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Bombing of Bremen in World War II

The Bombing of Bremen in World War II by the British Royal Air Force (RAF) and US Eighth Air Force involved both indiscriminate "area bombing" and, as capacity improved, more targeted raids upon the city's military-industrial facilities. These included the shipyards of Vulkan, AG Weser and Atlas Werke, the Valentin submarine pens, oil refineries and the aircraft works of Focke-Wulf.

Early RAF raids on Bremen beginning in May 1940 had sought out these industrial and military targets but the efforts proved costly and, given limited navigation and target-location capabilities, impractical.[1]

From September 1941 the RAF switched to night-time "area bombing". In the spring of 1942 new directives from Bomber Command under Air Marshal Arthur Harris formalised the change of strategy. Purporting to draw lessons from the German Blitz on Britain, Bomber Command concluded that rather than being "collateral damage", the destruction of residential districts and the killing of civilians served the legitimate purpose of weakening enemy morale.[2][3]

To demonstrate the effectiveness of area bombing, Bomber Command sought to overwhelm city defences with "1,000 bomber" raids.[1] The first of these mounted against Bremen was on 25 June 1942. Six hundred houses were destroyed but civil defence measures kept civilian casualties to 88. Flak and Luftwaffe fighters were able to shoot down 49 RAF bombers. Subsequent attacks were carried out by fewer but improved aircraft, and as Bremen's air-defence depleted (fighter aircraft were redeployed to the eastern front), these caused significantly more damage.[4]

At the beginning of 1943, the daytime targeting of industrial and military facilities returned with the arrival over Bremen of the 8th US Air Force. In the first year, the "Mighty Eighth" suffered considerable losses.[5] The German authorities began to evacuate industrial facilities from the city as a precaution.

On 8 October 1943, the British began a new wave of heavy night attacks. The heaviest air raid of the entire war hit the city on the night of August 18–19, 1944. In just 34 minutes 274 aircraft dropped 1,120 tons of bombs over the densely built-up west of the city killing 1,059 people, destroying 8,248 residential buildings, and leaving 50,000 homeless.[6][4]

The last Allied air raid hit Bremen on April 22, 1945. Advancing behind a ground barrage, the British 3rd Infantry Division under General Lashmer Whistler entered the city in late April 1945.[7][8]

In just over five years, the Allies carried out a total of 173 air raids on Bremen, dropping 5,513 tons of explosive devices, and killing more than 4,000 residents. In addition to the city center, almost 65,000 houses and apartments were destroyed, corresponding to around 62 percent of the city's residential accommodation. The west of Bremen with the districts of Walle and Gröpelingen was particularly hard hit.[9][10]

The primary military formation tasked with the defense of Bremen's air space was the 8th Flak Division.[11]

Targets

In June 1942, Bremen was the target for the RAF's third "thousand bomber raid".[13]

Timeline

References

  1. ^ a b "BBC - WW2 People's War - Timeline". BBC. Retrieved 2021-12-04.
  2. ^ Archives, The National. "The National Archives | World War II | Western Europe 1939-1945: Hamburg | Why did the RAF bomb cities?". www.nationalarchives.gov.uk. Retrieved 2021-12-05.
  3. ^ Overy, Richard (2013), The Bombing War, Europe 1939-45 (Kindle, 2014 ed.), London: Penguin Books Ltd., ISBN 978-0-14-192782-4, pp. 255, 259
  4. ^ a b "Luftschutz in Bremen". www.relikte.com. Retrieved 2021-12-09.
  5. ^ a b Coffey, Thomas M. (1977). "Decision over Schweinfurt: The U.S. 8th Air Force Battle for Daylight Bombing" (Document). New York: David McKay Company. pp. 186, 280.
  6. ^ Stürken, Carlotta (2021-08-18). "So sah Bremen nach der Bombennacht im Sommer 1944 aus - WESER-KURIER". weser-kurier-de (in German). Retrieved 2021-12-09.
  7. ^ Sir John Smythe Bolo Whistler: The Life of General Sir Lashmer Whistler Frederick Muller Ltd 1967
  8. ^ Hartmut Müller, Günther Rohdenburg (1995): Kriegsende in Bremen. Edition Temmen, ISBN 3-86108-265-9.
  9. ^ Christoph Ulrich Schminck-Gustavus (1996). Bremen kaputt. Edition Temmen, ISBN 3-86108-256-X.
  10. ^ "Historic.de - Militärgeschichte - Bremen und Umland 1933-1945". www.historic.de. Retrieved 2021-12-09.
  11. ^ Tessin, Georg (1967). Die Landstreitkräfte 006–014. Verbände und Truppen der deutschen Wehrmacht und Waffen-SS im Zweiten Weltkrieg 1939–1945 (in German). Vol. 3. Frankfurt/Main: Verlag E. S. Mittler & Sohn GmbH. p. 116.
  12. ^ "The How and Why Air Attacks Crippled the German Oil-Chemical Industry". Archived from the original on 2012-05-21. Retrieved 2008-05-26.
  13. ^ "The Thousand Bomber raids, 30/31 May (Cologne) to 17 August 1942". Bomber Command 60th Anniversary. 6 April 2005. Archived from the original on 2011-11-05. Retrieved 2011-11-13.
  14. ^ "No. 15 Squadron". Royal Air Force Bomber Command 60th Anniversary. UK Crown. Archived from the original on 2008-05-10. Retrieved 2008-05-14.
  15. ^ "January-April 1941". Royal Air Force Bomber Command 60th Anniversary. UK Crown. Archived from the original on 2012-10-11. Retrieved 2009-03-22.
  16. ^ "Ken P's Today in History". www.islandnet.com.
  17. ^ Hancock, Ian (2007). The Lives of Ken Wallis (Fourth ed.). Ian Hancock. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-9541239-4-9.
  18. ^ McKillop, Jack, "Combat Chronology November 1942", U.S. Army Air Forces in World War II, retrieved 2009-03-29 – via Federal Depository Library Program Electronic Collection of the United States
  19. ^ "Army Air Forces in World War II". February 11, 2009. Archived from the original on February 11, 2009.
  20. ^ "Mary Ruth Chapter 3". Archived from the original on 2006-06-15. Retrieved 2008-05-26.
  21. ^ Caldwell, Donald; Muller, Richard (2007). The Luftwaffe Over Germany: Defense of the Reich. MBI Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85367-712-0. p 84, 86, 87
  22. ^ "381st Bomb Group". July 3, 2008. Archived from the original on July 3, 2008.
  23. ^ "100th Bomb Group". November 10, 2007. Archived from the original on November 10, 2007.
  24. ^ "1st Lt. Frank H. Meadows". November 20, 2008. Archived from the original on November 20, 2008.
  25. ^ a b McKillop, Jack, "Combat Chronology September 1944", U.S. Army Air Forces in World War II, retrieved 2009-03-29 – via Federal Depository Library Program Electronic Collection of the United States
  26. ^ Apocalypse 1945 - Irving, p66
  27. ^ "The Type XXI U-boat U-3509 - German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net". www.uboat.net.
  28. ^ Gurney, Gene (Major, USAF) (1962). "The War in the Air: a pictorial history of World War II Air Forces in combat" (Document). New York: Bonanza Books. p. 220.{{cite document}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  29. ^ McKillop, Jack (2009-02-11). "October 1944". Combat Chronology of the USAAF. Archived from the original on 2010-03-07. Retrieved 2007-05-25.
  30. ^ McKillop, Jack, "Combat Chronology February 1945", U.S. Army Air Forces in World War II, retrieved 2009-03-29 – via Federal Depository Library Program Electronic Collection of the United States
  31. ^ McKillop, Jack, "Combat Chronology March 1945", U.S. Army Air Forces in World War II, retrieved 2009-03-29 – via Federal Depository Library Program Electronic Collection of the United States
  32. ^ Grube, Christel (February 28, 2006). "Submarine-Valentin, Bremen-Farge". Interessengemeinschaft für historische Militär-, Industrie- und Verkehrsbauten. lostplaces.de. Retrieved 2008-05-13.
  33. ^ "303rd BG (H) Combat Mission No. 439" (PDF). 303rdbg.com. Retrieved Aug 3, 2024.
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