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Medalla Copley

La Medalla Copley es el premio más prestigioso de la Royal Society , otorgado "por logros sostenidos y sobresalientes en cualquier campo de la ciencia". [2] Se alterna entre las ciencias físicas o matemáticas y las ciencias biológicas. [3] Otorgada anualmente, la medalla es la medalla más antigua de la Royal Society otorgada y el premio científico más antiguo que sobrevive en el mundo, [2] habiendo sido otorgada por primera vez en 1731 a Stephen Gray , por "sus nuevos Experimentos Eléctricos: - como estímulo para él por la disposición que siempre ha demostrado en complacer a la Sociedad con sus descubrimientos y mejoras en esta parte del Conocimiento Natural". [4] La medalla está hecha de plata dorada y se otorga con un premio de £ 25,000. [3] [5]

La Medalla Copley es posiblemente el premio más importante que otorga el Reino Unido y la Commonwealth a los logros científicos, [1] [6] y se ha incluido entre los premios científicos internacionales más distinguidos. [7] Se otorga a "científicos de alto nivel" independientemente de su nacionalidad, y las nominaciones se consideran en tres ciclos de nominación. Desde 2022, los equipos científicos o grupos de investigación son elegibles colectivamente para recibir la medalla; [2] ese año, el equipo de investigación que desarrolló la vacuna COVID-19 de Oxford-AstraZeneca se convirtió en el primer receptor colectivo. John Theophilus Desaguliers ha ganado la medalla con más frecuencia, ganando tres veces, en 1734, 1736 y 1741. En 1976, Dorothy Hodgkin se convirtió en la primera mujer en recibirla; Jocelyn Bell Burnell , en 2021, se convirtió en la segunda.

Historia

En 1709, Sir Godfrey Copley , diputado por Thirsk , legó a Abraham Hill y Hans Sloane 100 libras esterlinas (aproximadamente el equivalente a 17.156 libras esterlinas en 2023 [8] ) para que se mantuvieran en fideicomiso para la Royal Society "para mejorar el conocimiento natural que se expondrá en experimentos o de otra manera para el beneficio de la misma como ellos dirigirán y designarán". [9] Después de recibir el legado al año siguiente, el interés de 5 libras esterlinas se utilizó debidamente para proporcionar subvenciones recurrentes para el trabajo experimental a los investigadores asociados con la Royal Society, siempre que registraran su investigación dentro de un período estipulado y demostraran sus experimentos en una reunión anual. [9] [10] En 1726, a raíz de una propuesta de Sloane, las subvenciones se extendieron a "extraños" no afiliados a la Sociedad para alentar "experimentos nuevos y útiles", aunque solo cinco años después Stephen Gray se convirtió en el primer destinatario de ese tipo. [9] Antes de Gray, John Theophilus Desaguliers aparentemente fue el único beneficiario de la subvención, pero no siempre había llevado a cabo la demostración anual requerida. [11]

En noviembre de 1736, Martin Folkes , entonces vicepresidente de la Sociedad, sugirió que la beca Copley se convirtiera en "una medalla u otro premio honorífico que se otorgaría a la persona cuyo experimento fuera mejor aprobado... se podría estimular una emulación loable entre los hombres de genio para probar su invención, quienes con toda probabilidad nunca se dejarán llevar por el lucro". El 7 de diciembre de 1736, el Consejo de la Royal Society aceptó la propuesta de Folkes, aprobando una resolución por la que la beca anual Copley de cinco libras (aproximadamente equivalente a £986 en 2023 [8] ) se convertiría en una medalla de oro "del mismo valor, con las armas de la Sociedad impresas en ella", que se otorgaría "por el mejor experimento producido dentro del año, y se otorgaría de tal manera que se evitara cualquier envidia o disgusto en la rivalidad". [11] John Belchier fue el primero en recibir el nuevo premio en 1737; Sin embargo, debido a los retrasos en la aprobación del diseño de una medalla, la medalla, diseñada y acuñada por John Sigismund Tanner de la Royal Mint , recién fue presentada a Belchier en 1742. Gray y Desaguliers recibieron sus medallas retrospectivamente. [11]

A principios del siglo XIX, los destinatarios de la medalla eran seleccionados por el presidente de la Royal Society , aunque no siempre sobre la base de publicaciones y demostraciones experimentales; las conexiones políticas y sociales también eran consideraciones clave, junto con el servicio a los intereses generales de la Sociedad. [9] Durante la larga presidencia de Joseph Banks , la medalla se otorgaba con frecuencia a los destinatarios cuyas investigaciones eran de naturaleza práctica o técnica, que implicaban mejoras en el equipo científico o el diseño de instrumentos. [9] En 1831, las nuevas regulaciones adoptadas por el Consejo de la Royal Society hicieron de la medalla un premio anual, eliminaron el requisito de realizar la investigación calificada dentro de un período determinado y la abrieron oficialmente a científicos de cualquier nación; aunque la medalla se había otorgado anteriormente a científicos extranjeros, incluido Alessandro Volta , la mayoría de los destinatarios habían sido súbditos británicos. [9] Una segunda donación de £ 1666 13 s . 4 d . (aproximadamente equivalente a £212,366 en 2023 [8] ) fue realizada por Sir Joseph William Copley en 1881, y el interés de esa cantidad se utiliza para pagar la medalla. [10]

Prestigio de la medalla

En la década de 1840, la Medalla Copley había alcanzado prestigio internacional; en 1850, George Airy señaló que la distinción de la medalla era que "se ofrecía a la competencia del mundo". [9] [12] [10] La medalla Copley ha sido caracterizada como predecesora del Premio Nobel . [13] [11] [14] Desde su inicio, se ha otorgado a muchos científicos distinguidos, incluidos 52 ganadores del Premio Nobel: 17 en Física , 21 en Fisiología o Medicina y 14 en Química .

Destinatarios de la medalla

See also

References

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