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Lista de los edificios y estructuras más altos de Londres

La Catedral de San Pablo , con sus 111 metros (364 pies), fue el edificio más alto de Londres desde 1710 hasta que fue superada por la Torre Millbank de 118 metros (387 pies) en 1963. Esta, a su vez, fue superada por la Torre BT de 177 metros (581 pies) de altura en 1964. A lo largo de los años 1960 y 1970 se construyeron varios edificios de gran altura, principalmente en el lado occidental del centro de Londres y la City de Londres . En 1980, se completó la Torre NatWest de 183 metros (600 pies) (ahora Torre 42) en la City de Londres. En 1991, One Canada Square alcanzó su punto máximo de 235 metros (771 pies), convirtiéndose en la pieza central del desarrollo de Canary Wharf .

En la década de 2000 se inició un auge en la construcción de rascacielos, principalmente en la City de Londres y Canary Wharf. Desde 2012, el edificio más alto de Londres ha sido The Shard en London Bridge , que alcanzó los 309,6 metros (1.016 pies). Hay varios edificios altos planificados para la City y Canary Wharf, y están surgiendo más grupos en otros distritos de Londres, incluidos: Stratford , South Bank , Elephant and Castle , Vauxhall , Nine Elms , Islington , Lewisham , así como en lugares del exterior de Londres como Croydon .

En 2022, hay 121 edificios o estructuras de al menos 100 metros (328 pies) de altura en el área metropolitana del Gran Londres , 24 de ellos en la City de Londres y 27 en el distrito de Canary Wharf/Isle of Dogs. El área metropolitana del Gran Londres contiene la segunda mayor cantidad de rascacielos de cualquier ciudad de Europa después de Moscú . Hay 56 rascacielos en el Gran Londres que alcanzan una altura de techo de al menos 150 metros (492 pies). [1]

Historia

Período medieval y moderno temprano

La historia de las estructuras altas en Londres comenzó con la finalización de la Torre Blanca de 27 metros (89 pies) , una parte de la Torre de Londres , en 1098. [2] La primera estructura en superar una altura de 100 metros (328 pies) fue la Antigua Catedral de San Pablo . Completada en 1310, se encontraba a una altura de 150 metros (492 pies). [2] La Catedral de San Pablo fue la estructura más alta del mundo hasta 1311, cuando su altura fue superada por la Catedral de Lincoln en Lincoln . [3] [4] Recuperó el título cuando la aguja de la Catedral de Lincoln cayó en 1549. [4] [5] [6]

Aunque la aguja de la antigua catedral de San Pablo fue destruida por un rayo en 1561, todavía se mantenía como la estructura más alta de Londres, [6] mientras que la estructura más alta del mundo se convirtió en la Catedral de Estrasburgo en Estrasburgo , Francia. [7] [8] [ ¿ fuente autoeditada? ] La catedral de San Pablo fue severamente dañada por el Gran Incendio de Londres en 1666. [9] El título de la estructura más alta de Londres pasó a la Catedral de Southwark , que se encuentra a una altura de 50 metros (164 pies) y ninguna estructura en Londres volvió a superar los 100 metros hasta 1710, cuando se completó la actual Catedral de San Pablo a 111 metros (364 pies), convirtiéndose en el edificio más alto de Londres. [10] [2]

Siglo XIX

Pocos rascacielos se construyeron en Londres antes de finales del siglo XX, debido a las restricciones sobre la altura de los edificios impuestas originalmente por la Ley de Construcción de Londres de 1894, que siguió a la construcción de las Mansiones de la Reina Ana de 14 pisos . [11] Aunque las restricciones se han aliviado desde hace mucho tiempo, siguen existiendo regulaciones estrictas para preservar las vistas protegidas , especialmente las de San Pablo, la Torre de Londres y el Palacio de Westminster , así como para cumplir con los requisitos de la Autoridad de Aviación Civil. [12] [13]

Década de 1960 y 1970

El levantamiento de las restricciones de altura provocó un auge en la construcción de edificios altos durante la década de 1960. [13] [14] La Catedral de San Pablo siguió siendo el edificio más alto de Londres hasta que fue superada en 1963 por la Torre Millbank con 118 metros (387 pies), [2] [15] [16] que a su vez fue superada por la Torre BT que alcanzó su punto máximo solo un año después en 1964 con 177 metros (581 pies) y se inauguró oficialmente en 1965 (entonces conocida como la Torre de Correos). [2] [17] [18] [19] Uno de los primeros edificios altos notables de Londres fue el Centre Point de 117 metros (384 pies) , completado en 1966. [20]

Otros edificios completados en la década de 1960 incluyen: el Empress State Building a 100 metros (328 pies) en 1961, [15] [21] el Shell Centre a 107 metros (351 pies) en 1961, [22] [23] el London Hilton a 101 metros (331 pies) en 1963, [24] [25] Portland House a 101 metros (331 pies) en 1963, [22] [26] y la Torre Euston a 124 metros (407 pies) en 1970, [15] [27] todos construidos en el lado oeste del centro de Londres . En 1969, se completó la iglesia de Santa Helena , de 118 metros (387 pies), en la ciudad de Londres , [15] [28] junto con la Britannic House en 1967, de 122 metros (400 pies), [29] [30] pero esta última fue remodelada en 2000, aumentada a 127 m de altura y rebautizada como Citypoint . [31] La Torre Cromwell, completada en 1973, la Torre Lauderdale, completada en 1974 y la Torre Shakespeare, completada en 1976, todas de 123 metros (404 pies), se construyeron como parte del Barbican Estate en la parte norte de la ciudad de Londres. [32] [33] [34]

Década de 1980, 1990 y 2000

La NatWest Tower , posteriormente rebautizada como Tower 42, se completó en 1980 y, con sus 183 metros (600 pies) y 42 plantas , se consideró el primer "rascacielos" de la City de Londres. [35] Su altura fue controvertida, ya que, al ser contraria a las restricciones de altura anteriores, era el edificio más alto del Reino Unido en ese momento y también el edificio en voladizo más alto del mundo. [35] Después de un intervalo de más de diez años, One Canada Square se completó en 1991 con 235 metros (771 pies) y formó la pieza central del desarrollo de Canary Wharf , [35] que en sí mismo es parte de la Isla de los Perros y puede considerarse el lado este del centro de Londres. Con 50 plantas, se convirtió en el edificio más alto del Reino Unido. [35]

Con el estímulo de Ken Livingstone, que fue alcalde de Londres entre 2000 y 2008, en la década de 2000 se estableció una renovada tendencia hacia la construcción en altura. [36] [37] [38]

Tras otro intervalo de más de 10 años, en 2002 se completaron en Canary Wharf los edificios 8 Canada Square y 25 Canada Square , ambos de 200 metros (660 pies). [39] [40] En Canary Wharf se construyeron varios otros de menor altura, entre ellos: Heron Quays , [41] 40 Bank Street en 2003 a 153 metros (502 pies), [41] 10 Upper Bank Street en 2003 a 151 metros (495 pies), [41] y 25 Bank Street en 2004 a 153 metros (502 pies). [41] En la ciudad de Londres, The Gherkin se completó en 2003 con 180 metros (590 pies), [42] Heron Tower en 2007 con 230 metros (750 pies), [43] y Broadgate Tower en 2008 con 165 metros (541 pies). [44] [41] Cabe destacar que algunos de los premios otorgados a 30 St Mary Axe incluyen el Emporis Skyscraper Award en 2003 [45] y el RIBA Stirling Prize for Architecture en 2004. [46]

De la década de 2010 al presente

Boris Johnson , quien fue alcalde de Londres entre 2008 y 2016, aprobó la construcción de más rascacielos en Londres. [47] [48] [49]

En el momento de su finalización en 2010, Strata SE1 era el edificio residencial más alto de Londres. [50] El Shard alcanzó su punto máximo en 2012 en el Puente de Londres y con 309,6 metros (1016 pies) sigue siendo el edificio más alto de Londres. [51] En 2014, se completó la construcción de 122 Leadenhall Street de 225 metros (738 pies) de altura , apodada "el rallador de queso", en la ciudad de Londres. [52] En septiembre de 2016, se completó una remodelación de la Torre King's Reach de 111 m, construida originalmente en la década de 1970, que incluyó un aumento de altura de 11 pisos para llevarla hasta 150 metros (490 pies) de altura y pasó a llamarse Torre South Bank . [53]

One Blackfriars , también ubicado en South Bank , alcanzó su punto máximo en 2017 con 163 metros (535 pies). [54] [55] The Scalpel , a 190 metros (620 pies), se completó en la ciudad de Londres en 2018 y fue diseñado para proteger las vistas de la Catedral de San Pablo. [56] Newfoundland Quay , a 220 metros (720 pies) y Landmark Pinnacle a 233 metros (764 pies) alcanzaron su punto máximo en Canary Wharf en 2018 y 2019 respectivamente. [57] [58] One Park Drive a 205 metros (673 pies) y South Quay Plaza a 215 metros (705 pies) también alcanzaron su punto máximo en Canary Wharf en 2019. [59] [60] [61] 22 Bishopsgate , a 278 metros (912 pies), alcanzó su punto máximo en la ciudad de Londres en 2019, [62] después de ser aprobado por el actual alcalde de Londres, Sadiq Khan , en 2016. [2]

1 Undershaft , de 290 metros (950 pies), también aprobado por Sadiq Khan en 2016, [2] está planeado para formar la pieza central del grupo de rascacielos de la ciudad de Londres. Es el rascacielos más alto propuesto actualmente para Londres y solo será superado en altura por The Shard. [63] Se construirá en el sitio del mencionado edificio St Helen's de 1969 que será demolido. [64] 100 Leadenhall , de 249 metros (817 pies), y ya apodado "Cheesegrater 2", también está planeado para la ciudad de Londres. [65] Spire London , de 235 metros (771 pies) está planeado para Canary Wharf. [66] Sin embargo, la construcción se detuvo después de las preocupaciones de que el edificio solo tenía una escalera de escape para los residentes en los pisos superiores. [56] La más alta de las dos torres Riverside South que se han planeado construir en Canary Wharf desde 2008 habría superado en 1 metro de altura al edificio más alto de ese grupo, One Canada Square, pero la construcción ha estado estancada desde 2011. [67] [68] La construcción ha comenzado en el Consort Place de 216 metros (709 pies) de altura (anteriormente llamado Alpha Square) también en Canary Wharf. [69]

Hay otro gran grupo de rascacielos que está surgiendo en los distritos de Vauxhall y Nine Elms de Londres. [70] [71] El primer rascacielos que apareció aquí fue St George Wharf Tower de 181 metros (594 pies) y que se completó en 2014. [72] La torre más alta planificada para este grupo es la One Nine Elms City Tower de 200 metros (660 pies) . [73]

En 2019, Sadiq Khan bloqueó la construcción del Tulipán de 290 metros de altura que se habría construido en la City de Londres. [74] Después de que los desarrolladores presentaran una apelación contra la decisión de Khan, el secretario de Vivienda del Reino Unido, Michael Gove, rechazó la propuesta en noviembre de 2021. [75] [76]

Edificios y estructuras más altos

Esta lista clasifica los rascacielos y torres independientes de Londres que tienen una altura de al menos 100 m (327 pies) según la medición de altura estándar. Esto incluye las agujas y los detalles arquitectónicos, pero no incluye los mástiles de antena. Un signo igual (=) después de una clasificación indica la misma altura entre dos o más edificios. La columna "Año" indica el año en el que se completó un edificio.

* Indica que todavía está en construcción, pero ya se ha completado.

El más alto en construcción, aprobado y propuesto

Bajo construcción

En esta lista se enumeran los edificios que se están construyendo en Londres y que se prevé que alcancen una altura mínima de 100 m (328 pies). Los edificios en construcción que ya han sido rematados se enumeran arriba.

Approved

This lists buildings that are approved for construction in London and are planned to rise at least 328 feet (100 m).

* Table entries without text indicate that information regarding a building's expected year of completion has not yet been released.

** Approximate figure.

Proposed

This lists buildings that are proposed for construction in London and are planned to rise at least 328 feet (100 m). Once a planning application has been submitted, a decision by the relevant authority may take two or three years.

* Approximate figure.

Cancelled constructions

This lists proposals for the construction of buildings in London that were planned to rise at least 328 feet (100 m), for which planning permission was rejected or which were otherwise withdrawn.

Demolished buildings

This lists all demolished buildings in London that stood at least 328 feet (100 m) tall.

Visions of skyscrapers

* Estimated height.

Timeline of tallest buildings and structures

The White Tower stood as the tallest structure in London from 1098 until 1310.

This lists free-standing structures that have at some point held the title of tallest structure in London.

Skylines

See also

Notes

Footnotes

A.^ This structure was destroyed by the Great Fire of London in 1666, allowing a shorter structure to become the tallest in the city.[503]
B.^ The exact height of the Old St. Paul's Cathedral remains unknown. Heights ranging between 140 metres (460 ft) and 150 metres (490 ft) have all been reported.[503] The spire was destroyed by fire in 1561.
C.^ If counting the tallest habitable floors in buildings, then the record would be held between 1961 and 1962 by the Shell Centre, at 107 metres (351 ft) and having 26 floors; and before it by the Victoria Tower at 98.5 metres (323 ft), completed in 1858 and having 14 floors.[504][505]
D.^ If the Crystal Palace Transmitter is excluded as a "building", then the record was held by the "Post Office Tower" (later The British Telecom Tower) from 1962 to 1980, at a height excluding antenna of 177 metres (581 ft) and containing 34 floors, and from 1980 to 1991 by Tower 42 at 183 metres (600 ft).

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  505. ^ Jackson-Rowe case study: "Jackson Rowe - Dispute & Claims Solution, Commercial Management Solutions, Quantity Surveying Solutions" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 31 October 2009.

References

External links

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