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Lista de secretarios de estado de los Estados Unidos

Esta es una lista de secretarios de estado de los Estados Unidos .

Secretarios de Asuntos Exteriores (1781-1789)

El 10 de enero de 1780, el Congreso de la Confederación creó el Departamento de Asuntos Exteriores. [1]

El 10 de agosto de 1781, el Congreso eligió a Robert R. Livingston , un delegado de Nueva York , como el primer Secretario de Asuntos Exteriores. Livingston no pudo asumir el cargo hasta el 20 de octubre de 1781. Se desempeñó hasta el 4 de junio de 1783 y fue sucedido por John Jay el 21 de diciembre de 1784, quien se desempeñó hasta el 4 de marzo de 1789, cuando el gobierno bajo los Artículos de la Confederación dio paso al gobierno bajo la Constitución .

El cargo de Secretario de Asuntos Exteriores y el Departamento de Asuntos Exteriores fueron restablecidos por una ley firmada por George Washington el 27 de julio de 1789. John Jay conservó el puesto de manera interina, hasta que Thomas Jefferson regresara de Francia.

Secretarios de estado

El 15 de septiembre de 1789, antes de que Jefferson pudiera volver a ocupar el cargo, Washington firmó otra ley que cambiaba el nombre del cargo de Secretario de Asuntos Exteriores a Secretario de Estado , cambiaba el nombre del departamento a Departamento de Estado y añadía varios poderes y responsabilidades nacionales tanto al cargo de secretario como al departamento. Thomas Jefferson asumió el cargo de primer secretario de Estado el 22 de marzo de 1790.

Lista de secretarios de estado por tiempo en el cargo

Esta es una lista de secretarios de estado de los Estados Unidos por tiempo en el cargo. Esto se basa en la diferencia entre fechas; si se cuentan por número de días calendario, todas las cifras serían una mayor. Cordell Hull es la única persona que ha servido como secretario de estado durante más de ocho años. Daniel Webster y James G. Blaine son los únicos secretarios de estado que han servido mandatos no consecutivos. Warren Christopher sirvió muy brevemente como secretario de estado interino de manera no consecutiva y su mandato posterior fue como secretario de estado de pleno derecho. Elihu B. Washburne sirvió como secretario de estado durante menos de dos semanas antes de convertirse en embajador en Francia .

Notes

  1. ^ Where no vote is listed, confirmation was by voice vote or otherwise unrecorded.[2]
  2. ^ a b c As Secretary of War.
  3. ^ a b c d e As Attorney General.
  4. ^ As Chief Justice of the United States.
  5. ^ a b c d e f As Chief Clerk of the State Department.
  6. ^ This appears to have been a recess appointment that was never submitted to the Senate.[2]
  7. ^ As Secretary of the Navy.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k In addition to the president listed, this secretary of state served for a brief period of time (eight days or less) under that president's successor until a replacement could be named and confirmed.
  9. ^ a b c d As Assistant Secretary of State.
  10. ^ As Second Assistant Secretary of State.
  11. ^ As Counselor for the Department of State.
  12. ^ a b c As Under Secretary of State.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h As Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs.
  14. ^ As Deputy Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs.
  15. ^ a b c d e f As Deputy Secretary of State.
  16. ^ As Under Secretary of State for Economic Affairs.
  17. ^ As Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs.
  18. ^ As Under Secretary of State for International Security Affairs.
  19. ^ As Director of the Foreign Service Institute.

References

  1. ^ "Secret Committee of Correspondence/Committee for Foreign Affairs, 1775–1777". U.S. Department of State. September 5, 2007. Archived from the original on February 5, 2009. Retrieved January 17, 2010.
  2. ^ a b "Cabinet Nominations, since 1789" (PDF). legacy-assets.eenews.net/. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 10, 2021. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
  3. ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
  4. ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Edmund Jennings Randolph (1753–1813)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on September 8, 2015. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
  5. ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Timothy Pickering (1745–1829)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
  6. ^ "Charles Lee (1758–1815)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on October 31, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  7. ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: John Marshall (1755–1835)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
  8. ^ "Levi Lincoln (1749–1820)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on November 4, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  9. ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: James Madison (1751–1836)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
  10. ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Robert Smith (1757–1842)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 11, 2018. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
  11. ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: James Monroe (1758–1831)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
  12. ^ "John Graham (1774–1820)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on September 22, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  13. ^ "Richard Rush (1780–1859)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on November 4, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  14. ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: John Quincy Adams (1767–1848)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
  15. ^ "Daniel Carroll Brent (1770–1841)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on November 4, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  16. ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Henry Clay (1777–1852)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
  17. ^ "James Alexander Hamilton (1788–1878)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on June 23, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  18. ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Martin Van Buren (1782–1862)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
  19. ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Edward Livingston (1764–1836)". [[Office of the Historian]. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
  20. ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Louis McLane (1786–1857)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
  21. ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: John Forsyth (1780–1841)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
  22. ^ "Jacob L. Martin (?–1848)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on November 1, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  23. ^ a b "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Daniel Webster (1782–1852)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
  24. ^ "Hugh Swinton Legare (1797–1843)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on November 4, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  25. ^ "William S. Derrick (?–1852)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on November 1, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  26. ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Abel Parker Upshur (1791–1844)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
  27. ^ "John Nelson (1794–1860)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on October 28, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  28. ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: John Caldwell Calhoun (1782–1850)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
  29. ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: James Buchanan (1791–1868)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
  30. ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: John Middleton Clayton (1796–1856)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
  31. ^ "Charles Magill Conrad (1804–1878)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on November 1, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  32. ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Edward Everett (1794–1865)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
  33. ^ a b "William Hunter (1805–1886)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on November 1, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  34. ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: William Learned Marcy (1786–1857)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
  35. ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Lewis Cass (1782–1866)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 11, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
  36. ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Jeremiah Sullivan Black (1810–1883)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
  37. ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: William Henry Seward (1801–1872)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
  38. ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Elihu Benjamin Washburne (1816–1887)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
  39. ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Hamilton Fish (1808–1893)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
  40. ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: William Maxwell Evarts (1818–1901)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
  41. ^ a b "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: James Gillespie Blaine (1830–1893)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
  42. ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen (1817–1885)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
  43. ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Thomas Francis Bayard (1828–1898)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
  44. ^ a b "William Fisher Wharton (1847–1919)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on November 4, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  45. ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: John Watson Foster (1836–1917)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
  46. ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Walter Quintin Gresham (1832–1895)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
  47. ^ "Edwin Fuller Uhl (1841–1901)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on January 18, 2022. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  48. ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Richard Olney (1835–1917)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on January 16, 2022. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
  49. ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: John Sherman (1823–1900)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
  50. ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: William Rufus Day (1849–1923)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
  51. ^ "Alvey Augustus Adee (1842–1924)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on January 18, 2022. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  52. ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: John Milton Hay (1838–1905)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
  53. ^ "Francis Butler Loomis (1861–1948)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on January 18, 2022. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  54. ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Elihu Root (1845–1937)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
  55. ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Robert Bacon (1860–1919)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
  56. ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Philander Chase Knox (1853–1921)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
  57. ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: William Jennings Bryan (1860–1925)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
  58. ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Robert Lansing (1864–1928)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
  59. ^ "Frank Lyon Polk (1871–1943)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on November 4, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  60. ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Bainbridge Colby (1869–1950)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
  61. ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Charles Evans Hughes (1862–1948)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 15, 2018. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
  62. ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Frank Billings Kellogg (1856–1937)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
  63. ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Henry Lewis Stimson (1867–1950)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
  64. ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Cordell Hull (1871–1955)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
  65. ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Edward Reilly Stettinius Jr. (1900–1949)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on February 18, 2019. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
  66. ^ "Joseph Clark Grew (1880–1965)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on February 7, 2009. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  67. ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: James Francis Byrnes (1882–1972)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
  68. ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: George Catlett Marshall (1880–1959)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  69. ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Dean Gooderham Acheson (1893–1971)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  70. ^ "Harrison Freeman Matthews (1899–1986)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on August 15, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  71. ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: John Foster Dulles (1888–1959)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  72. ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Christian Archibald Herter (1895–1966)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  73. ^ "Livingston Tallmadge Merchant (1903–1976)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on November 4, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  74. ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: David Dean Rusk (1909–1994)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on February 18, 2019. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  75. ^ "Charles Eustis Bohlen (1904–1974)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on August 9, 2019. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  76. ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: William Pierce Rogers (1913–2001)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on February 18, 2019. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  77. ^ "Kenneth Rush (1910–1994)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  78. ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Henry A. (Heinz Alfred) Kissinger (1923–2023)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  79. ^ "Philip Charles Habib (1920–1992)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on November 1, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  80. ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Cyrus Roberts Vance (1917–2002)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on February 18, 2019. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  81. ^ a b c "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Warren Minor Christopher (1925–2011)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  82. ^ a b c "David Dunlap Newsom (1918–2008)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on November 4, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  83. ^ "Richard Newell Cooper (1934–)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on July 30, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  84. ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Edmund Sixtus Muskie (1914–1996)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  85. ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Alexander Meigs Haig Jr. (1924–2010)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 11, 2018. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  86. ^ "Walter John Stoessel Jr. (1920–1986)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on November 4, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  87. ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: George Pratt Shultz (1920–2021)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  88. ^ "Michael Hayden Armacost (1937–)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on November 1, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  89. ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: James Addison Baker III (1930–)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on July 6, 2018. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  90. ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Lawrence Sidney Eagleburger (1930–2011)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  91. ^ Friedman, Thomas L. (January 20, 1993). "Clinton Rounds Out State Dept. Team". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 8, 2022. Retrieved May 8, 2022.
  92. ^ "Frank G. Wisner II (1938–)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on November 4, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  93. ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Madeleine Korbel Albright (1937–)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  94. ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Colin Luther Powell (1937–2021)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on August 2, 2018. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  95. ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Condoleezza Rice (1954–)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  96. ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Hillary Rodham Clinton (1947–)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on March 15, 2019. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  97. ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: John Forbes Kerry (1943–)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on April 27, 2019. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  98. ^ "Thomas Alfred Shannon Jr. (1958–)". Oficina del Historiador . Archivado desde el original el 4 de noviembre de 2021. Consultado el 13 de noviembre de 2021 .
  99. ^ "Biografías de los secretarios de Estado: Rex W. Tillerson (1952–)". Oficina del Historiador . Archivado desde el original el 11 de noviembre de 2021. Consultado el 13 de noviembre de 2021 .
  100. ^ "Biografías de los secretarios de Estado: Michael R. Pompeo (1963–)". Oficina del Historiador . Archivado desde el original el 14 de julio de 2022. Consultado el 13 de noviembre de 2021 .
  101. ^ "Daniel Bennett Smith (1956–)". Oficina del Historiador . Archivado desde el original el 2 de junio de 2017. Consultado el 13 de noviembre de 2021 .
  102. ^ "Antony Blinken (1962–)". Oficina del Historiador . Archivado desde el original el 13 de julio de 2022. Consultado el 10 de noviembre de 2021 .

Lectura adicional

Enlaces externos

Wikimedia Commons alberga una categoría multimedia sobre Secretarios de Estado de los Estados Unidos .