List of mergers and acquisitions by IBM

IBM's acquisitions

IBM logo

IBM has undergone a large number of mergers and acquisitions during a corporate history lasting over a century; the company has also produced a number of spinoffs during that time.

The acquisition date listed is the date of the agreement between IBM and the subject of the acquisition. The value of each acquisition is listed in USD because IBM is based in the United States. If the value of an acquisition is not listed, then it is undisclosed.

Precursors 1889–1910

Herman Hollerith initially did business under his own name, as The Hollerith Electric Tabulating System, specialising in punched card data processing equipment.^[1] In 1896 he incorporated as the Tabulating Machine Company.

• 1889 Bundy Manufacturing Company incorporated.
• 1891 Computing Scale Company incorporated.
• 1893 Dey Patents Company (soon renamed the Dey Time Register Company) incorporated.
• 1894 Willard & Frick Manufacturing Company (Rochester, New York) incorporated.
• 1896
  • Detroit Automatic Scale Company incorporated.
  • Hollerith incorporates the Tabulating Machine Company. Will be reincorporated in 1905.
• 1899 Standard Time Stamp Company acquired by Bundy Manufacturing Company.
• 1900
  • International Time Recording Company incorporated, acquiring the time-recording business of the Bundy Manufacturing Company and the Willard & Frick Manufacturing Company (Rochester).
  • Chicago Time-Register Company acquired by International Time Recording Company.
  • Dayton Moneyweight Scale Company acquired by Computing Scale Company.
  • Detroit Automatic Scale Company acquired by Computing Scale Company.
• 1905 Hollerith reincorporates as The Tabulating Machine Company.^[2]
• 1907 Dey Time Register Company acquired by International Time Recording Company.
• 1908 Syracuse Time Recorder Company acquired by International Time Recording Company.

Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company, 1911

Since the 1960s or earlier, IBM has described its formation as a merger of three companies: The Tabulating Machine Company (1880s origin in Washington, DC), the International Time Recording Company (ITR; 1900, Endicott), and the Computing Scale Company of America (1901, Dayton, Ohio).^[3][4][5] However, there was no merger, it was an amalgamation, and an amalgamation of four, not three, companies.^[6] The 1911 CTR stock prospectus states that the Bundy Manufacturing Company was also included.^[7]While ITR had acquired its time recording business in 1900 Bundy had remained a separate entity producing an adding machine and other wares.

• The Tabulating Machine Company
• Computing Scale Corporation
• International Time Recording Company
• Bundy Manufacturing Company

CTR owned the stock of the four companies; CTR neither produced nor sold any product; the four companies continued to operate, as before, under their own names.

Acquisitions during 1912–1999

Acquisitions since 2000

Number of acquisitions per year according to table below:

• In 2020 IBM acquired 5 companies
• In 2019 IBM acquired 1 companies
• In 2018 IBM acquired 3 companies
• In 2017 IBM acquired 3 companies
• In 2016 IBM acquired 12 companies
• In 2015 IBM acquired 13 companies
• In 2014 IBM acquired 4 companies
• In 2013 IBM acquired 9 companies
• In 2012 IBM acquired 9 companies
• In 2011 IBM acquired 8 companies

Spin-offs

• 1934 – Dayton Scale Division is sold to the Hobart Manufacturing Company.
• 1942 – Ticketograph Division is sold to the National Postal Meter Company.
• 1958 – Time Equipment Division is sold to the Simplex Time Recorder Company.
• 1974 – Service Bureau Corporation sold to Control Data Corporation
• 1984 – Prodigy, formerly a joint venture with Sears, Roebuck and Company.
• 1985 – Satellite Business Systems sold to MCI Communications
• 1988 – Copier/Duplicator business, including service and support contracts, sold to Eastman Kodak.^[219][220]
• 1990 – ARDIS mobile packet network, a joint venture with Motorola. Motorola buys IBM's 50% interest in 1994. Now Motient.
• 1991 – Lexmark (keyboards, typewriters, and printers). IBM retained a 10% interest. Lexmark has sold its keyboard and typewriter businesses.
• 1991 – Kaleida, a joint Multimedia software venture with Apple Computer.
• 1992 – Taligent, a joint software venture with Apple Computer.
• 1992 – IBM's personal computer manufacturing divisions, combined and spun off to form the autonomous subsidiary IBM Personal Computer Company (later IBM Personal Systems Group).
• 1992 – IBM Commercial Multimedia Technologies Group, spun off to form private company Fairway Technologies.
• 1992 – IBM sells its remaining 50 percent stake in the Rolm Company to Siemens A.G. of Germany.^[221]
• 1994 – Xyratex enterprise data storage subsystems and network technology, formed in a management buy-out from IBM.
• 1995 – Advantis (Advanced Value-Added Networking Technology of IBM & Sears), a voice and data network company. Joint Venture with IBM holding 70%, Sears holding 30%. IBM buys Sears' 30% interest in 1997. AT&T acquires the infrastructure portion of Advantis in 1999, becoming the AT&T Global Network. IBM retained business and strategic outsourcing portions of the joint venture.
• 1994 – Federal Systems Division sold to Loral becoming Loral Federal Systems. The Federal Systems Division performed work for NASA. Loral was later acquired by Lockheed Martin.
• 1996 – Celestica, Electronic Manufacturing Services (EMS).
• 1998 – IBM Global Network sold to AT&T to form AT&T Business Internet.
• 1999 – Dominion Semiconductor (DSC) IBM sells its 50% share to JV partner Toshiba. DSC becomes a wholly owned subsidiary of Toshiba.
• 2001 – Information Services Extended department, developer of specialized databases and software for telephone directory assistance, is spun off to form privately held company ISx, Inc (later sold to Local Matters).
• December 31, 2002 – IBM sells its HDD business to Hitachi Global Storage Technologies for approximately $2 billion. Hitachi Global Storage Technologies now provides many of the hardware storage devices formerly provided by IBM, including IBM hard drives and the Microdrive. IBM continues to develop storage systems, including tape backup, storage software and enterprise storage.
• December 2004 – Acquisition of the IBM PC business by Lenovo: Lenovo acquires 90% interest in IBM Personal Systems Group, 10,000 employees and $9 billion in revenue.
• April 3, 2006 – Web analytics provider Coremetrics acquires SurfAid Analytics, a standalone division of IBM Global Services. The deal was said to be in the "eight-figure" range, making it worth at least $10 million. (Note: Since then Coremetrics has in turn been acquired by IBM)
• January 25, 2007 – Three-year joint venture with IBM Printing Systems division and Ricoh to form new Ricoh-owned subsidiary, InfoPrint Solutions Company, for $725 million.
• September 2009 – IBM launches online business IT video advice service in association with GuruOnline.
• September 2009 – IBM sells its U2 multivalue database and application development products (created by VMark, UniData, System Builder and Prime Computer, obtained via the Informix acquisition) to Rocket Software
• April 2012 – IBM sells its Retail Store Solutions division (Point-of-Sales) to Toshiba TEC^[222]
• January 2014 – IBM sells its IBM System x business to Lenovo for $2.3 billion.^[223]
• October 2014 – IBM sells its Microelectronics (semiconductor) branch to GlobalFoundries. IBM will pay GlobalFoundries $1.5 billion over 3 years to take over the business.^[224]
• December 2014 – UNICOM Global acquires IBM Rational Focal Point and IBM Rational Purify Plus.^[225]
• January 2015 – IBM sells Algorithmics Collateral to SmartStream Technologies ^[226]
• December 2015 – UNICOM Global acquires IBM Rational System Architect ^[227]
• December 2018 – HCL Technologies to acquire Select IBM Software Products for $1.8B.^[228]
• July 2019 – IBM Watson Marketing business spins off into standalone company Acoustic, after acquisition by Centerbridge Partners^[229][230]
• October 8, 2020 – IBM announced it was spinning off the Managed Infrastructure Services unit of its Global Technology Services division into a new public company, an action expected to be completed by the end of 2021.^[231]
• January 21, 2022 – IBM announced that it would sell Watson Health to the private equity firm Francisco Partners.^[232]
• August 22, 2023 — IBM announced that the private equity firm Francisco Partners would acquire The Weather Company assets.^[233]

See also

• List of largest mergers and acquisitions
• Lists of corporate acquisitions and mergers

References

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2. Engelbourg, 1954, p. 52.
3. Austrian (1982) p.312
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39. "IBM to Acquire Liberty Insurance Services" (Press release). IBM. 2004-11-23. Archived from the original on May 16, 2006. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
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42. "IBM Acquires SRD, Breaks New Ground in Identity Resolution Software" (Press release). IBM. 2005-01-07. Archived from the original on December 25, 2005. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
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46. "IBM Acquires Meiosys" (Press release). IBM. 2005-06-23. Archived from the original on December 17, 2005. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
47. "IBM Formally Acquires PureEdge Solutions Inc., Pledges Support for Emerging Electronic Forms Standard Called Xforms" (Press release). IBM. 2005-08-05. Archived from the original on August 20, 2006. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
48. "IBM Completes Acquisition of Isogon Corporation" (Press release). IBM. 2005-07-27. Archived from the original on September 11, 2006. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
49. "IBM Formally Acquires DWL, Enhancing Data Integration Portfolio" (Press release). IBM. 2005-09-01. Archived from the original on April 8, 2006. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
50. "IBM Acquires DataPower" (Press release). IBM. 2005-10-18. Archived from the original on 25 December 2005. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
51. "IBM Acquires the Business of iPhrase Systems, Inc" (Press release). IBM. 2005-11-01. Archived from the original on December 25, 2005. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
52. "IBM Acquires Collation" (Press release). IBM. 2005-11-16. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
53. "IBM Acquires Bowstreet, Inc. to Help Customers Quickly Create Portals that Integrate Existing Business Applications" (Press release). IBM. 2005-12-20. Archived from the original on December 23, 2005. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
54. "IBM Acquires ARGUS Semiconductor Software From INFICON" (Press release). IBM. 2006-01-27. Archived from the original on February 10, 2006. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
55. "IBM Acquires CIMS Lab, Inc" (Press release). IBM. 2006-01-25. Archived from the original on January 30, 2006. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
56. "IBM to Enhance Its Supply Chain BTO Offering" (Press release). IBM. 2006-02-08. Archived from the original on August 14, 2006. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
57. "IBM Completes Acquisition of Micromuse Inc" (Press release). IBM. 2006-02-15. Archived from the original on March 14, 2006. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
58. "Ibm To Acquire Language Analysis Systems, Inc" (Press release). IBM. 2006-03-16. Archived from the original on September 14, 2006. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
59. "IBM Acquires BuildForge, Inc. to Help Organizations Meet Compliance Demands" (Press release). IBM. 2006-05-02. Archived from the original on May 20, 2006. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
60. "IBM Acquires the Business of Unicorn Solutions, Inc" (Press release). IBM. 2006-05-08. Archived from the original on 2008-06-19. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
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66. "IBM Completes Acquisition of MRO Software, Inc" (Press release). IBM. 2006-10-05. Archived from the original on July 15, 2012. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
67. "IBM Completes Acquisition of FileNet Corporation" (Press release). IBM. 2006-10-12. Archived from the original on October 16, 2006. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
68. "IBM Completes Acquisition of Internet Security Systems" (Press release). IBM. 2006-10-20. Archived from the original on November 5, 2006. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
69. "IBM Completes the Acquisition of Palisades Technology Partners" (Press release). IBM. 2006-11-10. Archived from the original on November 18, 2006. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
70. "IBM Completes Acquisition of Consul" (Press release). IBM. 2007-01-24. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
71. "IBM Completes Acquisition of Vallent" (Press release). IBM. 2007-02-14. Archived from the original on February 16, 2007. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
72. "IBM Completes Acquisition of Softek" (Press release). IBM. 2007-03-01. Archived from the original on March 4, 2007. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
73. "IBM and Switzerland's Banque Cantonale Vaudoise in $460 Million, 5-Year Services Agreement" (Press release). IBM. 2007-04-20. Archived from the original on October 7, 2011. Retrieved 2010-09-27.
74. "IBM Completes Acquisition of Watchfire" (Press release). IBM. 2007-07-23. Archived from the original on June 18, 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
75. "IBM Acquires WebDialogs to Expand Web Conferencing Capabilities in Industry-Leading Lotus Sametime" (Press release). IBM. 2007-08-22. Archived from the original on September 2, 2007. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
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96. "IBM to Acquire SPSS Inc. to Provide Clients Predictive Analytics Capabilities" (Press release). IBM. 2009-07-28. Archived from the original on July 31, 2009. Retrieved 2009-07-28.
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99. "IBM Acquires Guardium". Taume News. 2009-11-30. Archived from the original on 2009-12-02. Retrieved 2009-12-01.
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101. "IBM to National Interest Security Company" (Press release). IBM. 2010-01-20. Archived from the original on June 5, 2011. Retrieved 2010-01-20.
102. "IBM to Acquire Initiate Systems" (Press release). IBM. 2010-02-03. Archived from the original on June 5, 2011. Retrieved 2010-02-04.
103. "IBM to Acquire Intelliden Inc" (Press release). IBM. 2010-02-16. Archived from the original on September 14, 2010. Retrieved 2010-02-16.
104. "IBM Closes Acquisition of Wilshire Credit Corporation Assets" (Press release). IBM. 2010-03-01. Retrieved 2010-02-16.
105. "The Huge Value Sequoia Capital And Other Venture Capitalists Help Create". TechCrunch. 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2012-01-21.
106. "IBM Advances Cloud Initiatives with Acquisition of Cast Iron Systems" (Press release). IBM. 2010-02-16. Archived from the original on December 12, 2010. Retrieved 2010-05-03.
107. "IBM Agrees to Acquire Sterling Commerce from AT&T for $1.4 Billion" (Press release). IBM. 2010-05-24. Archived from the original on July 17, 2012. Retrieved 2010-05-24.
108. "IBM Advances Analytics With Acquisition of Coremetrics" (Press release). IBM. 2010-06-15. Archived from the original on 2012-10-09. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
109. "IBM to Acquire BigFix to Advance Smarter Data Centers" (Press release). IBM. 2010-07-01. Archived from the original on October 30, 2011. Retrieved 2010-07-01.
110. "IBM to Acquire Storwize for Data Compression Capabilities" (Press release). IBM. 2010-07-29. Archived from the original on August 4, 2010. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
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114. "IBM to Acquire Netezza" (Press release). IBM. 2010-09-20. Archived from the original on September 23, 2010. Retrieved 2010-09-20.
115. "IBM to Acquire BLADE Network Technologies" (Press release). IBM. 2010-09-27. Archived from the original on September 30, 2010. Retrieved 2010-12-09.
116. "IBM Acquires PSS Systems" (Press release). IBM. 2010-10-13. Retrieved 2010-10-13.
117. "IBM Acquires Clarity Systems" (Press release). IBM. 2010-10-21. Archived from the original on October 22, 2010. Retrieved 2010-10-21.
118. "IBM to Acquire TRIRIGA, Inc. to Accelerate Smarter Buildings Transformation" (Press release). IBM. 2011-03-22. Archived from the original on March 25, 2011. Retrieved 2011-03-22.
119. "IBM to Acquire i2 to Accelerate Big Data Analytics to Transform Global Cities" (Press release). IBM. 2011-08-31. Archived from the original on October 10, 2011. Retrieved 2011-08-31.
120. Algorithmics Inc. official website
121. "IBM to Acquire Algorithmics" (Press release). IBM. 2011-08-31. Archived from the original on October 28, 2011. Retrieved 2011-09-01.
122. Q1 Labs official website
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124. "IBM to Acquire System Software Company Platform Computing to Extend Reach of Technical Computing" (Press release). IBM. 2011-10-12. Archived from the original on October 13, 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-12.
125. "IBM extends Smarter Cities initiative through acquisition of Cúram Software" (Press release). IBM. 2011-12-05. Archived from the original on January 7, 2012. Retrieved 2012-02-23.
126. "IBM to Acquire DemandTec to Expand Cloud-Based Analytics for Smarter Commerce" (Press release). IBM. 2011-12-08. Archived from the original on January 7, 2012. Retrieved 2011-12-13.
127. "IBM Acquisition of Emptoris Bolsters Smarter Commerce Initiative, Helps Reduce Procurement Costs and Risks" (Press release). IBM. 2011-12-15. Archived from the original on January 7, 2012. Retrieved 2011-12-15.
128. Green Hat official website
129. "IBM to Acquire Green Hat" (Press release). IBM. 2011-01-04. Archived from the original on January 8, 2012. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
130. "IBM Advances Mobile Capabilities with Acquisition of Worklight" (Press release). IBM. 2012-01-31. Archived from the original on February 2, 2012. Retrieved 2012-01-31.
131. Rao, Leena (17 April 2012). "IBM's Mixed Q1 2012: Revenue Flat At $24.7B; Net Income Up 7 Percent To $3.1B". TechCrunch. Retrieved 10 May 2012. While the company revealed layoffs in February, IBM has spent some cash in the first quarter on acquisitions, buying Worklight for $70 million and Green Hat.
132. "IBM Broadens Analytics Portfolio with Acquisition of Varicent Software" (Press release). IBM. 2012-04-13. Archived from the original on April 16, 2012. Retrieved 2012-04-13.
133. "IBM Advances Big Data Analytics with Acquisition of Vivisimo" (Press release). IBM. 2012-04-25. Archived from the original on April 28, 2012. Retrieved 2012-04-25.
134. "IBM to Acquire Tealeaf Technology, Inc. to Help Marketers Deliver Exceptional Digital Experience for Smarter Commerce" (Press release). IBM. 2012-05-02. Archived from the original on May 4, 2012. Retrieved 2012-05-25.
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External links

• IBM list of selected acquisitions