Placa conmemorativa de los papas enterrados en la Basílica de San Pedro (sus nombres en latín y el año de su entierro)
Esta lista cronológica de los papas de la Iglesia católica corresponde a la que aparece en el Anuario Pontificio bajo el título "I Sommi Pontefici Romani" (Los Sumos Pontífices Romanos), excluyendo a aquellos que están explícitamente indicados como antipapas . Publicado cada año por la Curia Romana , el Anuario Pontificio ya no identifica a los papas por número de reinado, afirmando que es imposible decidir qué papa representó la sucesión legítima en varios momentos. [1] La edición de 2001 del Anuario Pontificio introdujo "casi 200 correcciones a sus biografías existentes de los papas, desde San Pedro hasta Juan Pablo II". Las correcciones se referían a las fechas, especialmente en los dos primeros siglos, los lugares de nacimiento y el apellido de un papa. [2]
El término papa ( en latín : papa , lit. 'padre') se utiliza en varias iglesias para designar a sus altos líderes espirituales (por ejemplo, papa copto ). Este título en el uso inglés generalmente se refiere al jefe de la Iglesia católica. El papa católico usa varios títulos por tradición, incluidos Summus Pontifex , Pontifex Maximus y Servus servorum Dei . Cada título ha sido agregado por eventos históricos únicos y, a diferencia de otras prerrogativas papales, no es inmodificable. [3]
Un número significativo de estos papas han sido reconocidos como santos , incluidos 48 de los primeros 50 papas consecutivos, y otros están en proceso de santificación. De los primeros 31 papas, 28 murieron como mártires.
Lista cronológica de los papas
1er milenio
Siglo I
La cronología de los primeros papas es muy discutida. Las primeras listas antiguas de papas no fueron escritas hasta finales del siglo II, después de que el episcopado monárquico ya se hubiera desarrollado en Roma. Estas primeras listas combinaban tradiciones contradictorias, e incluso la sucesión de los primeros papas es discutida. Las primeras fechas seguras son 222 y 235 d. C., las elecciones de Urbano I y Liberio . Los años dados para los primeros 30 papas siguen el trabajo de Richard Adelbert Lipsius , que a menudo muestra una diferencia de 3 años con las fechas tradicionales dadas por Eusebio de Cesarea . [4] Estas son también las fechas utilizadas por la Enciclopedia Católica . [5]
Regnal numbers follow the usual convention for European monarchs. The first pope who chooses a unique name is not usually identified by an ordinal, John Paul I being the exception. Antipopes are treated as pretenders, and their numbers are reused by those considered to be legitimate popes. However, there are anomalies in the numbering of the popes. Several numbers were mistakenly increased in the Middle Ages because the records were misunderstood. Several antipopes were also kept in the sequence, either by mistake or because they were previously considered to be true popes.[52]
Alexander: Antipope Alexander V (1409–1410) was listed in the Annuario Pontificio as a legitimate pope until the 20th century,[53] when the Pisan popes were reclassified as antipopes. There had already been three more Alexanders by then, so there is now a gap in the numbering sequence.
Benedict: Antipope Benedict X (1058–1059) was kept in the numbering sequence.[54]
Boniface: Antipope Boniface VII (974 and 984–985) was kept in the numbering sequence.[54]
Donus: The name has only been used by one pope. The apocryphal Pope Donus II resulted from confusion between the Latin word dominus (lord) and the name Donus.
Felix: Antipope Felix II (356–357) was kept in the numbering sequence.[54]
John: The numbering of the Popes John is particularly confused. In the modern sequence, they are identified by the numbers they used during their reigns.
Pope John XXI (1276–1277) chose to skip the number XX, believing that there had been another Pope John between XIV and XV. In reality, John XIV had been counted twice.[55]
By the 16th century, the numbering error had been conflated with legends about a female Pope Joan, whom some authors called John VIII. She was never listed in the Annuario Pontificio.[56]
Antipope John XXIII (1410–1415) was listed in the Annuario Pontificio as a legitimate pope until the 20th century.[53] After the Pisan popes were classified as antipopes, Pope John XXIII (1958–1963) chose to reuse the number, citing "twenty-two [sic] Johns of indisputable legitimacy."[57]
Martin: Pope Martin I (649–655) is followed by Martin IV (1281–1285). Due to the similarity between the Latin names Marinus and Martinus, Marinus I and Marinus II were mistakenly considered to be Martin II and III.[58]
Stephen: Pope-elect Stephen (752) died before being consecrated. He was previously known as Stephen II, but the Vatican removed him from the official list of popes in 1961.[55] The remaining Stephens are now numbered Pope Stephen II (752–757) to Pope Stephen IX (1057–1058).
^Nicopolis is now a Roman ruin near the city of Preveza, Greece.
^It is not clear when Pope Victor I was born, and where he was born, although some[11] suggest he was born in Leptis Magna, now a part of Libya.
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