogene

Neogene

Quaternary

See also

References

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