A rump state is the remnant of a once much larger state, that was reduced in the wake of secession, annexation, occupation, decolonization, a successful coup d'état or revolution on part of its former territory.[1] In the last case, a government stops short of going into exile because it controls parts of its remaining territories.
After the Almoravid conquest of the Taifa of Zaragoza in 1110, the taifa's last ruler, Abd-al-Malik, maintained a tiny rump emirate at Rueda de Jalón until his death in 1130.[11]
After the Jin dynasty assumed control over northern China in 1127, the Southern Song existed as a rump state of the Northern Song dynasty, although it still retained over half of Northern Song's territory and more than half of its population.[13][14]
Several Byzantine rump states like Nicaea, Trebizond and Epirus was formed following conquests from Muslim Turks and Crusaders.[15][16][17]
The Great Horde was the rump state of the Golden Horde in the heartland of the former Khanate, with control of the capital Sarai, the regime was seen as the most legitimate successor to the Golden Horde, until its territory was divided between two other successor states - Crimea and Astrakhan in 1502.
By summer 1503, Aq Qoyunlu rule collapsed in Iran. Some Aq Qoyunlu rump states continued to survive until 1508, before they were absorbed into the Safavid Empire by Ismail I.[19]
After the fall of the Malacca Sultanate in 1511 to the Portuguese naval forces, many of the Malaccan royalty and nobility retreated to the southern region of the Malay Peninsula and established the Johor Sultanate.[20]
The Afsharid Dynasty was allowed to remain its rule in Khorasan after the Kurdish Zand's conquest of Persia, the dynasty survived as a rump state in Mashhad and surrounding until the Qajars invaded and annexed the state in 1796.
The modern country of Luxembourg is the rump state of the former Duchy of Luxembourg, which lost two thirds of its territory due to multiple partitions between 1659 and 1839. This was cemented by the Treaty of London, which gave most of its former territory to newly-independent Belgium.[24]
^Tir, Jaroslav (Feb 22, 2005). Keeping the Peace After Secessions: Territorial Conflicts Between Rump and Secessionist States. Annual Meeting of the International Studies Association. Hilton Hawaiian Village, Honolulu: Hawaii Online. Retrieved Oct 26, 2014.
^Van de Mieroop, Marc (2021). A history of ancient Egypt (Second ed.). Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley. p. 152. ISBN 9781119620891.
^Myśliwiec, Karol (2000). The twilight of ancient Egypt : first millennium B.C.E. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. p. 69. ISBN 9780801486302.
^Potts, D. T.; Radner, Karen; Moeller, Nadine (2020). The Oxford history of the ancient Near East. Volume III: from the Hyksos to the Late Second Millennium BC. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 88. ISBN 9780190687601.
^Fattah, Hala Mundhir; Caso, Frank (2009). A Brief History of Iraq. p. 277.
^Dodd, Leslie (25 November 2016). "Kinship Conflict and Unity among Roman Elites in Post-Roman Gaul". Official Power and Local Elites in the Roman Provinces. Routledge. p. 170. ISBN 9781317086147.
^Beckwith, Christopher I. (2009). Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton University Press. pp. 169–. ISBN 978-0-691-13589-2.
^Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground (1963), p. 19 harvp error: no target: CITEREFFisher,_Rose_&_Huttenback,_Himalayan_Battleground1963 (help): "Mar-yul (literally "lower land") is the common Tibetan name for the Leh district in Ladakh. Mngah-ris (Mnga-ris), although now restricted to West Tibet, then referred to the entire territory between the Zoji and Mayum passes."
^Richard Todd (2014), The Sufi Doctrine of Man: Ṣadr al-Dīn al-Qūnawī's Metaphysical Anthropology, p. 6
^Fletcher, R. A. (2001). Moorish Spain. London: Phoenix Press. p. 117. ISBN 9781842126059.
^ Grousset, René (1970). The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia. p. 166. ISBN 9780813513041.
^Des Forges, Roger V. (2003). Cultural centrality and political change in Chinese history : northeast Henan in the fall of the Ming. Stanford University Press. p. 6. ISBN 9780804740449.
^Chaffee, John W. (2015). The Cambridge History of China Volume 5 Part Two Sung China, 960-1279. Cambridge University Press. p. 625.
^The Columbia history of the world by John Arthur Garraty, Peter Gay (1972), p. 454: "The Greek empire in exile at Nicaea proved too strong to be driven out of Asia Minor, and in Epirus another Greek dynasty defied the intruders".
^A Short history of Greece from early times to 1964 by W. A. Heurtley, H. C. Darby, C. W. Crawley, C. M. Woodhouse (1967), p. 55: "There in the prosperous city of Nicaea, Theodoros Laskaris, the son in law of a former Byzantine Emperor, establish a court that soon become the Small but reviving Greek empire."
^This is the date determined by Franz Babinger, "La date de la prise de Trébizonde par les Turcs (1461)", Revue des études byzantines, 7 (1949), pp.
205–207 doi:10.3406/rebyz.1949.1014
^Seth, Michael J. (2010). A History of Korea: From Antiquity to the Present. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 115.
^Charles Melville (2021). Safavid Persia in the Age of Empires: The Idea of Iran. Vol. 10. p. 33. Only after five more years did Esma'il and the Qezelbash finally defeat the rump Aq Qoyunlu regimes. In Diyarbakr, the Mowsillu overthrew Zeynal b. Ahmad and then later gave their allegiance to the Safavids when the Safavids invaded in 913/1507. The following year the Safavids conquered Iraq and drove out Soltan-Morad, who fled to Anatolia and was never again able to assert his claim to Aq Qoyunlu rule. It was therefore only in 1508 that the last regions of Aq Qoyunlu power finally fell to Esma'il.
^Husain, Muzaffar; Akhtar, Syed Saud; Usmani, B. D. (2011). Concise History of Islam (unabridged ed.). Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. p. 310. ISBN 9789382573470. OCLC 868069299.
^Bauer, Brian S.; Fonseca Santa Cruz, Javier; Araoz Silva, Miriam (2015). Vilcabamba and the Archaeology of Inca Resistance. Los Angeles. pp. 1–2. ISBN 9781938770623.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^Fazal, Tanisha M. (2011). State Death: The Politics and Geography of Conquest, Occupation, and Annexation. Princeton University Press. p. 110. ISBN 9781400841448.
^Lerski, George J. (1996). Historical dictionary of Poland, 966-1945. Greenwood Press. p. 121. ISBN 9780313260070.
^"History". Embassy of Luxembourg in Vientiane. Ministère des Affaires étrangères et européennes. Retrieved 23 May 2023. The Belgian Revolution of 1830 and subsequent Treaty of London (1839) led to the partitioning of a section of Luxembourg territory between Belgium and the Dutch king, which resulted in the Grand Duchy's present-day geographical borders.
^Magocsi, Paul Robert (2018). Historical atlas of Central Europe: Third Revised and Expanded Edition. University of Toronto Press. p. 128. ISBN 9781487523312.
^Mikaberidze, Alexander (2019). Tucker, Spencer C. (ed.). Middle East Conflicts from Ancient Egypt to the 21st Century. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9798216117292.
^Mirzoyan, Alla (2010). Armenia, the Regional Powers, and the West: Between History and Geopolitics, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 188—189