List of Protestant martyrs of the English Reformation
English Protestants executed during the English Reformation
Protestants were executed in England under heresy laws during the reigns of Henry VIII (1509–1547) and Mary I (1553–1558), and in smaller numbers during the reigns of Edward VI (1547–1553), Elizabeth I (1558–1603), and James I (1603–1625). Most were executed in the short reign of Mary I in what is called the Marian persecutions. Protestant theologian and activist John Foxe described "the great persecutions & horrible troubles, the suffering of martyrs, and other such thinges" in his contemporaneously-published Book of Martyrs.
Protestants in England and Wales were executed under legislation that punished anyone judged guilty of heresy against Catholicism. Although the standard penalty for those convicted of treason in England at the time was execution by being hanged, drawn and quartered, this legislation adopted the punishment of burning the condemned. At least 280 people were recognised as burned over the five years of Mary I's reign by contemporary sources.
An important year in the English Reformation was 1547, when Protestantism became a new force under the child-king Edward VI, England's first Protestant ruler. Edward died at age 15 in 1553. His relative Lady Jane Grey claimed the throne but was deposed by Edward's Catholic half-sister, Mary I.[1]: p62
Persecution of Protestants under Mary I (1553–1558)
The relationship between the English church and Rome was restored at the accession of Queen Mary I to the English throne in 1553. With her repeal of all religious legislation passed under Edward VI, Protestants faced a choice: exile, reconciliation/conversion, or punishment.[2]: p.186 Many people were exiled, and hundreds of dissenters were burned at the stake, earning her the nickname of "Bloody Mary".[3] The number of people executed for their faith during the persecutions is thought to be at least 287, including 56 women.[4] Thirty others died in prison.[5]: p.79
Although the so-called "Marian Persecutions" began with four clergymen, relics of Edwardian England's Protestantism,[2]: p.196 Foxe's Book of Martyrs offers an account of the executions, which extended well beyond the anticipated targets – high-level clergy. Tradesmen were also burned, as well as married men and women, sometimes in unison, "youths" and at least one couple was burned alive with their daughter.[2]: p.196 The figure of 300 victims of the Marian Persecutions was given by Foxe[6] and later by Thomas Brice in his poem, "The Regester".[7]
English Inquisition and the judicial process
However bloody the end, the trials of Protestant heretics were judicial affairs, presided by bishops (most notably Bishop Bonner) adhering to a strict legal protocol under the privy council, with Parliament's blessing.[2]: p.195 Mary had difficulty forming an efficient Privy Council, which eventually numbered over 40 and never worked as a source of political advice, though it effectively pursued police work and enforcement of religious uniformity.[1]: p62-65 During the session that restored the realm to papal obedience Parliament reinstated the heresy laws.[2]: p.196 From 20 January 1555, England could legally punish those judged guilty of heresy against the Roman Catholic faith.[5]: p.91
Thus it became a matter of establishing the guilt or innocence of an accused heretic in open court – a process which the lay authorities employed to reclaim "straying sheep" and to set a precedent for authentic Catholic teaching.[5]: p.102 If found guilty, the accused were first excommunicated, then handed over to the secular authorities for execution.[5]: p.102 The official records of the trials are limited to formal accusations, sentences, and so forth; the documents to which historians look for context and detail are those written by the accused or their supporters.[5]: p.102
John Rogers' execution
Before Mary's ascent to the throne, John Foxe, one of the few clerics of his day who was against the burning of even obstinate heretics, had approached the Royal Chaplain and Protestant preacher, John Rogers to intervene on behalf of Joan Bocher, a female Anabaptist who was sentenced to death by burning in 1550.[2]: p.193 Rogers refused to help, as he supported the burning of heretics. Rogers claimed that the method of execution was "sufficiently mild" for a crime as grave as heresy.[5]: p.87 Later, after Mary I came to power and restored England to Catholicism, John Rogers spoke quite vehemently against the new order and was himself burnt as a heretic.[5]: p.97
Legacy
Throughout the course of the persecutions, Foxe lists 312 individuals who were burnt or hanged for their faith, or died or sickened in prison. Three of these people are commemorated with a gothic memorial in Oxford, England, but there are many other memorials across England.[8] They are known locally as the "Marian Martyrs".
^'Foxe has a terse report in the Rerum of an old man of Buckingham- shire being executed in 1531 for eating pork during Lent (Rerum, p. 126). Foxe's source for this episode is unknown; Bale does not mention this old man in any of his works. Perhaps Laurence Humphrey, who was Foxe's friend, a native of Buckinghamshire, and who was with Foxe in Basel, was the source for this story. In any case, the Rerum account was translated word-for-word in the 1563 edition. The story was dropped from all subsequent editions, possibly because Foxe grew unsure of this individual's existence or at least of his ability to prove it.' Foxe's Book of Martyrs, Critical Apparatus
^Foxe describes him as being 'mad and beside his right senses ... and destitute of sense and reason'. The Critical Apparatus to Foxe's Book of Martyrs lists a number of unorthodox beliefs which he held.
^Foxe describes him as being 'mad ... ravished of his wits ... beside his wits'.
^Six months before the execution of Robert Harvey for treason in Spring 1541 Harvey#C241.56 Foxe's Book of Martyrs, Critical Apparatus
^'within the space of a year, or thereabout, after' the previous man
^The 1563 edition of Foxe's Book of Martyrs records that William Dighel was burned at about the same time as Nicholas Sheterden. However, this information is not repeated in subsequent editions of Foxe's work. "Was his omission in subsequent editions due to an accident in the print shop or did Foxe come to doubt his information on Dighel?"
^husband of Elizabeth Warne, burnt in August 1555
^May be the same as ... Butter, burnt (day unknown) June 1555, Location unknown (the Regester)
^Buried in St. Michaels & All Angels Marble placed in 1748
^which calls him 'Sir Franke'
^The same as Jone Polley, burnt (day unknown) July 1555, Location unknown (the Regester)
^Foxe erred in stating that Polley came from Pepenbury; see PRO C/85/144/33r.
^widow of John Warne, burnt in May 1555
^which says that 'Joan Lashford ... was the daughter of one Robert Lashford ..., and of ... Elizabeth, who afterward was married to John Warne'
^may be the same as Jone Painter (the Regester)
^ a bwhich refers to 'two women in Ippeswiche towne'
^ a bwhich refers to 'two brethren more'
^ a bwhich refers to 'two at Glocester'
^ a b cwhich refers to 'two men and a syster dere'
^'The Regester' states that a person called 'Milwright' was burnt along with Harland, Oswald, Reed and Avington. However, this person is not mentioned in Foxe's Book of Martyrs, although he does appear in
^may be the same as John Milles
^the same as 'A merchant's servant burned at Leicester' and the same as 'the yong man at Leicester'
^ a bwhich refers to "two women"
^her husband then married Christian George, mentioned below
^May be an error for Edward Horne, burnt at Newent, Gloucestershire in September 1558. Foxe states that a woman was burnt with Horne. However, the Critical Apparatus quotes a letter from Foxe's papers stating that 'Edward Horne's wife was condemned with him but she recanted and her life was spared'
^ a bwhich refers to 'two at Wye'
^ a bwhich refers to 'two at Asheforde'. A number of Kentish people of Ashford Area are recorded as having been burnt 16 January 1556 at Ashford, Kent in Ashford Borough Council – Parks and Open Spaces. However, at this time the civil or legal year in England began on 25 March, so the date now known as 16 January 1557 would then have been recorded as 16 January 1556.
^ a bWilliam Carman burnt unknown month 1557 and Thomas Carman burnt 19 May 1558 were brothers
^may be the same as Jhon Lothesby, burnt at Smithfield, April 1557 (the Regester)
^may be the same as Annis Hide, burnt at Smithfield, April 1557 (the Regester)
^which records an 'other' burnt with Morant and Grathwick
^May be the same as Christian Grover of the archdeaconry of Lewes
^'The Regester' states that a person called 'Hayne' was burnt along with Cuthbert Symion. However, this person is not mentioned in Foxe's Book of Martyrs.
^'The Regester' gives the name of the woman burnt with Alexander Gooch as Elizabeth Launson.
^ a b cAn Anabaptist
^ a b c dA Unitarian
^An Arian
^may be the same as William Ailewarde (the Regester)
^Richard Smith is said to have died in prison (day unknown) September, Lowlar's Tower/Lollard's Tower, Lambeth Palace, London in 'the Regester', but is described as 'non-existent' in
^may be the same as Thomas Leyes of Thorpe, Essex, sickened in Lollard's Tower, died (day unknown) September, Location unknown
References
^ a bDavid Loades: Power in Tudor England. New York: St Martin's Press, 1997.
^ a b c d e fRichards, Judith M. Mary Tudor, Routledge 2009 ISBN 0415327210
^Christopher Haigh (29 May 1987). The English Reformation Revised. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-33631-4. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
^Kenneth O. Morgan (1 April 2009). The Oxford Illustrated History of Britain. Oxford University Press. p. 259. ISBN 978-0-19-954475-2. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
^ a b c d e f g h i j kDuffy, EamonFires of Faith: Catholic England Under Mary Tudor, New Haven, Yale 2008 ISBN 0300152167
^ a b c d"Fox's Book of Martyrs". Ccel.org. Retrieved 1 September 2012.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff fg fh fi fj fk fl fm fn fo fp fq fr fs ft fu fv fw fx fy fz ga gb gc gd ge gf gg gh gi gj gk gl gm gn go gp gq gr gs gt gu gv gw gx gy gz ha hb hc hd he hf hg hh hi hj hk hl hmThomas Bryce, "The Regester" in Edward Farr, ed., Select Poetry of the Reign of Queen Elizabeth. 1845.
^Margaret Baker (4 March 2008). Discovering London Statues and Monuments. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7478-0495-6. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
^"The Calendar". The Church of England. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
^Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 170. Mummuth and Hitton
^Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 179. Thomas Benet
^Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 171. Thomas Bilney
^Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 173. Richard Bayfield, martyr
^Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 174. John Tewkesbury, leatherseller, of London, martyr
^Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 1563 Edition | Book 3 | Page 546
^Gairdner, James Lollardy and the Reformation in England: An Historical Survey London, Macmillan and Co, 1908, Vol 1, P 392, Note 1
^Andrews, William Eusebius (1826). Review of Fox's Book of Martyrs, Page 119 – William Eusebius Andrews – Google Books. Retrieved 8 November 2014.
^Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 176. James Bainham, lawyer and martyr
^ a bFoxe's Book of Martyrs: 177. John Bent and others
^Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 166. Martyrs in Scotland and England, 1525–32
^David Daniell, 'Frith, John (1503–1533)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Oct 2006 accessed 21 Sept 2014
^ a bFoxe's Book of Martyrs: 178. John Frith and Andrew Hewet
^Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 181. King Henry's breach with Rome. See Susan Brigden, London and the Reformation [Oxford,1989], pp. 270–71 for the background to these executions.
^Foxe's Book of Martyrs, 1583 edition, Book 8, page 1073
^ a b c d eFoxe's Book of Martyrs: 192. Other martyrs, 1538. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 21 August 2013.
^ a bFoxe's Book of Martyrs, Critical Apparatus
^Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 191. John Lambert. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
^Stow's Annals of England to 1603, P971
^ a b cFoxe's Book of Martyrs: 222. Three divers sorts of judgments amongst the papists, against heretics as they call them. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 10 August 2014.
^Stow's Annals of England to 1603, p. 974
^ a b cFoxe's Book of Martyrs: 197. The history of Robert Barnes, Thomas Garret, and William Jerome, divines. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
^Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 175. John Randall and Edward Freese. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 8 September 2013.
^Foxe's Book of Martyrs, Critical Apparatus
^ a b cFoxe's Book of Martyrs: 199. Further persecution arising from the Six Articles. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 8 September 2013.
^Foxe's Book of Martyrs, Critical Apparatus
^ a bFoxe's Book of Martyrs, Critical Apparatus
^ a b c d200. John Porter, Thomas Sommers, and others. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 8 September 2013.
^ a b cFoxe's Book of Martyrs – Glossary of People
^ a bFoxe's Book of Martyrs – Glossary of People
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^ a b cFoxe's Book of Martyrs: 204. Persecution in Calais. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 12 August 2014.
^ a b cFoxe's Book of Martyrs: 203. Four Windsor Martyrs. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 9 August 2014.
^Foxe's Book of Martyrs – Glossary of People
^Foxe's Book of Martyrs – Glossary of People
^Foxe's Book of Martyrs – Glossary of People
^ a b c dFoxe's Book of Martyrs: 207. John Athy, John Heywood, Kerby, and Roger Clarke
^ a bDiane Watt, 'Askew , Anne (c. 1521–1546)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 24 Aug 2014
^Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 209. Anne Askew
^ a b cFoxe's Book of Martyrs: 210. The Martyrdom of John Lacels, John Adams, and Nicholas Belenian
^ a b c d e fFoxe's Book of Martyrs, Glossary of People
^Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 211. One Rogers, a martyr, burned in Norfolk
^ a b c d e f g hFoxe's Book of Martyrs – 311. GEORGE CATMER, ROBERT STREATER, .ANTHONY BURWARD, GEORGE BRODBRIDGE, AND JAMES TUTTY; THOMAS HAYWARD AND JOHN GOREWAY. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
^Andrew Hope, 'Bocher, Joan (d. 1550)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 24 Aug 2014
^Strype's Memorials of Cranmer, P 332
^David Hume, The History of England, vol. 3 Chapter XXXIV
^Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 264. John Rogers. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
^Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 265. Laurence Saunders. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
^Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 266. John Hooper. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
^Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 267. Rowland Taylor. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
^Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 277. Rawlins White. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
^Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 272. Thomas Tomkins. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
^ a bFoxe's Book of Martyrs: 274. Thomas Causton and Thomas Higbed. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
^Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 273. William Hunter. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
^ a b cFoxe's Book of Martyrs: 275. William Pygot, Stephen Knight, and John Laurence. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
^Foxe's Book of Martyrs, Critical Apparatus
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l mBrief Exhortation to England, John Knox, 1559
^Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 276. Robert Ferrar. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
^Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 279. George Marsh. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
^Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 280. William Flower. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
^ a bFoxe's Book of Martyrs: 282. John Cardmaker and John Warne. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
^"Foxe's Book of Martyrs – 286. Thomas Haukes". Exclassics.com. Retrieved 1 September 2012.
^Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 287. Thomas Wats. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
^ a bFoxe's Book of Martyrs: 284. John Ardeley and John Simson. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
^ a b cFoxe's Book of Martyrs: 291. Thomas Osmond, William Bamford, Thomas Osborne and others.Exclassics.com. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
^Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 292. John Bradford. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
^ a bFoxe's Book of Martyrs: 294. The execution of Leaf and Bradford. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
^Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 293. John Leaf, burnt with Bradford. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
^Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 297. John Bland Exclassics.com. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
^ a b c d e fFoxe's Book of Martyrs: 298. Nicholas Shetterden, John Frankesh and Humphrey Middleton. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
^ a b cFoxe's Book of Martyrs: 299. Nicholas Hall and Christopher Wade. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
^Foxe's Book of Martyrs, Critical Apparatus
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p qLewes Sussex Protestant Martyrs Reformation 6. Lewes Bonfire Celebrations. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
^ a bFoxe's Book of Martyrs: 300. Dirick Carver and John Launder. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
^ a b cFoxe's Book of Martyrs: 301. Thomas Iveson, John Aleworth and James Abbes. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t uFoxe's Book of Martyrs: 351. Other martyrs in 1556. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 26 May 2013
^Foxe's Book of Martyrs, 1583 edition
^ a b c dFoxe's Book of Martyrs: 302. John Denley, Gentleman, John Newman and Patrick Packingham. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 19 May 2013.
^Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 307. Robert Smith. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 19 May 2013.
^ a b c d e fFoxe's Book of Martyrs: 303. William Coker, William Hopper, Henry Laurence, Richard Colliar, Richard Wright, and William Stere. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 19 May 2013.
^Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 305. Elizabeth Warne. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 19 May 2013.
^Foxe's Book of Martyrs, Critical Apparatus
^Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 306. George Tankerfield. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 19 May 2013.
^Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 309. Robert Samuel. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 19 May 2013.
^ a b c d e f gFoxe's Book of Martyrs: 308. Stephen Harwood, Thomas Fust, William Hale, George King, Thomas Leyes, John Wade, and William Andrew. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 19 May 2013.
^ a b c"Foxe's Book of Martyrs – 310. William Allen, Roger Coo, and Thomas Cobb". Exclassics.com. Retrieved 1 September 2012.
^ a b c d eImage of FOXE: BOOK OF MARTYRS. – The Burning Of George Catmer, Robert Streater, Anthony Burward And George Broadbridge At Canterbury, England, 12 July 1555. Line Engraving, From A Late 18th Century English Edition Of John Foxe's 'The Book Of Martyrs,' First Published In 1563. From The Granger Collection. Granger.com. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
^ a b c d eThe Martyrs Memorial, Canterbury. Machadoink.com (16 October 1907). Retrieved 16 August 2012.
^Transactions of the Congregational Historical Society, Vol 2, p. 366 (1969)
^ a b c d"Foxe's Book of Martyrs – 312. Robert Glover, Gentleman, and John and William Glover, his brothers". Exclassics.com. Retrieved 1 September 2012.
^Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 313. Cornelius Bungey Exclassics.com. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
^ a bFoxe's Book of Martyrs – 314. William Wolsey and Robert Pygot. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 19 May 2013.
^Foxe, John (1838). The Acts and monuments of the Church; containing the history and sufferings of the martyrs. A new ed., revised, corrected, and condensed by M.H. Seymour.
^Susan Wabuda, 'Latimer, Hugh (c. 1485–1555)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2009 accessed 27 June 2013
^ a bFoxe's Book of Martyrs: 321. The execution of Ridley and Latimer Exclassics.com. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
^ a b c d eFoxe's Book of Martyrs: 325. John Webbe, George Roper, Gregory Parke, William Wiseman, and James Gore. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 19 May 2013.
^Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 326. John Philpot. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 19 May 2013.
^ a b c d e f gFoxe's Book of Martyrs: 329. Thomas Whittle, Bartlet Green, John Tudson, John Went, Thomas Browne; Isabel Foster, and Joan Warne, Alias Lashford. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 22 May 2013.
^ a b c d eFoxe's Book of Martyrs: 330. John Lomas, Anne Albright, Joan Catmer, Agnes Snoth, and Joan Sole. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 22 May 2013.
^ a bFoxe's Book of Martyrs: 332. Agnes Porter and Joan Trunchfield. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 22 May 2013.
^Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 331. Thomas Cranmer. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 19 May 2013.
^ a b cFoxe's Book of Martyrs: 333. John Maundrel, William Coberley, and John Spicer. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 22 May 2013.
^ a bFoxe's Book of Martyrs: 336. John Harpole and Joan Beach. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 22 May 2013.
^Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 337: John Hullier. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 19 May 2013.
^Babraham History Archived 4 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine
^ a b c d e fFoxe's Book of Martyrs: 334. Robert Drakes, William Tyms, Richard Spurge, Thomas Spurge, John Cavel, George Ambrose. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 22 May 2013.
^ a b c d e fFoxe's Book of Martyrs 338. Christopher Lyster, John Mace, John Spencer, Simon Joyne, Richard Nichols and John Hamond. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 22 May 2013.
^ a b c d e fFoxe's Book of Martyrs: 339. Hugh Laverock, John Apprice, Katharine Hut, Elizabeth Thackvel, and Joan Horns. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 22 May 2013.
^ a bFoxe's Book of Martyrs: 340. Thomas Drowry and Thomas Croker. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 24 May 2013
^ a b cFoxe's Book of Martyrs: 341. Persecution in Suffolk. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 24 May 2013
^ a b"Woodmancote Martyrs". Acutting.co.uk. 6 June 2010. Retrieved 1 September 2012.
^ a b c d e f g h i jFoxe's Book of Martyrs: 343: Other Martyrs, June 1556. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 24 May 2013
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p qFoxe's Book of Martyrs: 370: Persecution in Lichfield and Chichester. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 24 May 2013
^'Christ's victory over Satan's tyranny', Thomas Mason, 1615
^ a b c d eAndrews, William Eusebius (1826). Review of Fox's Book of Martyrs – William Eusebius Andrews – Google Books. Retrieved 1 September 2012.
^ a b c d e fFoxe's Book of Martyrs: 345. Trouble and business in the diocese of Lichfield and elsewhere, June–July 1556. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 26 May 2013.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l mFoxe's Book of Martyrs: 344. Thirteen Martyrs Burned at Stratford-Le-Bow. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 24 May 2013
^ a b c dFoxe's Book of Martyrs: 378. Three Colchester Martyrs. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 30 May 2013
^ a b cFoxe's Book of Martyrs: 348. Julius (sic) Palmer, John Gwin and Thomas Askin. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 26 May 2013
^ a b cFoxe's Book of Martyrs: 350. Katharine Cawches, Guillemine Gilbert, Perotine Massey, and an infant, the son of Perotine Massey. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 26 May 2013
^ a b cMartyrdom in East Grinstead « Tudor stuff: Tudor history from the heart of England. Tudorstuff.wordpress.com. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
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^Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 368. John Noyes. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 29 May 2013
^Ecclesiastical Memorials, John Strype, 1822
^Foxe's Book of Martyrs, Critical Apparatus
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^Foxe's Book of Martyrs, 1583 Edition, Book 12, Page 1994
^Bloomfield's History of Norfolk, Vol 3 'The history of the city of Norwich', Chapter 26 'Of the City in Queen Mary's Time'
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^The Acts and Monuments: A story of 5 other Godly Martyrs Burned at one fire in Smithfield. Johnfoxe.org. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
^ a b cFoxe's Book of Martyrs: 388. Richard Sharp, Thomas Benion, and Thomas Hale. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 31 May 2013
^ a b cBlanchard, A. Book of Martyrs, or, A History of the Lives ... Infidel Persecutions. Buffalo, NY: N. G. Ellis, 1845.
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^ a b c d e f g h i j kFoxe's Book of Martyrs: 362. Ten Colchester Martyrs. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 29 May 2013
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^Richings, R (1860) The Mancetter martyrs: the suffering and martyrdom of Mr Robert Glover and Mrs Joice [sic] Lewis (London: pp xiii/xiv)
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^ a b c dFoxe's Book of Martyrs: 366. Ralph Allerton, James Austoo, Margery Austoo, and Richard Roth. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 29 May 2013
^Burning of Cicely Ormes, at Norwich. Kamglobal.org. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
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^Foxe's Book of Martyrs – 371. THOMAS SPURDANCE. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
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^ a b cFoxe's Book of Martyrs: 373. John Rough and Margaret Mearing. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 29 May 2013
^Memorial to William Nichol, martyr:: OS grid SM9515 :: Geograph Britain and Ireland – photograph every grid square!. Geograph.org.uk (18 June 2007). Retrieved 16 August 2012.
^Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 375. William Nichol. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 30 May 2013
^ a b cFoxe's Book of Martyrs: 376. William Seaman, Thomas Carman, and Thomas Hudson. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 30 May 2013
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p qFoxe's Book of Martyrs – 380. THIRTEEN ISLINGTON MARTYRS. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
^K-State Libraries – Rare Books – Illustrations List from Foxe's Book of Martyrs (1684). Retrieved 16 August 2012.
^ a bFoxe's Book of Martyrs – 381. Richard Yeoman. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
^ a b c dFoxe's Book of Martyrs – 384. The unjust execution and martyrdom of four, burnt at St. Edmund's Bury.. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
^Foxe's Book of Martyrs – 383. Thomas Benbridge, Gentleman and Martyr. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
^Foxe's Book of Martyrs, 1583 edition, page 2173
^ a bFoxe's Book of Martyrs – 385. Alice Driver and Alexander Gouch. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
^ a b cFoxe's Book of Martyrs – 386. Philip Humfrey, and John and Henry David. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
^ a b c d eFoxe's Book of Martyrs – 389. The last martyrs. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
^ a bAntonio de Guaras to Gabriel de Zayas, 25 July 1575, printed in Calendar of Letters and State Papers Relating to English Affairs: Preserved Principally in the Archives of Simancas: Volume 2, PP 499–500, Martin A. S. Hume, Cambridge University Press, 3 Oct 2013
^ a b cAlexander Gordon, 'Hamont, Matthew (d. 1579)', rev. Stephen Wright, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 25 Aug 2014
^Alexander Gordon, 'Kett, Francis (c.1547–1589)', rev. Stephen Wright, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 25 Aug 2014
^ a bChisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Greenwood, John". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press; Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Barrowe, Henry". Encyclopædia Britannica. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 442–443
^John Penry (1563–1593), the Welsh Puritan preacher and author. Briefly imprisoned in 1587 for his book the Aequity of an Humble Supplication, in which he called for more preaching in the Welsh language. Returned to London from exile in Scotland in September 1592, and allied himself with the Separatist followers of Henry Barrow. Arrested on 22 March 1592/3. Indicted under the Act of Uniformity (1 Eliz. 1. c. 2). Executed by hanging at S. Thomas a Watering on 29 May 1593. The first signature on his death warrant was that of John Whitgift, Elizabeth I's Archbishop of Canterbury. Sources : PENRY, JOHN, by Robert Tudur Jones, Dictionary of Welsh Biography, https://biography.wales/article/s-PENR-JOH-1563 accessed 25 May 2016; 'Crefydd, Cenedlgarwch a'r Wladwriaeth: John Penry (1563–1593) a Phiwritaniaeth Gynnar', John Gwynfor Jones (University of Wales Press, 2014); BBC News article on the call by Welsh Independents for an apology from the Anglican Church: http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/1/hi/wales/south_west/7402541.stm Published: 2008/05/15 14:01:01. Retrieved 25 May 2016
^David R. Como, 'Legate, Bartholomew (d. 1612)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008 accessed 25 Aug 2014
^Stephen Wright, 'Wightman, Edward (bap. 1580?, d. 1612)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 25 Aug 2014
^Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 346. John Fortune, otherwise Cutler. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 26 May 2013.
^Foxe's Book of Martyrs, Critical Apparatus
^Foxe's Book of Martyrs, Critical Apparatus
^ a bFoxe's Book of Martyrs: 180. Persons abjured in London. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 18 August 2013.
^Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 285. John Tooley. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
^ a bFoxe's Book of Martyrs: 296. William Minge and James Trevisam. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
^ a b cFoxe's Book of Martyrs:352 The visitation at Cambridge; exhumations and burnings. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 26 May 2013
^ a bThe British magazine and monthly register of religious and ecclesiastical ... – Hugh James Rose, Samuel Roffey Maitland – Google Books. 1839. Retrieved 1 September 2012.
^Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 278. OTHER EVENTS OF MARCH AND APRIL 1555. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
^Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 382. John Alcock. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
^Foxe's Book of Martyrs, Critical Apparatus
^ a bThe Unabridged Acts and Monuments Online or TAMO (1576 edition). Editorial commentary and additional information (HRI Online Publications, Sheffield, 2011). Available from: http://www.johnfoxe.org Accessed: 28.04.13
^Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 347. The death of John Careless, in the King's Bench. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 26 May 2013.
^Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 361. AMBROSE (FIRST NAME UNKNOWN), RICHARD LUSH, THOMAS READ, SIMON MILLER AND ELIZABETH COOPER. Exclassics.com. Retrieved 27 May 2013.