stringtranslate.com

Lista de batallas por bajas

La siguiente es una lista de las bajas en batallas u ofensivas en la historia mundial . La lista incluye tanto asedios (técnicamente no son batallas, pero por lo general producen muertes civiles o relacionadas con el combate) como bajas civiles durante las batallas.

Por lo general, es imposible calcular con precisión las cifras de bajas en combate, pero pocas de las que aparecen en esta lista pueden incluir cifras algo precisas. Sin embargo, muchas de estas cifras son estimaciones y, cuando es posible, se presenta una variedad de estimaciones. Las cifras muestran las cifras de todos los tipos de bajas cuando están disponibles ( muertos , heridos , desaparecidos y enfermos), pero es posible que solo incluyan el número de muertos debido a la falta de datos totales sobre el evento. Cuando es posible, la lista especifica si se incluyen o no los prisioneros en el recuento.

Esta lista no incluye campañas o bombardeos (como el ataque a Pearl Harbor y el bombardeo de Tokio ) ni masacres como la Violación de Nanjing , que, a pesar de las bajas potencialmente masivas, no suelen clasificarse como "batallas", ya que suelen ser enfrentamientos unilaterales o la nación atacada no está oficialmente en guerra con los atacantes. Sin embargo, los ataques tácticos o estratégicos pueden formar parte de enfrentamientos más amplios que son en sí mismos batallas, pequeñas campañas u ofensivas.

Para desastres naturales, consulte Lista de desastres naturales por número de muertos .

Asedios y combates urbanos

Esta lista incluye asedios y batallas modernas que se libraron principalmente en zonas urbanas. A continuación se enumeran las principales operaciones militares que incluyeron combates en ciudades. Está ordenada por año.

Operaciones mayores

Esta lista incluye operaciones importantes y batallas prolongadas u operaciones libradas en un área extensa o durante un tiempo prolongado. La duración de algunas operaciones, como la Batalla de Moscú , es controvertida; por lo tanto, las cifras que se encuentran en diversas fuentes pueden diferir solo por ese motivo.

Batallas de formación clásica

Se refieren a batallas en las que los ejércitos se enfrentaban en un único campo de batalla y luchaban entre sí durante uno o varios días. Este tipo de batalla desapareció en favor de operaciones militares de mayor envergadura.

  1. ^ including approximately 35,000 civilian casualties due to bombing
  2. ^ including approximately 35,000 civilian casualties due to bombing
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Estimated casualty figure

Raids and sacks

Naval battles

See also

Notes

References

  1. ^ Velleius Paterculus, Marcus. Historiae Romanae ad M. Vinicium Libri Duo, II, 23.3.
  2. ^ a b Grant, p. 74
  3. ^ Trần Trọng Kim 1971, p. 43
  4. ^ Cœdès, George (1966). The Making of South East Asia. University of California Press. p. 84. ISBN 9780520050617.
  5. ^ Al-Hassan, A. Y. (2001), The Different aspects of Islamic culture, v. 4: Science and technology in Islam, p. 655, ISBN 92-3-103831-1, retrieved 25 July 2020
  6. ^ Sicker, Martin (2000). The Islamic World in Ascendancy: From the Arab Conquests to the Siege of Vienna. Praeger. p. 111. ISBN 978-0275968922.
  7. ^ Gearon, Eamonn (9 February 2017). "The Mongol Sack of Baghdad in 1258". Wondrium Daily. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
  8. ^ Mann, p. 143
  9. ^ Hassig
  10. ^ a b Grant, p. 230
  11. ^ John Sweetman, Crimean War, Essential Histories 2, Osprey Publishing, 2001,
  12. ^ Third Battle of Nanking, p. 678
  13. ^ a b Grant, p. 231
  14. ^ Clodfelter M. Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000. McFarland, 2002. P. 220
  15. ^ Grant, p. 252
  16. ^ a b Hall, p. 112
  17. ^ 陶纯 (2011). 太原大会战. 贵州人民出版社. ISBN 978-7221096166.
  18. ^ Paulose, James (2013). "Three Months Of Bloodshed: Strategy And Combat During The Battle Of Shanghai". Report: West Point Undergraduate Historical Review. 3 (2).
  19. ^ Lai, Benjamin (2017). Shanghai and Nanjing 1937: Massacre on the Yangtze. Osprey Publishing. pp. 87–88.
  20. ^ "First Battle of Changsha". WW2DB. Archived from the original on 24 October 2015. Retrieved 2 November 2015.
  21. ^ "Battle of Nanchang". WW2DB. Archived from the original on 8 November 2015. Retrieved 2 November 2015.
  22. ^ Sebag-Montefiore, Hugh (31 May 2007). Dunkirk: Fight to the Last Man. Penguin UK. ISBN 9780141906164.
  23. ^ "Battle of South Shanxi". WW2DB. Archived from the original on 19 September 2015. Retrieved 9 November 2015.
  24. ^ a b Glantz (1995), p. 293
  25. ^ Hsiung, James. China's Bitter Victory: The War with Japan, 1937–1945. p. 158.
  26. ^ Великая Отечественная война 1941–1945 годов. В 12 т. [The Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945, in 12 Volumes] (in Russian). Vol. 3. Битвы и сражения, изменившие ход войны. Кучково поле. 2012. p. 421. ISBN 978-5-9950-0269-7.
  27. ^ Соколов, Борис (2014). Чудо Сталинграда [The Miracle of Stalingrad] (in Russian). Алгоритм. pp. 235–236.
  28. ^ Grant, p. 308
  29. ^ China's Bitter Victory: The War with Japan, 1937–1945. p. 161.
  30. ^ Tuchman, Barbara. Stilwell and the American Experience in China.
  31. ^ Glantz, David (2001), The Siege of Leningrad 1941–44: 900 Days of Terror, Zenith Press, Osceola, WI, ISBN 0-7603-0941-8. p. 178–180
  32. ^ Сведения городской комиссии по установлению и расследованию злодеяний немецко-фашистских захватчиков и их сообщников о числе погибшего в Ленинграде населения ЦГА СПб, Ф.8357. Оп.6. Д. 1108 Л. 46–47
  33. ^ Harrison Evans Salisbury (1969). The 900 Days: The Siege of Leningrad. Da Capo Press. p. 590.
  34. ^ "World War II: Warsaw Uprising :: FAQ". Archived from the original on 23 January 2009. Retrieved 6 January 2009.
  35. ^ Grant, p. 318
  36. ^ "Battle of Berlin: The Fall of Nazi Germany". www.normandy1944.info. Retrieved 28 September 2024.
  37. ^ Connaughton, R., Pimlott, J., and Anderson, D., 1995, The Battle for Manila, London: Bloomsbury Publishing, ISBN 0891415785
  38. ^ Khalifa, Hodieb (22 November 2013). Nein. American Book Publishing. ISBN 9781938759185.
  39. ^ Dauria, Tom (2014). Within a Presumption of Godlessness. Archway. ISBN 9781480804203.
  40. ^ "Battle of Manila". Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  41. ^ a b Boog, Krebs & Vogel 2001, p. 632.
  42. ^ ANDREW JACOBS (2 October 2009). "China Is Wordless on Traumas of Communists' Rise". New York Times. Archived from the original on 14 May 2018. Retrieved 10 July 2012.
  43. ^ Chang, Jung; Halliday, Jon. 2006. Mao: The Unknown Story. London: Vintage Books. p383.
  44. ^ 中国人民解放军军事科学院《中国军事百科全书》
  45. ^ 长春解放纪念碑烈士鲜血筑就的城市记忆 Archived 12 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine sina.com.cn 2007年05月22日09:04 东亚经贸新闻
  46. ^ 李发锁. "围困长春." 中国作家. 纪实 3 (2018): 4-161.
  47. ^ Bandarin, Francesco (20 September 2022). "The Destruction of Aleppo: The Impact of the Syrian War on a World Heritage City". Cultural Heritage and Mass Atrocities. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
  48. ^ "Center for Documentation of Violations in Syria - Killed List". 5 December 2018. Archived from the original on 5 December 2018. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
  49. ^ "2 American soldiers killed in Iraq, U.S. military says". NBC News. 13 August 2017. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
  50. ^ Cockburn, Patrick (19 July 2017). "True civilian death toll in Mosul feared to be 40,000 - eight times higher than previous estimates". The Independent. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
  51. ^ "25,000 Daesh killed in Mosul liberation operations". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
  52. ^ John Spencer; Jayson Geroux (15 September 2021). "Urban Warfare Project Case Study #2: Battle of Mosul". Modern War Institute. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
  53. ^ "Russia Says All Urban Areas of Mariupol Cleared of Ukrainian Forces". VOA. 16 April 2022. Retrieved 9 August 2023.
  54. ^ a b "Azov officer: Russian forces lost about 6,000 troops in Mariupol". The Kyiv Independent. 14 May 2022. Retrieved 9 August 2023.
  55. ^ S.A, Telewizja Polska. "Up to 75,000 Ukrainian civilians killed in Mariupol: report". tvpworld.com (in Polish). Retrieved 9 August 2023.
  56. ^ Human Rights Watch/SITU/Truth Hounds, “Our City Was Gone” Russia’s Devastation of Mariupol, Ukraine, p. 147: "Based on an assessment of satellite imagery and photo and video analysis, we estimate that at least 10,284 people were buried in four of the city’s cemeteries and in Manhush cemetery between March 2022 and February 2023. We also estimate that around 2,250 people would have died of causes unrelated to war in Mariupol during that period, meaning the city saw at least an estimated 8,034 deaths above a peacetime rate. We are not able to determine how many of those buried in the city were civilians or military personnel, or how many were killed as a result of unlawful attacks."
  57. ^ "UN says more than 1,300 civilians killed in Mariupol — but true toll "likely thousands higher"". Egypt Independent. 17 June 2022. Retrieved 9 August 2023.
  58. ^ "Russia says 3,000 civilians killed in Mariupol, blames Ukraine". anews. Retrieved 9 August 2023.
  59. ^ a b Merkx, Gilbert W. (2023). "Russia's War in Ukraine: Two Decisive Factors". Journal of Advanced Military Studies. 14 (2): 13–33. doi:10.21140/mcuj.20231402001. ISSN 2770-260X.
  60. ^ Kilner, James (18 February 2024). "Russia loses 17,000 troops taking Avdiivka in first major breakthrough since May". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
  61. ^ a b Gibbons-Neff, Thomas; Kurmanaev, Anatoly (27 February 2024). "In Ukraine, Russia Is Inching Forward Death by Death". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
  62. ^ Zamoyski, Adam (2004). Moscow 1812: Napoleon's Fatal March. London: HarperCollins. p. 536. ISBN 978-0-00-712375-9. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
  63. ^ a b Grant, p. 213
  64. ^ Brewer, p. 33
  65. ^ Brewer, p. 42
  66. ^ a b c Grant, p. 227
  67. ^ Brewer, p. 53
  68. ^ Grant, p. 253
  69. ^ Hall, p. 31
  70. ^ Hall, p. 36
  71. ^ Brewer, p. 99
  72. ^ Grant, p. 271
  73. ^ Brewer, p. 100
  74. ^ Grant, p. 272
  75. ^ Oleynikov 2016, p. 235.
  76. ^ a b Allen W. E. D., Muratoff P. Caucasian Battlefields: A History of the Wars on the Turco-Caucasian Border 1828–1921. Cambridge University Press. 2011. P. 284
  77. ^ a b c d e f g h i Brewer, p. 142
  78. ^ a b Grant, p. 273
  79. ^ Grant, p. 282
  80. ^ Spencer Tucker, "Encyclopedia of World War I"(2005) pg 1077, ISBN 1851094202
  81. ^ Grant, p. 276
  82. ^ Grant, R. G. (2017). 1001 Battles That Changed the Course of History (Reprint ed.). New York: Chartwell Books. p. 739. ISBN 978-0-7858-3553-0.
  83. ^ Grant, p. 279
  84. ^ Tucker, 810
  85. ^ Grant, p. 277
  86. ^ Brewer, p. 150
  87. ^ Grant, p. 280
  88. ^ Brewer, p. 151
  89. ^ Brewer, p. 152
  90. ^ a b Grant, p. 281
  91. ^ a b c Grant, p. 286
  92. ^ Grant, p. 292
  93. ^ Grant, p. 294
  94. ^ a b Grant, p. 295
  95. ^ "Victory at Tai'erzhuang in the Battle of Xuzhou (12) – Xinhua | English.news.cn". news.xinhuanet.com. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 9 November 2015.
  96. ^ Lary, Diana (1 April 2001). "Drowned Earth: The Strategic Breaching of the Yellow River Dyke, 1938". War in History. 8 (2): 191–207. doi:10.1177/096834450100800204. ISSN 0968-3445. S2CID 159547176.
  97. ^ MacKinnon, Stephen R. (2008). Wuhan, 1938: War, Refugees, and the Making of Modern China. University of California Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-520-25445-9.
  98. ^ 邓正兵, 邓红 (28 October 2014). "日本人眼中的武汉会战——《武汉会战日方资料丛编》评介". 江汉大学学报（社会科学版） (in Chinese). 31 (5): 90. ISSN 2095-9915.
  99. ^ Grant, p. 293
  100. ^ Nomonhan: Japanese-Soviet Tactical Combat, 1939. Leavenworth Papers №2. by Edward J. Rea" Combat Studies Institute, fort Leavenworth, Kansas, 1981
  101. ^ a b Grant, p. 298
  102. ^ "Wojna obronna Polski 1939, czyli jak Polska przegrała kampanię wrześniową". HISTORIA.org.pl (in Polish). 2 September 2021. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
  103. ^ a b "Historia Polski". 31 December 2007. Archived from the original on 31 December 2007. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
  104. ^ （抗日战争）冬季攻势述评. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011.
  105. ^ Grant, p. 299
  106. ^ Clodfelter, Micheal (2008). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015 (3 ed.). McFarland. p. 470. ISBN 978-0786474707.
  107. ^ Garber, John. Chinese–Soviet Relations, 1937–1945. p. 120.
  108. ^ Wagner, p. 474
  109. ^ Wagner, p. 479
  110. ^ Wagner, p. 480
  111. ^ Grant, R. G. (2017). 1001 Battles That Changed the Course of History (Reprint ed.). New York: Chartwell Books. pp. 820–821. ISBN 978-0-7858-3553-0.
  112. ^ Liedtke, Gregory (2016). Enduring the Whirlwind: The German Army and the Russo-German War 1941-1943. Helion and Company. ISBN 978-1910777756, pp.127-128.
  113. ^ Grant, p. 306
  114. ^ Grant, p. 323
  115. ^ Wagner, p. 502
  116. ^ Wagner, p. 499
  117. ^ a b Erickson, p. 90
  118. ^ "Zhejiang-Jiangxi Campaign". WW2DB. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 2 November 2015.
  119. ^ a b Grant, p. 302
  120. ^ Wagner, p. 522
  121. ^ Grant, p. 326
  122. ^ Wagner, p. 531
  123. ^ Erickson, p. 138
  124. ^ Frieser, Karl-Heinz; Schmider, Klaus; Schönherr, Klaus; Schreiber, Gerhard; Ungváry, Kristián; Wegner, Bernd (2007). Die Ostfront 1943/44 – Der Krieg im Osten und an den Nebenfronten (in German). München: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt. pp. 197, 200. ISBN 978-3-421-06235-2.
  125. ^ Toeppel, Roman (2018). Kursk 1943: The Greatest Battle of the Second World War. Warwick: Helion and Company. p. 207. ISBN 9781912866793.
  126. ^ "Б.В.Соколов. Правда о Великой Отечественной войне". www.lib.ru. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  127. ^ Wagner, p. 550
  128. ^ Wagner, p. 555
  129. ^ Wagner, p. 560
  130. ^ Grant, p. 303
  131. ^ Mart Laar (2006). Sinimäed 1944: II maailmasõja lahingud Kirde-Eestis (Sinimäed Hills 1944: Battles of World War II in Northeast Estonia) (in Estonian). Tallinn: Varrak.
  132. ^ Wagner, p. 567
  133. ^ Glantz, p. 381
  134. ^ Pike, Francis (18 June 2015). Hirohito's War: The Pacific War, 1941–1945. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781472596727.
  135. ^ Whitmarsh 2009, p. 109.
  136. ^ a b Beevor 2009, p. 519.
  137. ^ Giangreco, Moore & Polmar 2004, p. 252.
  138. ^ Wagner, p. 587
  139. ^ Brewer, p. 306
  140. ^ Grant, p. 316
  141. ^ Krivosheev, Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century, ISBN 1-85367-280-7, Greenhill Books, 1997; (chapter on the Jassy-Kishinev operation in Russian Archived 26 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine)
  142. ^ Wagner, p. 592
  143. ^ Wagner, p. 594
  144. ^ Wagner, p. 596
  145. ^ Wagner, p. 600
  146. ^ Wagner, p. 606
  147. ^ Grant, p. 317
  148. ^ Wagner, p. 608
  149. ^ Grant, p. 328
  150. ^ Wagner, p. 612
  151. ^ Grant, p. 329
  152. ^ McLynn. The Burma Campaign: Disaster into Triumph, 1942–1945. p. 1.
  153. ^ Liaoning-Shenyang Campaign
  154. ^ Yu and Huaihai Campaign, p.5
  155. ^ Pingjin rewrite history? ? Tianjin Campaign
  156. ^ "Chinese Civil War, 1945–1949 – Military History – Oxford Bibliographies – obo". www.oxfordbibliographies.com. Archived from the original on 2 November 2015. Retrieved 3 November 2015.
  157. ^ Grant, p. 334
  158. ^ Grant, p. 335
  159. ^ Grant, p. 338
  160. ^ a b c Grant, p. 341
  161. ^ Keaten, Jamey (24 February 2023). "The calculus of war: Tallying Ukraine toll an elusive task". AP News. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
  162. ^ Cooper, Helene; Gibbons-Neff, Thomas; Schmitt, Eric; Barnes, Julian E. (18 August 2023). "Troop Deaths and Injuries in Ukraine War Near 500,000, U.S. Officials Say". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 18 August 2023.
  163. ^ Grant, p. 17
  164. ^ Krentz, Peter, The Battle of Marathon (Yale Library of Military History), Yale Univ Press, (2010) p. 98
  165. ^ a b Grant, p. 23
  166. ^ Herodotus (440 BC). Histories.
  167. ^ Arrian 1.16.45 – 50
  168. ^ "Advance to the East and the battle of Gaugamela", The Genius of Alexander the Great : in Ancient and Medieval Greek Poetry, Bloomsbury Academic, 1997, doi:10.5040/9781472540942.ch-009, ISBN 978-0-7156-2753-2
  169. ^ a b Grant, p. 27
  170. ^ a b Grant, p. 37
  171. ^ Grant, p. 56
  172. ^ Sima Qian claimed over 450,000 Zhao soldiers were killed during and after the battle; all survivors were killed (buried alive) with the exceptions of 240 of the youngest soldiers who were released.
  173. ^ a b Grant, p. 39
  174. ^ Grant, p. 40
  175. ^ a b Grant, p. 41
  176. ^ a b Grant, p. 31
  177. ^ Valerius Antias (1st century BC). Manubiae.
  178. ^ Albert A. Howard (1906). "Valerius Antias and Livy", Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 17, p. 161–182.
  179. ^ Canon Rawlinson (1877). "On the Ethnography of the Cimbri", The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 6, p. 150–158.
  180. ^ Strauss, Barry (2009). The Spartacus War. Simon and Schuster. pp. 21–22. ISBN 1-4165-3205-6.
  181. ^ Plutarch Life of Sulla 19.4
  182. ^ Philip Matyszak, Cataclysm 90 BC, p. 147; Lynda Telford, Sulla: A Dictator Reconsidered, p. 181; Appian, The Civil Wars, 1.92-93.
  183. ^ Sherwin-White, Adrian N. (1994). "Lucullus, Pompey, and the East". In J. A. Crook; Andrew Lintott; Elizabeth Rawson (eds.). The Cambridge Ancient History, vol. 9: The Last Age of the Roman Republic, 146–43 BC. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 241.
  184. ^ Delbrück, p. 471
  185. ^ Grant, p. 43
  186. ^ Grant, p. 47
  187. ^ Goldsworthy 2010, p. 252.
  188. ^ Lendering, Jona (10 October 2020). "Actium (31 BCE)". Livius.org. Retrieved 16 October 2020.
  189. ^ Wells, Peter S. The Battle that stopped Rome. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. 2003, p. 187. ISBN 0-393-32643-8.
  190. ^ Tacitus, The Annals 2.12
  191. ^ "Reference for Battle of Watling Street - Search.com". Archived from the original on 10 March 2012. Retrieved 17 February 2010.
  192. ^ Grant, p. 49
  193. ^ a b Records of the Three Kingdoms,
  194. ^ The Cambridge Ancient History: Volume 12, The Crisis of Empire, AD 193-337, "He captured several tomns and then destroyed a Roman army of 60000 men at Barbalissus (Balis) on the large bend of the Euphrates to the north."
  195. ^ Encyclopaedia Britannica "Losses: Roman, more than 60,000; Persian, minimal."
  196. ^ Grant, p. 51
  197. ^ Book of Jin,
  198. ^ Jordanes (22 April 1997). "The Origin and Deeds of the Goths, chapter XLI". Translated by Charles C. Mierow. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 14 September 2013.
  199. ^ J. Haldon, The Byzantine Wars, 31–32
  200. ^ Book of Sui, Vol. 60.
  201. ^ The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History By Ibn Khaldūn, Franz Rosenthal, N. J.. Dawood pg, 12.
  202. ^ "The Sword of Allah", Chapter 22, by Lieutenant-General Agha Ibrahim Akram, Nat. Publishing. House, Rawalpindi (1970) ISBN 978-0-7101-0104-4.
  203. ^ A.I.Akram, Sword of Allah, Khalid ibn Walid, ch.13th, pg.137
  204. ^ A. I. Akram (1970). The Sword of Allah: Khalid bin al-Waleed, His Life and Campaigns. National Publishing House, Rawalpindi. ISBN 0-7101-0104-X.
  205. ^ "ʿARAB ii. Arab conquest of Iran – Encyclopaedia Iranica". Archived from the original on 14 October 2013. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
  206. ^ Cirier, Aude; 50Minutes.fr (14 July 2014). La bataille de Poitiers: Charles Martel et l'affirmation de la suprématie des Francs (in French). 50 Minutes. pp. 6–7. ISBN 9782806254290.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  207. ^ Marron 1066 pp.147-149
  208. ^ Chapuis 1995, p. 77
  209. ^ Xu Zizhi Tongjian Changbian《長編》卷三百上載出師兵員“死者二十萬”，“上曰：「朝廷以交址犯順，故興師討罪，郭逵不能剪滅，垂成而還。今廣源瘴癘之地，我得之未為利，彼失之未為害，一夫不獲，朕尚閔之，况十死五六邪？」又安南之師，死者二十萬，朝廷當任其咎。《續資治通鑑長編·卷三百》”。 《越史略》載廣西被殺者“無慮十萬”。 《玉海》卷一九三上稱“兵夫三十萬人冒暑涉瘴地，死者過半”。
  210. ^ Jonathan Riley-Smith, the Crusades, 2005, p. 109
  211. ^ Grant, p. 89
  212. ^ Richard Gabriel, Subotai the Valiant.
  213. ^ Grant, p. 92
  214. ^ Carey, Brian Todd, p. 124
  215. ^ Atwood, Christopher Pratt (2004), Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol empire, New York: Facts On File, p. 579, ISBN 0-8160-4671-9
  216. ^ Grant, p. 118
  217. ^ Grant, p. 94
  218. ^ B.F. Manz, "Tīmūr Lang", in Encyclopaedia of Islam.
  219. ^ Volume III: To the Year A.D. 1398, Chapter: XVIII. Malfúzát-i Tímúrí, or Túzak-i Tímúrí: The Autobiography or Memoirs of Emperor Tímúr (Taimur the lame). Page 389. 1. Online copy Archived 3 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine, 2. Online copy Archived 6 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine from: Elliot, Sir H. M., Edited by Dowson, John. The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period; published by London Trubner Company 1867–1877.
  220. ^ Grant, p. 95
  221. ^ Grant, p. 121
  222. ^ Geoff Wade, translator, Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu: an open access resource, Singapore: Asia Research Institute and the Singapore E-Press, National University of Singapore, http://www.epress.nus.edu.sg/msl/reign/xuan-de/year-1-month-3-day-13
  223. ^ Seward 1978, p. 260
  224. ^ The Military Campaigns of the Wars of the Roses Philip A. Haigh (Chap. 8)
  225. ^ Goodman 1981, p. 243.
  226. ^ Kirtley, Bacil F.; McNally, Raymond T.; Florescu, Radu (October 1973). "In Search of Dracula: A True History of Dracula and Vampire Legends". The Journal of American Folklore. 86 (342): 400. doi:10.2307/539370. ISSN 0021-8715. JSTOR 539370.
  227. ^ David, Saul: War, 2009
  228. ^ Grant, p. 144
  229. ^ Grant, p. 145
  230. ^ Grant, p. 129
  231. ^ Grant, p. 136
  232. ^ Grant, p. 132
  233. ^ A History of India Under the Two First Sovereigns of the House of Taimur, Báber and Humáyun By William Erskine Published by Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, 1854
  234. ^ A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East, Vol.II, ed. Spencer C. Tucker, (ABC-CLIO, 2010), 531.
  235. ^ Turnbull, Stephen (1987). Battles of the Samurai. London: Arms and Armour Press. pp. 79–94. ISBN 9780853688266.
  236. ^ 류성룡 (Ryu Seong-ryong) <징비록 (Jingbirok: Book of Corrections)>, 선조수정실록 26권, 25(1592 임진 / 명 만력 20년)4월 14일(계묘) 6번째 기사, 연려실기술 인용 <조야기문>
  237. ^ "十萬精兵, 一敗塗地" Annals of the Joseon Dynasty http://sillok.history.go.kr/inspection/insp_king.jsp?id=wna_12901024_003&tabid=w Archived 4 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  238. ^ "sillok.history.go.kr". Archived from the original on 19 May 2015. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
  239. ^ Turnbull, Stephen; Samurai Invasion: Japan's Korean War 1592–98. London: Cassell & Co, 2002, p.222
  240. ^ Grant, p. 175
  241. ^ Gurbilas Patashai 6 Chapter 20
  242. ^ Wilson, Peter H. (2018). Lützen: Great Battles Series. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 87–89. ISBN 978-0199642540.
  243. ^ Grant, p. 152
  244. ^ Macauliffe, Max Arthur (1909). The Sikh Religion, its gurus, sacred writings and authors, Vol 4. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Wikisource
  245. ^ Suraj Granth Raas 8
  246. ^ a b c Grant, p. 149.
  247. ^ Lunde, Henrik O. (2014). A Warrior Dynasty: The Rise and Decline of Sweden as a Military Superpower. Havertown: Casemate. p. 177
  248. ^ Tucker, Spencer (2011). Battles that Changed History: An Encyclopedia of World Conflict. ABC-CLIO. p. 201. ISBN 978-1-59884-429-0.
  249. ^ William P. Guthrie (2003). The later Thirty Years War: from the Battle of Wittstock to the Treaty of Westphalia. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 141
  250. ^ Romański, Romuald (2009). Książę Jeremi Wiśniowiecki. Warszawa: Bellona. p. 338. ISBN 978-83-11-11524-8
  251. ^ Rystad, Göran (2005). Kampen om Skåne (in Swedish). p. 140
  252. ^ Tucker, Spencer (2010). Battles That Changed History: An Encyclopedia of World Conflict. ABC-CLIO. p. 216. ISBN 978-1-59884-429-0.
  253. ^ Périni, Hardy (1906). Batailles françaises (5e série). Flammarion. p. 274−275. ISBN 978-20-161-3674-4.
  254. ^ Van Nimwegen, Olaf (2020). De Veertigjarige Oorlog 1672-1712. Prometheus. p. 201. ISBN 978-90-446-3871-4.
  255. ^ a b c d Grant, p. 159
  256. ^ Grant, p. 133
  257. ^ Grey, Ian (2015). Peter the Great. New Word City. ISBN 978-1-61230-922-4.
  258. ^ Boris Grigorjev & Aleksandr Bespalov (2012). Kampen mot övermakten. Baltikums fall 1700–1710. pp. 38
  259. ^ Sjöström, Oskar (2008). Fraustadt 1706. Ett fält färgat rött (in Swedish). Lund: Historiska Media. pp. 145–146
  260. ^ a b Grant, p. 160
  261. ^ Konovaltjuk & Lyth, Pavel & Einar (2009). Vägen till Poltava. Slaget vid Lesnaja 1708 (in Swedish). Svenskt Militärhistorisk Biblioteks Förlag. p. 233
  262. ^ Gordon A. The History of Peter the Great, Emperor of Russia: To which is Prefixed a Short General History of the Country from the Rise of that Monarchy: and an Account of the Author's Life, Volume 1. Aberdeen. 1755. pp. 277–278
  263. ^ Lunde, Henrik O. (2014). A Warrior Dynasty: The Rise and Decline of Sweden as a Military Superpower. Havertown: Casemate. p. 270
  264. ^ Svenska slagfält, Lars Ericson, Martin Hårdstedt, Per Iko, Ingvar Sjöblom och Gunnar Åselius, Wahlström & Widstrand 2003, ISBN 91-46-21087-3. p. 306
  265. ^ Grant, p. 161
  266. ^ Grant, p. 186
  267. ^ Tucker 2009, p. 772.
  268. ^ Franz A. J. Szabo. The Seven Years War in Europe: 1756–1763. Routledge. 2013. p. 238
  269. ^ Duff, ch. V, p. 110
  270. ^ Rawlinson, p. 40
  271. ^ Singh, Khushwant (2004). A History of the Sikhs: 1469-1838. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195673081.
  272. ^ Archer, Christon (2002). World History of Warfare. U of Nebraska Press. p. 444
  273. ^ Dutton, George Edson (2006). The Tây Sơn uprising: society and rebellion in eighteenth-century Vietnam. University of Hawaii Press. p. 46. ISBN 978-0-8248-2984-1.
  274. ^ Dowling T. C. Russia at War. From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond. ABC-CLIO, 2014. P. 751
  275. ^ Sawan Singh (2005). Noble And Brave Sikh Women. B.Chattar Singh Jiwan Singh. ISBN 9788176017015.
  276. ^ Grant, p. 199
  277. ^ Dupuy, Trevor N.; Dupuy, R. Ernest (1977). The Encyclopedia of Military History. New York, N.Y.: Harper & Row. p. 691.
  278. ^ Tucker, Spencer C. (2009). A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East [6 volumes]: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East. ABC-CLIO.
  279. ^ a b Grant, p. 201
  280. ^ a b Grant, p. 202
  281. ^ a b c Grant, p. 205
  282. ^ Fisher, Todd & Fremont-Barnes, Gregory. The Napoleonic Wars: The Rise and Fall of an Empire. Osprey Publishing, 2004, pp. 78, 90
  283. ^ Gill, John H. (2016). Leggiere, M. (ed.). Napoleon and the Operational Art of War. Leiden: Brill. p. 251. ISBN 978-90-04-27034-3.
  284. ^ Castle, I. Aspern/Wagram (1809), Osprey (1990)
  285. ^ Grant, p. 208
  286. ^ Petrov, А.N. The War between Russia and Turkey, 1806—1812, vol. 1-3. SPb, 1885—87.
  287. ^ a b Grant, p. 209
  288. ^ Chandler, David G. (1996). The Campaigns of Napoleon. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-74830-0.
  289. ^ a b Grant, p. 212
  290. ^ Pigeard (2004). Dictionnaire des batailles de Napoléon. pp. 499–500.
  291. ^ Chandler, David G. (2009). The Campaigns of Napoleon. The mind and method of history's greatest soldier. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 1120.
  292. ^ Leggiere, Michael V. (2015). Napoleon and the Struggle for Germany: The Franco-Prussian War of 1813. Cambridge University Press. pp. 10, 391.
  293. ^ Grant, p. 214
  294. ^ Barbero, pp 419–420 Barbero, Alessandro (2005). The Battle: A New History of Waterloo. Atlantic Books. ISBN 1-84354-310-9
  295. ^ Grant, p. 215
  296. ^ Grant, p. 260
  297. ^ Grant, p. 226
  298. ^ Brewer, p. 36
  299. ^ Brewer, p. 38
  300. ^ Brewer, p. 46
  301. ^ Grant, p. 228
  302. ^ Brewer, p. 48
  303. ^ Brewer, p. 52
  304. ^ http://www.nps.gov/stri/faqs.htm%7C Archived 12 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine#1838
  305. ^ a b Grant, p. 258
  306. ^ The Paraguayan War Archived 17 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine by William Henry Koebel
  307. ^ Grant, p. 259
  308. ^ Grant, p. 240
  309. ^ Davis, George W. (1903), Annual report of Major General George W. Davis, United States Army commanding Division of the Philippines from October 1, 1902 to July 26, 1903, Manila, P.I.. Archived at the Internet Archive
  310. ^ Grant, p. 241
  311. ^ Zeki Sarıhan: Kurtuluş Savaşı günlüğü: açıklamalı kronoloji. Sakarya savaşı'ndan Lozan'ın açılışına (23 Ağustos 1921-20 Kasım 1922) (engl.:Diary of the independence war: commented chronology. From battle of Sakarya to the opening of Lausanne (23 August 1921–20 November 1922)), Türk Tarih Kurumu yayınları (publishing house), 1996, ISBN 975-16-0517-2, page 62. (in Turkish)
  312. ^ Σαγγάριος 1921, Η επική μάχη που σφράγησε την τύχη του Μικρασιατικού Ελληνισμού (in Greek). Εκδόσεις Περισκόπιο. July 2008. p. 32. ISBN 978-960-6740-45-9.