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Carcharhiniformes

Ground sharks, like this blacknose shark, have a nictitating membrane which can be drawn over the eye to protect it.

Carcharhiniformes /kɑːrkəˈraɪnɪfɔːrmiːz/, the ground sharks, are the largest order of sharks, with over 270 species. They include a number of common types, such as catsharks, swellsharks, and requiem sharks.

Members of this order are characterized by the presence of a nictitating membrane over the eye, two dorsal fins, an anal fin, and five gill slits.

The families in the order Carcharhiniformes are expected to be revised; recent DNA studies show that some of the conventional groups are not monophyletic.

The oldest members of the order appeared during the Middle-Late Jurassic, which have teeth and body forms that are morphologically similar to living catsharks.[1] Carchariniformes first underwent major diversification during the Late Cretaceous, initially as mostly small-sized forms, before radiating into medium and large body sizes during the Cenozoic.[2][3]

Families

According to FishBase, the nine families of ground sharks are:[4]

Fossil genera

The following fossil genera of Carcharhiniformes are also known:[12]

Timeline of genera

QuaternaryNeogenePaleogeneCretaceousJurassicHolocenePleistocenePlioceneMioceneOligoceneEocenePaleoceneLate CretaceousEarly CretaceousLate JurassicMiddle JurassicEarly JurassicPrionaceSphyrnaParagaleusGaleorhinusChaenogaleusNegaprionRhizoprionodonMustelusMegascyliorhinusIsogomphodonHemipristisGaleocerdoCarcharhinusEogaleusPremontreiaPachygaleusPhysogaleusTriakisAbdouniaSquatigaleusPalaeogaleusArchaeotriakisPteroscylliumParatriakisPterolamiopsScyliorhinusMacrourogaleusQuaternaryNeogenePaleogeneCretaceousJurassicHolocenePleistocenePlioceneMioceneOligoceneEocenePaleoceneLate CretaceousEarly CretaceousLate JurassicMiddle JurassicEarly Jurassic

References

  1. ^ a b Stumpf, Sebastian; Scheer, Udo; Kriwet, Jürgen (2019-03-04). "A new genus and species of extinct ground shark, †Diprosopovenator hilperti, gen. et sp. nov. (Carcharhiniformes, †Pseudoscyliorhinidae, fam. nov.), from the Upper Cretaceous of Germany". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39 (2): e1593185. Bibcode:2019JVPal..39E3185S. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1593185. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 155785248.
  2. ^ Condamine, Fabien L.; Romieu, Jules; Guinot, Guillaume (2019-10-08). "Climate cooling and clade competition likely drove the decline of lamniform sharks". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116 (41): 20584–20590. Bibcode:2019PNAS..11620584C. doi:10.1073/pnas.1902693116. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 6789557. PMID 31548392.
  3. ^ Brée, Baptiste; Condamine, Fabien L.; Guinot, Guillaume (2022-12-19). "Combining palaeontological and neontological data shows a delayed diversification burst of carcharhiniform sharks likely mediated by environmental change". Scientific Reports. 12 (1): 21906. Bibcode:2022NatSR..1221906B. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-26010-7. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 9763247. PMID 36535995.
  4. ^ Fish Identification: Ground sharks FishBase. Retrieved 28 March 2013.
  5. ^ Compagno, L.J.V. Family Carcharhinidae - Requiem sharks in Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2010. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication, version (05/2010).
  6. ^ Cappetta, Henri; Morrison, Kurt; Adnet, Sylvain (2019-12-10). "A shark fauna from the Campanian of Hornby Island, British Columbia, Canada: an insight into the diversity of Cretaceous deep-water assemblages". Historical Biology. 33 (8): 1121–1182. doi:10.1080/08912963.2019.1681421. ISSN 0891-2963.
  7. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Family Hemigaleidae". FishBase. February 2011 version.
  8. ^ Compagno, Leonard J. V. (1984) Sharks of the World: An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization. ISBN 92-5-101384-5.
  9. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Family Pseudotriakidae". FishBase. December 2012 version.
  10. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Family Scyliorhinidae". FishBase. January 2009 version.
  11. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Family Triakidae". FishBase. January 2009 version.
  12. ^ "Extinct - valid species | Species | Shark-References". shark-references.com. Retrieved 2024-03-06.

Further reading

External links