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Torre de celosía

La Torre Eiffel , que mide 330 m desde la base hasta la punta, es quizás el ejemplo más famoso de torre de celosía. Fue construida en 1889 y fue la estructura más alta construida por el hombre en el mundo hasta 1930.

Una torre de celosía o torre de celosía es una torre de armazón vertical autoportante . Esta construcción se utiliza ampliamente en torres de transmisión que transportan líneas eléctricas de alta tensión , en mástiles y torres de radio (una torre autorradiante o como soporte para antenas ) y en torres de observación . Su ventaja es una buena resistencia al corte con un peso mucho menor que el que tendría una torre de construcción sólida, así como una menor resistencia al viento.

En ingeniería estructural , el término torre de celosía se utiliza para una estructura independiente , mientras que un mástil de celosía es un mástil atirantado sostenido por cables tensores . Las celosías de sección transversal triangular (de tres lados) son las más comunes, particularmente en América del Norte. Las celosías cuadradas (de cuatro lados) también se utilizan ampliamente y son las más comunes en Eurasia. Una torre de celosía a menudo se diseña como un marco espacial o una estructura hiperboloide .

Antes de 1940, se utilizaban como torres de transmisión de radio, especialmente para ondas cortas y medias. Ocasionalmente se utilizaban torres de celosía de madera. La torre de celosía de madera más alta estaba en Mühlacker , Alemania. Tenía una altura de 190 metros (620 pies) y fue construida en 1934 y demolida en 1945. La mayoría de las torres de celosía de madera fueron demolidas antes de 1960. En Alemania, las últimas grandes torres de radio que consistían en madera fueron las torres de transmisión del transmisor Golm y el transmisor Ismaning . Fueron demolidas en 1979 y 1983 respectivamente.

La torre de celosía independiente más alta es la Tokyo Skytree , con una altura de 634 metros (2080 pies). La Petronius Compliant Tower es la torre de celosía con soporte más alta, con 640 metros (2100 pies), y está parcialmente sumergida. La ciudad más famosa por sus torres de celosía es Cincinnati , Ohio, que cuenta con cuatro torres de más de 900 pies de altura. Tokio es la única otra ciudad del mundo que tiene más de una torre por encima de esa altura.

La mayoría de las torres de celosía de acero más altas del mundo se construyen en realidad sobre el agua y se utilizan como plataformas petrolíferas. Estas estructuras suelen construirse en grandes piezas sobre la tierra, normalmente en Texas o Luisiana, y luego se trasladan en barcazas hasta su lugar de descanso final. Dado que una gran parte de estas torres está bajo el agua, la altura oficial de dichas estructuras suele ser motivo de controversia. Las armaduras de celosía de acero de estas estructuras, conocidas como jackets en la industria petrolera, suelen ser mucho más robustas y reforzadas que sus homólogas terrestres, llegando a pesar a veces más de 50.000 toneladas, como es el caso de las plataformas Bullwinkle y Baldpate , mientras que las torres de celosía terrestres altas (de más de 300 metros) pesan desde 10.000 toneladas, como es el caso de la Torre Eiffel, hasta unos pocos cientos de toneladas. Se construyen con un estándar más alto para soportar el peso de las plataformas petrolíferas construidas sobre ellas y debido a las fuerzas a las que están sometidas. Como resultado, el costo de construir estas estructuras puede ascender a cientos de millones . Estos costos se justifican debido a los ingresos resultantes del petróleo y el gas, mientras que las torres terrestres tienen un flujo de ingresos mucho menor y, por lo tanto, los costos de capital de las torres suelen ser mucho menores.

Tokyo Skytree , la torre de celosía más alta del mundo desde su finalización en 2012
La Torre de Tokio fue la torre de celosía más alta del mundo durante 16 años, de 1957 a 1973, y sigue siendo la torre de celosía de cuatro lados más alta.
La torre de televisión WITI es la torre de celosía más alta de los Estados Unidos y la torre de celosía de tres lados más alta del mundo.
La Torre del Dragón , la torre de observación y radio enrejada más alta de China, cuenta con un núcleo sólido, el diseño más común para torres de celosía altas construidas en China.
Una plataforma petrolera fija de acero de 800 pies de largo (enrejado)
Una sección de 250 m (820 pies) de largo de la Plataforma Lobito-Tomboco de Benguela-Belice, que representa solo aproximadamente la mitad de la altura total de la estructura.

Cronología de la torre de celosía más alta del mundo

Desde finales del siglo XIX se construyeron torres de celosía de gran altura, que incluso ostentaron el récord absoluto de altura. Se encuentran entre las estructuras arquitectónicas independientes más altas y ostentan varios récords nacionales, como el de la estructura independiente más alta o incluso el de la estructura más alta de un país.

Registro de tierras, torres de hierro y acero

Registro de tierras, torres de madera

Registro de tierras y aguas, en general

Torres de celosía de acero

Las torres de celosía más altas, de todos los tipos

Lista de todas las estructuras de torres de celosía superaltas del mundo.

Torres de celosía con plataformas de observación

 Indica una estructura que ya no está en pie.

Torre de radio con antenas

Lista de torres de radio de más de 150 m / 500 pies de altura.

 Indica una estructura que ya no está en pie.
 indica una estructura que ha tenido un cambio de altura o ha sido reconstruida.

Torre de la Estrella , ejemplo de torre emblemática
Torre Octod de Moscú , ejemplo de torre de celosía hiperboloide
Torre de Televisión de Zhuzhou , ejemplo de torre de celosía con núcleo sólido, de las que se construyeron casi una docena en China a lo largo de los años 90
Torre Sutro , un conocido monumento de San Francisco que presenta un diseño poco común de tres patas
El transmisor Wavre presenta un diseño inusual que utiliza una sección superior atirantada para mantener el transmisor en su lugar.
Ejemplo de torre de 3803 KM , un diseño de torre de celosía de 4 lados muy común desarrollado en la Unión Soviética. Se construyeron alrededor de 80 de estas en casi todas las grandes ciudades entre 1956 y 1967
Ejemplo de una torre de celosía de uso militar tipo Annapolis; la Marina de los EE. UU. construyó más de 40 de ellas entre 1914 y 1922 y entre 1936 y 1938.
Ejemplo de una típica torre de celosía de tres lados para uso comercial, de las que se han construido miles en toda América del Norte, de las que más de 100 están en la lista. Se utilizan muchos patrones de celosía diferentes, pero el diseño general es en gran medida similar.

Torres eléctricas

Lista de torres eléctricas de más de 150 m / 500 pies de altura.

Vista de una de las torres de celosía de Jiangyin, el tercer conjunto de torres eléctricas más alto del mundo
Antiguamente, las torres de Messina conectaban Europa con África; hoy se utiliza un cable submarino
Elbe Crossing 2, las torres de alta tensión más altas de Alemania
La línea eléctrica de Chūshi atraviesa las torres eléctricas más altas de Japón
400 kV Thames Crossing, las torres eléctricas más altas del Reino Unido

Turbinas de viento

Las turbinas eólicas de Nowy Tomyśl

Los aerogeneradores de gran altura con estructura de celosía se han construido casi exclusivamente en Alemania, uno de los primeros países del mundo en desarrollar fuentes de energía renovables de gran difusión. La altura total incluye la torre de celosía y el rotor del aerogenerador en la altura máxima.

Lista de aerogeneradores con torre de celosía de más de 150 m / 500 pies de altura.

Chimeneas/Chimeneas

Tres chimeneas de celosía situadas en la central eléctrica de Kashima

La mayoría de las chimeneas de celosía altas del mundo se encuentran en Japón. A diferencia de otros países desarrollados modernos que utilizan hormigón armado para construir chimeneas altas, Japón ha utilizado históricamente acero hasta hace poco para la construcción de chimeneas.

Lista de chimeneas enrejadas de más de 150 m/492 pies de altura.
 Indica una estructura que ya no está en pie.

Oil Platforms

List of oil platforms with a steel jacket above 300 m / 1000 ft in height.

Jackup Rigs

List of jackup rigs above 150 m (490 ft) in height.

Pillars of aerial tramways

Rides

List of amusement park rides that make use of a steel lattice tower above 100 m / 328 ft in height.

Monuments

Lighthouses

The Duga radar array

Other uses

Wooden lattice towers

Radio Tower Gliwice is the tallest wooden lattice tower in the world

Existing towers

Destroyed Wooden lattice towers

Tallest lattice towers, by design type

List of the tallest lattice towers by common(min 5) design types.

Unique lattice tower designs. Minimum height of 120 m / 400 ft.
  indicates a structure that is no longer standing.

Hyperboloid structures

Landmark towers

Blaw-Knox towers

Top guyed lattice towers

See also

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