In complex analysis, a branch of mathematics, the Hadamard three-line theorem is a result about the behaviour of holomorphic functions defined in regions bounded by parallel lines in the complex plane. The theorem is named after the French mathematician Jacques Hadamard.
Hadamard three-line theorem — Let be a bounded function of defined on the strip
holomorphic in the interior of the strip and continuous on the whole strip. If
then is a convex function on
In other words, if with then
The three-line theorem can be used to prove the Hadamard three-circle theorem for a bounded continuous function on anannulus holomorphic in the interior. Indeed applying the theorem to
shows that, if
then is a convex function of
The three-line theorem also holds for functions with values in a Banach space and plays an important role in complex interpolation theory. It can be used to prove Hölder's inequality for measurable functions
where by considering the function