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Lista de géneros de hormigas

Las hormigas ( familia Formicidae en el orden Hymenoptera ) son los insectos sociales más ricos en especies , con más de 12.000 especies descritas y muchas otras en espera de descripción. [1] Formicidae se divide en 21 subfamilias , de las cuales 17 están existentes y cuatro subfamilias están extintas , descritas a partir de fósiles . En total, se han descrito más de 300 géneros. [2] Las hormigas han llegado a ocupar prácticamente todos los hábitats terrestres principales, con la excepción de la tundra y los bosques fríos siempre húmedos. Muestran una amplia gama de comportamientos sociales, hábitos de alimentación y asociaciones con otros organismos, lo que ha generado interés científico y público. [1]

La siguiente es una lista de géneros de hormigas de todo el mundo organizados por subfamilia.

Llave

Subfamilias

Agroecomyrmecinae

La subfamilia Agroecomyrmecinae representa dos géneros extintos y dos géneros fósiles, que alguna vez estuvieron muy extendidos en ambos hemisferios durante el Terciario temprano . [3] [4] La subfamilia fue clasificada originalmente como Agroecomyrmecini, una tribu Myrmicinae hasta que el mirmecólogo inglés Barry Bolton elevó la tribu al estado de subfamilia en 2003. [5] [6] La mayoría de los especímenes recolectados son de América Central y México , aunque un espécimen tipo de una especie de Agroecomyrmecinae fue recolectado en Ghana . [7]

Amblyoponinae

La subfamilia Amblyoponinae representa nueve géneros actuales y un género fósil. Establecida por el mirmecólogo suizo Auguste Forel en 1893, estas hormigas son depredadoras especializadas, distribuidas por todo el mundo en los trópicos. [12] [13] [14]

Aneurietinas

La subfamilia Aneuretinae representa un género actual y ocho géneros fósiles establecidos por el entomólogo italiano Carlo Emery en 1913. Solo existe una única especie de esta subfamilia, la hormiga relicta de Sri Lanka ( Aneuretus simoni ), endémica de Sri Lanka . [28]

Apomirminas

La subfamilia Apomyrminae incluye un único género, Apomyrma , que tiene una sola especie: la rara hormiga subterránea Apomyrma stygia, de África occidental. Se sabe que existen varias especies no descritas, todas ellas de África tropical. [35]

Brownimeciinae

La subfamilia Brownimeciinae contiene un único género , Brownimecia , que tiene una sola especie, Brownimecia clavata . Fue descrita en 1997 después de que se recogiera un espécimen fosilizado de ámbar del Cretácico de Nueva Jersey , y se la colocó inicialmente en la subfamilia Ponerinae . [38] La especie fue clasificada más tarde en su propia subfamilia en 2003 por Barry Bolton . [6]

Dolicoderinae

La subfamilia Dolichoderinae fue establecida por Forel en 1878, y representa 28 géneros actuales y 20 géneros fósiles. La subfamilia presenta una gran diversidad de especies en todo el mundo, principalmente en los trópicos. La mayoría de las especies son carroñeras generalizadas, pero algunas son depredadoras. [40] [41]

Doriláceas

La subfamilia Dorylinae fue establecida por Leach en 1815 y representa 27 géneros actuales y un género fósil. Muchas especies de hormigas de esta subfamilia son conocidas como hormigas guerreras que se distribuyen en el Viejo Mundo y el Nuevo Mundo. [76] [77]

Ectatomminae

La subfamilia Ectatomminae , establecida en 1895 por Carlo Emery, representa cuatro géneros actuales y tres géneros fósiles. Se distribuye en climas tropicales y cálidos del Nuevo Mundo y del Viejo Mundo, así como en las regiones indoaustralianas . [41]

Formiciinas

La subfamilia Formiciinae representa un género extinto de hormigas que data del Eoceno . [b] Las hormigas del género Titanomyrma son las hormigas más grandes que se han conocido, con ejemplares de reina del tamaño de pequeños colibríes . Se han recolectado fósiles en el estado de Wyoming y en Alemania . [106] [107]

Formicinas

La subfamilia Formicinae representa 51 géneros actuales y 30 géneros fósiles que se distribuyen globalmente. Establecida por el zoólogo francés Pierre André Latreille en 1809, la subfamilia tiene más de 3000 especies descritas, lo que la coloca como la segunda subfamilia más grande de hormigas. A pesar de esto, el hiperdiverso género Camponotus es el grupo de hormigas más diverso del mundo, con más de 1100 especies descritas. [41] [110]

Haidomyrmecinae

La subfamilia Haidomyrmecinae contiene 9 géneros fósiles de hormigas especializadas descritas a partir de ámbares del Cretácico. Anteriormente, la subfamilia se consideraba la tribu Haidomyrmecini y se la ubicó dentro de Sphecomyrminae . La tribu fue elevada a subfamilia en 2020. [160]

Heteroponerinas

La subfamilia Heteroponerinae representa tres géneros actuales de hormigas, establecida en 2003 cuando Barry Bolton dividió la subfamilia Ponerinae en seis subfamilias. [41] Estas hormigas son conocidas de los Neotrópicos de América Central y América del Sur, mientras que Aulacopone relicta es de Azerbaiyán . [164]

Leptanilina

La subfamilia Leptanillinae representa nueve géneros actuales de hormigas, establecidos en 1910 por Carlo Emery. Son hormigas subterráneas de África, Europa y una sola especie conocida de Australia. Los estudios sobre su biología son mínimos. [167] [168]

Martialinae

La subfamilia Martialinae contiene un único género , Martialis , que tiene una sola especie, Martialis heureka . La hormiga fue descubierta en el año 2000 en la selva amazónica cerca de Manaus, Brasil . Descrita en 2008, la hormiga pertenece al linaje distinto más antiguo conocido que se ha separado de los ancestros de todas las demás hormigas. [178]

Mirmeciinas

La subfamilia Myrmeciinae representa dos géneros existentes y cinco géneros fósiles que alguna vez se encontraron en todo el mundo. [d] Establecidos por Carlo Emery en 1877, los géneros existentes están restringidos a Australia, Nueva Caledonia y Nueva Zelanda . [181] El famoso género de hormigas Myrmecia es conocido por sus picaduras venenosas y su agresión, que ha causado varias muertes humanas en personas sensibles.

Mirmicinas

La subfamilia Myrmicinae fue establecida por Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau en 1835. Representa 142 géneros actuales y 36 géneros fósiles que se distribuyen globalmente. Es la subfamilia más grande de Formicidae, con más de 6.758 especies descritas. Las hormigas recolectoras de semillas y las hormigas cultivadoras de hongos son bien conocidas entre los Myrmicines. [41] [186]

Paraponerinae

The subfamily Paraponerinae contains a single genus Paraponera. This genus has two species, one of which was found in Dominican amber from the Miocene.[298] The extant species, Paraponera clavata, is found in Central America and South America, and the pain from its sting is said to be greater than any other insect sting on earth.[299]

Ponerinae

The subfamily Ponerinae was established by Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau in 1835, which represents 47 extant genera and 12 fossil genera. The subfamily is among the most diverse in the family Formicidae, with more than 1,000 species described. They are mostly distributed in the tropics and subtropics.[6][41]

Proceratiinae

The subfamily Proceratiinae was established by Italian entomologist Carlo Emery in 1895, which represents three extant genera and one extinct genus. Found worldwide, these ants are mainly encountered in tropical and subtropical areas. Little is known about their biology.[41][317]

Pseudomyrmecinae

The subfamily Pseudomyrmecinae was established by M.R. Smith in 1952,[319] which represents three genera of ants that are primarily arboreal nesting ants in the tropical and subtropical regions.[320] They are found in Africa, Asia, Australia, North America and South America.[321]

Sphecomyrminae

The subfamily Sphecomyrminae contains 9 fossil genera of stem ants. Most fossilized ants from Cretaceous amber were placed in this subfamily, however revisions in 2017 and 2020 removed several genera and added former members of the subfamily Armaniinae.[1][325][160]

Incertae sedis

There are several ant genera where their taxonomic placement is uncertain (incertae sedis). These genera have not yet been assigned to any subfamily within Formicidae; 16 genera are currently listed as incertae sedis.[2]

Formerly included in Formicidae

There are several genera which were formerly placed in Formicidae, but have subsequently been removed. These genera are now placed in other families, are considered incertae sedis within Hymenoptera taxonomy, or are considered invalid.[340]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Includes one undescribed fossil species.[77]
  2. ^ a b †Formicium is considered a collective group name.[105]
  3. ^ a b The collective group names †Formicium and †Myrmeciites do not have designated type species per the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.[106]
  4. ^ a b †Myrmeciites is considered a collective group name.[180]
  5. ^ †Curticorna was placed in Dorylinae by Hong (2002), but this genus is "definitely not Dorylinae" according to Barry Bolton.[335] Dlussky & Wedmann (2012) suggest that Curticorna may belong to Ectatomminae.[13]
  6. ^ †Eoaenictites was placed in Aenictinae (now Dorylinae) by Hong (2002), but this genus is "definitely not Aenictinae" according to Barry Bolton.[337]

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