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Möng Mao

Muang Mao, also spelled Möng Mao (Ahom:𑜉𑜢𑜤𑜂𑜫𑜉𑜧𑜨, Shan: မိူင်းမၢဝ်း; Tai Nüa: ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥛᥣᥝᥰ; Burmese: မိုင်းမော; Chinese: 勐卯) or the Mao Kingdom, was an ethnic Dai state that controlled several smaller Tai states or chieftainships along the frontier of what is now Myanmar, China, the states of Northeast India of Assam, Nagaland, Manipur and Arunachal Pradesh principally set in the Dehong region of Yunnan with a capital near the modern-day border town of Ruili/Meng Mao. The name of the main river in this region is the Nam Mao, also known as the Shweli River.[1]

Names

Möng Mao is Tai Nuea and Shan language name, also called Möng Mao Lông (Tai Nüa: ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥛᥣᥝᥰ ᥘᥨᥒᥴ; Shan: မိူင်းမၢဝ်းလူင်), which means "Great Muang Mao". The "Möng" means country or place.[2] The "Mao" (ᥛᥣᥝᥰ) was evolved from "dizzy" (ᥛᥝᥰ), it is because the mother of legendary king Chao U Ting felt dizzy when she was brought to the sky by a bird.[3] The name "Möng Mao" is still used nowadays, as the official Tai Nuea name of Ruili City (ᥝᥥᥒᥰ ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥛᥣᥝᥰ).

Kosambi was an Indian ancient country, Mong Mao used Kosambi as his Buddhistic classical name.[4]"Kosambi" is also called "Guo-zhan-bi" (Tai Nüa: ᥐᥨᥝᥰ ᥓᥛᥱ ᥙᥤᥱ, Chinese: 果占璧) in Ruili, modern Dai people give a new explanation of "Guo-zhan-bi" which is "place that produce fragrant soft rice".[5]

In Chinese literature, Möng Mao was called Luchuan (Chinese: 麓川), first recorded in Yuanshi as the name of the administrative division "Luchuan Circuit" (Chinese: 麓川路).[6] Some of literature also called Mong Mao as Baiyi (Chinese: 百夷), but most of the time this is a collective name of all the ethnic groups in south west of Yunnan, or specifically refers to Dai people.[7]

In Burmese literature, Möng Mao was called Maw[8] or Maw Shan.[9] In the Manipur literature, such as Cheitharol Kumbaba use the name Pong refer to Mong Mao.[10]

History

Entry into Ruili, the capital of Mongmao kingdom from Myanmar

The chronicle of this region, titled the Möng Mao Chronicle, was written much later.[11] Some scholars identify Möng Mao with the Kingdom of Pong, as well as with the kingdom of Luh Shwan mentioned in Chinese chronicles. Like most of Tai Yai history, the history of the Kingdom of Pong is largely legendary and existing chronicles and traditions include conflicting names and dates which have led to different interpretations.[12]

Möng Mao arose in the power vacuum left after the Kingdom of Dali in Yunnan fell to the Mongol Yuan Dynasty around 1254. The Yuan ruled the region indirectly in what was known as the Native Chieftain System. This kingdom had asserted some unity over the diversity of ethnic groups residing along the southwest frontier of Yunnan.[13]

After the Ming conquest of Yunnan the Möng Mao under Si Lunfa decided to submit to Ming authority. However, Möng Mao revolted in 1386 and led to the Ming–Mong Mao War (1386–1388). In 1448, a combination of Ming, Sipsongpanna, and other allied forces subjugated Möng Mao.

"Muang Mao" is sometimes used by authors to refer to the entire group of Tai states along the Chinese-Myanmar frontier including Luchuan-Pingmian (麓川平緬), Muang Yang (Chinese: 孟養; pinyin: Mèngyǎng), and Hsenwi (Chinese: 木邦; pinyin: Mùbāng), even though specific place names are almost always used in Ming and Burmese sources.[14]

The center of power shifted frequently between these smaller states or chieftainships. Sometimes they were unified under one strong leader, sometimes they were not. As the Shan scholar Sai Kam Möng observes: "Sometimes one of these [smaller states] strove to be the leading kingdom and sometimes all of them were unified into one single kingdom..." The capital of the kingdom shifted from place to place, but most of them were located near the Nam Mao river (the "Shweli" on most maps today)" [15]

The various versions of the Möng Mao Chronicle provide the lineage of Möng Mao rulers. The Shan chronicle tradition, recorded very early by Elias (1876), provides a long list with the first ruler of Möng Mao dating from 568 A.D.[16] The dates in Elias for later rulers of Möng Mao do not match very well the dates in Ming dynasty sources such as Ming Shilu (Wade, 2005) and Baiyi Zhuan (Wade, 1996) which are considered more reliable from the time of the ruler Si Kefa. Bian-zhang-ga (1990), translated into Thai by Witthayasakphan and Zhao Hongyun (2001), also provides a fairly detailed local chronicle of Möng Mao.

Saophas

Mong Mao Long, or the white fog of Mong Mao Long, was founded in 56 BC by Hso Hom Hpa, a descendant of the ancient Tai King from Nawng Hsè, who sent his son Hkun Hkam Naw to build the city of Oung Pawng-Hsipaw

Later,the city became vacant. And was pioneered by Hkun Lai, who came from the city of Mong Ri Mong Ram, the city sited in the region called Koshanpye.

The city has gone through many events. Since the reign of Hso Hkan Hpa, their subsequent saopha have assassinated each other. The struggle for the throne led to Hso Kaa Hpa, son of Sao Chang Nyue from Mong Ri Mong Ram (different from Chao Chang Nyue, the 37th saopha of Mong Mao Long) and Mahadevi Phlak Hkam Hsen Mawng, daughter of Sao Tai Lung, the 45th (Sao Pam Myo Pung, his son the 46th saopha, handed over the throne to Hso Kaa Hpa) Hso Kaa Hpa had to evacuated from the Koshanpye. Across the Pad Kai mountain range into Assam in India to established a new kingdom called the Ahom Kingdom.

Mong Mao Long has a total of 81 saophas. Mao Long is currently located near the Burmese border. (located during the Hso Wak Hpa era saopha No.52) in Yunnan Province, which in the past Counting with the provinces in Burma it is a group of Mong Mao Lung, Mongmit, Mongkawng and Bammaw located nearby.

Saophas:

He was the one of descendants from Hkun Su the saopha of Nawng Hsè

(He has younger brother name's Sam Lung Kung Maing (Sam Lung Hpa) became the saopha of Möngkawng)

(He established the present of the city located)

Vacant 1330–1339

Vacant 1445–1448

List of Monarchs

Notes

  1. ^ (Maha Yazawin Vol. 1 2006: 272) and (Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 392): Tho Chi Bwa was a brother of Lord Tho Han Bwa. (Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 170): Tho Chi Bwa was a son of Tho Khin Bwa, Lord of Maw.
  2. ^ All the main Burmese chronicles—(Maha Yazawin Vol. 1 2006: 297) (Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 200) and (Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 424)—give the name as Tho Ngan Bwa, the same name as the sawbwa in the 15th century.
  3. ^ (Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 82, 88): Great grandson of Tho Chi Bwa
  4. ^ (Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 291) and (Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 91): Both Tho Kyein Bwa and Tho Bok Bwa were still alive in 1451.
  5. ^ (Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 291) and (Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 91): Both Tho Kyein Bwa and Tho Bok Bwa were still alive in 1451. Tho Bok Bwa was appointed sawbwa of Mohnyin by King Narapati I of Ava.

References

  1. ^ Sai Kam Mong, 2004, p. 10, citing Jiang Yingliang, 1983
  2. ^ Meng 2007, p. 1347
  3. ^ Gong & Yang 1988, p. 6
  4. ^ Mangrai 1965, p. 37
  5. ^ Gong & Yang 1988, p. 1
  6. ^ You 1987, p. 58
  7. ^ Hu 1984, p. 86
  8. ^ Taw 1899, pp. 38–39
  9. ^ Harvey 1925, p. 322
  10. ^ Parratt 2005, pp. 29, 41
  11. ^ Elias, 1876; Daniels, 2006; Bian-zhang-ga, 1990; Witthayasakphan and Zhao Hongyun, 2001
  12. ^ Yos Santasombat, Lak Chang: A Reconstruction of Tai Identity in Daikong, p. 3-4
  13. ^ Daniels, 2006, p. 28
  14. ^ Wade, 2005
  15. ^ Sai Kam Mong, 2004, p. 10, citing Jiang Yingliang, 1983
  16. ^ Jane M. Ferguson (2021). Repossessing Shanland: Myanmar, Thailand, and a Nation-State Deferred. University of Wisconsin Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv2175gx5. ISBN 978-0-299-33300-3. JSTOR j.ctv2175gx5. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
  17. ^ Aung Tun 2009: 103
  18. ^ a b Fernquest 2006: 36

Bibliography

External links